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Which team did Daniel Pudil play for from 2013 to 2015?

/wiki/Daniel_Pudil#P54#5

Daniel Pudil Daniel Pudil ( ; born 27 September 1985 ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays for Viktoria Žižkov and the Czech Republic national team as a left back or left winger . Club career . Czech Republic . Pudil started his youth career in the Czech Republic with Sparta Prague . He left the club at age of eighteen and joined FK Chmel Blšany . At Chmel Blšany Pudil used to play left back in defence and scored two goals in eleven appearances . After six months Pudil joined FC Slovan Liberec . Though making twelve appearance in his first season , Pudil soon became a member of the first team which would win its second league title with Pudil making 29 appearances and scoring three goals . During the season , Pudil scored the first goal of his career in a 2–2 draw against Příbram on 7 November 2005 . Throughout the season , Pudil would establish himself in the starting eleven at the club . In 2007 , he had a trial with English side Watford , but manager Aidy Boothroyd decided not to sign Pudil on a permanent contract . In the 2007–08 season in which he played three games for Slovan Liberec , Pudil left Liberec to join SK Slavia Praha on loan for a season and made his debut on 15 September 2007 , in a 0–0 draw against Baník Ostrava ; Four days later , he made his Champions League debut in a 2–1 win over Romanian side Steaua București . On 29 September 2007 , Pudil then scored his first goal in a 7–1 win over Fastav Zlín ; followed four days later when he scored his first goal in a 2–1 loss against Sevilla and his second league goal came in a 2–0 win over Sparta Prague six days later . In the UEFA Champions League third match in the Group Stage , Pudil was in the squad when Arsenal thrashed Slavia 7–0 . Six days later after the 7–0 loss , Pudil played against his former club in a 1–1 draw ; but the next meeting soon happened again six months later , when Pudil set up a goal for Zdeněk Šenkeřík , to score the only goal in the game . Following Slavia Prahas Champions League elimination to UEFA Cup , Pudil set up a goal for Matej Krajčík to make it 1–1 against Tottenham Hotspur in the second leg . However , Slavia Praha lost 3–1 on aggregate , having lost against them in the first leg . On the final game of the season , Pudil scored in a 2–2 draw against Baumit Jablonec . At the end of the season , Slavia Praha won the league title . Due to his flamboyance and controversial lifestyle , Slavia Praha had decided against signing Pudil . Genk . Pudil signed for Belgian club KRC Genk from FC Slovan Liberec on 1 July 2008 , for worth 1.5 million euros . Pudil was linked with Italian sides Reggina and Lecce but Genk managed to win the race . On the opening game of the season on 17 August 2008 , Pudil made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Beerschot ; then two appearance later , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over Zulte Waregem on 14 September 2008 . However the next game , Pudil received a red card after a second bookable offence in a 1–0 loss against Club Brugge . In his first season , Pudil scored four goals in twenty nine appearance . At Genk , Pudil had established himself in the first team during his three seasons at Genk . The next season with Pudil made 27 appearance . However , in the Europa League fourth round second leg against Lille , having loss 2–1 in the first leg , Pudil set up a goal for Elyaniv Barda but received a red card after a second bookable offence . The next season , Pudil was involved in the squad with Genk that won the title for the second time . He spent three seasons with the Belgian side before joining Granada on a five-and-a-half-year contract in January 2012 . Cesena . After joining Granada , Pudil was immediately loaned out to Cesena for the rest of the 2011–12 season . On 1 February 2012 , Pudil made his debut , playing in defensive midfield , in a 0–0 draw against Napoli . Eighteen days later after making his debut , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 loss against A.C . Milan . On 7 March 2012 , the match didnt turn well for him when he received a red card after a second bookable offence , just one minute after receiving a yellow in a 0–0 draw against Catania . At the end of the season , Pudil couldnt help Cesena retain their Serie A status as the club was relegated to Serie B . Watford . Pudil then joined Watford on a season-long loan for the 2012–13 season , joining Czech teammate Matěj Vydra . In pre-season , Pudil played his first match in a friendly against Tottenham Hotspur in Lloyd Doyley’s testimonial match but after playing five minutes , he came off with a suspected hamstring injury . This turned out to be a minor injury . Pudil made his Watford debut , in the second game of the season , a 1–0 loss against Ipswich Town . Having played as a left back for six games , Pudil was slotted into the left midfield role and assisted several goals . On 23 October 2012 , Pudil received a straight red card in a 2–1 loss against Cardiff City after violent conduct against Craig Noone . After the game , Watford appealed the decision , with support from Cardiff City and Noone himself . His three-game suspension was thus reduced to one by the FA . In the first match of 2013 , Pudil scored his first goal for Watford in a 4–3 loss against Charlton Athletic . Later in the 2012–13 season , Pudil would go on to make 40 appearances in all competitions , and at the end of the season , Pudil would return to Granada , as his loan spell with Watford came to an end . On 4 July 2013 , Pudil announced via Twitter that he had joined Watford permanently from Granada , signing a four-year contract . Pudils first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came after coming on for Ikechi Anya in the 75th minutes , in the opening game of the season , in a 1–0 win over Birmingham City , while his first goal would come in a 1–1 draw against Charlton Athletic on 14 September 2013 . Sheffield Wednesday . On 29 August 2015 , Pudil signed for Sheffield Wednesday on a season-long loan deal . He scored his first goal for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–1 win over Preston North End on 3 October 2015 . Pudil completed a permanent move to Wednesday on 28 July 2016 for £1,500,000 . He was released by Sheffield Wednesday at the end of the 2018–19 season . Mladá Boleslav . After his release from Sheffield Wednesday in July 2019 , he signed for Czech side Mladá Boleslav on a two-year deal . Viktoria Žižkov . Pudil signed for Czech side Viktoria Žižkov on a one-year deal for free . International career . Pudil represented his country at under-19 and under-21 level . He made his senior debut in 2007 and scored his first goal at this level on 21 November 2007 in a 0–2 away victory against Cyprus in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier . Pudil was a member of the Czech Republic squad that competed in UEFA Euro 2016 . Honours . Genk - Belgian Cup : 2008–09 - Belgian Pro League : 2010–11 - Belgian Super Cup : 2011 External links . - Official Czech First League statistics - krcgenk.be - sport.be

easy

Daniel Pudil played for which team from 2015 to 2016?

/wiki/Daniel_Pudil#P54#6

Daniel Pudil Daniel Pudil ( ; born 27 September 1985 ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays for Viktoria Žižkov and the Czech Republic national team as a left back or left winger . Club career . Czech Republic . Pudil started his youth career in the Czech Republic with Sparta Prague . He left the club at age of eighteen and joined FK Chmel Blšany . At Chmel Blšany Pudil used to play left back in defence and scored two goals in eleven appearances . After six months Pudil joined FC Slovan Liberec . Though making twelve appearance in his first season , Pudil soon became a member of the first team which would win its second league title with Pudil making 29 appearances and scoring three goals . During the season , Pudil scored the first goal of his career in a 2–2 draw against Příbram on 7 November 2005 . Throughout the season , Pudil would establish himself in the starting eleven at the club . In 2007 , he had a trial with English side Watford , but manager Aidy Boothroyd decided not to sign Pudil on a permanent contract . In the 2007–08 season in which he played three games for Slovan Liberec , Pudil left Liberec to join SK Slavia Praha on loan for a season and made his debut on 15 September 2007 , in a 0–0 draw against Baník Ostrava ; Four days later , he made his Champions League debut in a 2–1 win over Romanian side Steaua București . On 29 September 2007 , Pudil then scored his first goal in a 7–1 win over Fastav Zlín ; followed four days later when he scored his first goal in a 2–1 loss against Sevilla and his second league goal came in a 2–0 win over Sparta Prague six days later . In the UEFA Champions League third match in the Group Stage , Pudil was in the squad when Arsenal thrashed Slavia 7–0 . Six days later after the 7–0 loss , Pudil played against his former club in a 1–1 draw ; but the next meeting soon happened again six months later , when Pudil set up a goal for Zdeněk Šenkeřík , to score the only goal in the game . Following Slavia Prahas Champions League elimination to UEFA Cup , Pudil set up a goal for Matej Krajčík to make it 1–1 against Tottenham Hotspur in the second leg . However , Slavia Praha lost 3–1 on aggregate , having lost against them in the first leg . On the final game of the season , Pudil scored in a 2–2 draw against Baumit Jablonec . At the end of the season , Slavia Praha won the league title . Due to his flamboyance and controversial lifestyle , Slavia Praha had decided against signing Pudil . Genk . Pudil signed for Belgian club KRC Genk from FC Slovan Liberec on 1 July 2008 , for worth 1.5 million euros . Pudil was linked with Italian sides Reggina and Lecce but Genk managed to win the race . On the opening game of the season on 17 August 2008 , Pudil made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Beerschot ; then two appearance later , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over Zulte Waregem on 14 September 2008 . However the next game , Pudil received a red card after a second bookable offence in a 1–0 loss against Club Brugge . In his first season , Pudil scored four goals in twenty nine appearance . At Genk , Pudil had established himself in the first team during his three seasons at Genk . The next season with Pudil made 27 appearance . However , in the Europa League fourth round second leg against Lille , having loss 2–1 in the first leg , Pudil set up a goal for Elyaniv Barda but received a red card after a second bookable offence . The next season , Pudil was involved in the squad with Genk that won the title for the second time . He spent three seasons with the Belgian side before joining Granada on a five-and-a-half-year contract in January 2012 . Cesena . After joining Granada , Pudil was immediately loaned out to Cesena for the rest of the 2011–12 season . On 1 February 2012 , Pudil made his debut , playing in defensive midfield , in a 0–0 draw against Napoli . Eighteen days later after making his debut , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 loss against A.C . Milan . On 7 March 2012 , the match didnt turn well for him when he received a red card after a second bookable offence , just one minute after receiving a yellow in a 0–0 draw against Catania . At the end of the season , Pudil couldnt help Cesena retain their Serie A status as the club was relegated to Serie B . Watford . Pudil then joined Watford on a season-long loan for the 2012–13 season , joining Czech teammate Matěj Vydra . In pre-season , Pudil played his first match in a friendly against Tottenham Hotspur in Lloyd Doyley’s testimonial match but after playing five minutes , he came off with a suspected hamstring injury . This turned out to be a minor injury . Pudil made his Watford debut , in the second game of the season , a 1–0 loss against Ipswich Town . Having played as a left back for six games , Pudil was slotted into the left midfield role and assisted several goals . On 23 October 2012 , Pudil received a straight red card in a 2–1 loss against Cardiff City after violent conduct against Craig Noone . After the game , Watford appealed the decision , with support from Cardiff City and Noone himself . His three-game suspension was thus reduced to one by the FA . In the first match of 2013 , Pudil scored his first goal for Watford in a 4–3 loss against Charlton Athletic . Later in the 2012–13 season , Pudil would go on to make 40 appearances in all competitions , and at the end of the season , Pudil would return to Granada , as his loan spell with Watford came to an end . On 4 July 2013 , Pudil announced via Twitter that he had joined Watford permanently from Granada , signing a four-year contract . Pudils first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came after coming on for Ikechi Anya in the 75th minutes , in the opening game of the season , in a 1–0 win over Birmingham City , while his first goal would come in a 1–1 draw against Charlton Athletic on 14 September 2013 . Sheffield Wednesday . On 29 August 2015 , Pudil signed for Sheffield Wednesday on a season-long loan deal . He scored his first goal for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–1 win over Preston North End on 3 October 2015 . Pudil completed a permanent move to Wednesday on 28 July 2016 for £1,500,000 . He was released by Sheffield Wednesday at the end of the 2018–19 season . Mladá Boleslav . After his release from Sheffield Wednesday in July 2019 , he signed for Czech side Mladá Boleslav on a two-year deal . Viktoria Žižkov . Pudil signed for Czech side Viktoria Žižkov on a one-year deal for free . International career . Pudil represented his country at under-19 and under-21 level . He made his senior debut in 2007 and scored his first goal at this level on 21 November 2007 in a 0–2 away victory against Cyprus in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier . Pudil was a member of the Czech Republic squad that competed in UEFA Euro 2016 . Honours . Genk - Belgian Cup : 2008–09 - Belgian Pro League : 2010–11 - Belgian Super Cup : 2011 External links . - Official Czech First League statistics - krcgenk.be - sport.be

easy

Which employer did David Price (American politician) work for from 1963 to 1967?

/wiki/David_Price_(American_politician)#P108#0

David Price ( American politician ) David Eugene Price ( born August 17 , 1940 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for since 1997 , previously holding the position from 1987 to 1995 . A member of the Democratic Party , he represents a district covering much of the heart of the Triangle , including all of Orange County and parts of Wake and Durham counties . It includes most of Raleigh , parts of Durham , and all of Cary and Chapel Hill . Price is the dean of North Carolinas delegation to the House of Representatives . Early life and education . Born in Erwin , Tennessee , Price attended Mars Hill College when it was a junior college . He later transferred to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill after winning a scholarship and became a member of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies . He earned his degree in 1961 . Originally intent on becoming an engineer , Price continued his education at Yale University , where he received a theology degree ( 1964 ) and a Ph.D . in political science ( 1969 ) . Career . Price served as an aide to Alaska Senator Bob Bartlett from 1963 to 1967 and then entered academia , working as a political science and public policy professor at Duke University from 1973 until his first campaign for Congress in 1986 . He also served as a Duke professor during 1995 and 1996 , when he was not in Congress . Price worked for the North Carolina Democratic Party from 1979 to 1984 . He has written a political science textbook , The Congressional Experience , from the perspective of a candidate for office and then a member of Congress . Price also served as executive director and then state chair of the North Carolina Democratic Party before his election to Congress . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 1986–1992 Price first entered Congress in 1987 after defeating one-term Representative Bill Cobey , 56% to 44% . He was reelected in 1988 and 1990 with 58% of the vote . In 1992 , he was reelected with 65% . - 1994 In 1994 , Price lost to the Republican nominee , former Raleigh police chief Fred Heineman , by a margin of less than 1% during the Republican Revolution , in part due to lower-than-expected turnout in the Democratic stronghold of Orange County ( home to Chapel Hill ) , but despite the fact that heavily Republican Randolph County had been eliminated from the fourth district during redistricting . - 1996 In 1996 , Price defeated Heineman in a rematch , 54% to 44% . He was helped in part by voters who were not happy with the lack of progress made by the freshman class on the goals of the Contract with America . - 1998–2006 The district reverted to form , and Price was reelected by wide margins in 1998 ( 57% ) , 2000 ( 62% ) , 2002 ( 61% ) , 2004 ( 64% ) , and 2006 ( 65% ) . - 2008–2020 Prices opponent in the 2008 election was Republican B.J . Lawson . Lawson was called the most formidable opposition Price had faced since he lost to Heineman in 1994 . For example , he ran television ads , which Prices opponents hadnt done in at least a decade . Despite Lawsons increased efforts and expenditures , Price defeated him , 63% to 37% . Tenure . Price was an early opponent of the Iraq War of 2003 and sponsored a bill to bring the conduct of private military companies working in Iraq under legal jurisdiction of the United States . He has also introduced legislation to prohibit contractors from performing interrogations of prisoners in the custody of intelligence agencies . As chairman of the 2008 House subcommittee responsible for determining the budget for the Department of Homeland Security , Price sought to focus immigration enforcement efforts on criminal convicts . Price authored a provision of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 that made the interest on student loans tax-deductible , and legislation creating the Advanced Technological Education program at the National Science Foundation , which provides grants for high-tech education in community colleges and was enacted in 1993 . He voted for the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , reasoning that the harmful effects of the credit crisis on all North Carolinians were too great for the federal government to sit on the sidelines . and for [ defending ] critical emergency management and homeland security priorities received an award from the association of state emergency managers . In December 2009 , he voted for the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , which enacted more stringent regulations on the financial industry to protect consumers and taxpayers from another financial crisis . Price is the author of legislation to reform the public financing system for presidential campaigns . Price has opposed concentration of media ownership . He worked on legislative initiatives to roll back the FCCs 2003 rules and co-sponsored an unsuccessful bill to overturn another 2008 FCC approval of media consolidation . Price voted for the 2006 Markey amendment to establish network neutrality in the Communication Act of 1934 . In 2013 , Price voted against the amendment to the Patriot Act that would have eliminated Section 215 and curtailed the National Security Agencys controversial data collection program . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Homeland Security - Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch - Subcommittee on Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies ( Chair ) Caucus memberships . - Congressional Humanities Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - House Democracy Partnership - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - National Service Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - Congressional Arts Caucus - Veterinary Medicine Caucus - House Baltic Caucus - Afterschool Caucuses - Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus - Americas Language Caucus Price also chairs the House Democracy Assistance Commission , which works through peer-to-peer partnerships with emerging democratic legislatures to assist in developing the fundamental building blocks of legislative government . Personal life . Price married his wife , Lisa Kanwit , in 1968 . They were longtime Democratic Party activists together , and have two children : Karen , a filmmaker ; and Michael , a professor of Evolutionary Psychology at Brunel University in London . They have two grandchildren . Price resides in Chapel Hill and is a member of the Binkley Memorial Baptist Church . Price received the 2011 John Tyler Caldwell Award for the Humanities from the North Carolina Humanities Council . External links . - Congressman David Price official U.S . House website - Price for Congress

easy

Who did David Price (American politician) work for from 1967 to 1973?

/wiki/David_Price_(American_politician)#P108#1

David Price ( American politician ) David Eugene Price ( born August 17 , 1940 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for since 1997 , previously holding the position from 1987 to 1995 . A member of the Democratic Party , he represents a district covering much of the heart of the Triangle , including all of Orange County and parts of Wake and Durham counties . It includes most of Raleigh , parts of Durham , and all of Cary and Chapel Hill . Price is the dean of North Carolinas delegation to the House of Representatives . Early life and education . Born in Erwin , Tennessee , Price attended Mars Hill College when it was a junior college . He later transferred to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill after winning a scholarship and became a member of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies . He earned his degree in 1961 . Originally intent on becoming an engineer , Price continued his education at Yale University , where he received a theology degree ( 1964 ) and a Ph.D . in political science ( 1969 ) . Career . Price served as an aide to Alaska Senator Bob Bartlett from 1963 to 1967 and then entered academia , working as a political science and public policy professor at Duke University from 1973 until his first campaign for Congress in 1986 . He also served as a Duke professor during 1995 and 1996 , when he was not in Congress . Price worked for the North Carolina Democratic Party from 1979 to 1984 . He has written a political science textbook , The Congressional Experience , from the perspective of a candidate for office and then a member of Congress . Price also served as executive director and then state chair of the North Carolina Democratic Party before his election to Congress . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 1986–1992 Price first entered Congress in 1987 after defeating one-term Representative Bill Cobey , 56% to 44% . He was reelected in 1988 and 1990 with 58% of the vote . In 1992 , he was reelected with 65% . - 1994 In 1994 , Price lost to the Republican nominee , former Raleigh police chief Fred Heineman , by a margin of less than 1% during the Republican Revolution , in part due to lower-than-expected turnout in the Democratic stronghold of Orange County ( home to Chapel Hill ) , but despite the fact that heavily Republican Randolph County had been eliminated from the fourth district during redistricting . - 1996 In 1996 , Price defeated Heineman in a rematch , 54% to 44% . He was helped in part by voters who were not happy with the lack of progress made by the freshman class on the goals of the Contract with America . - 1998–2006 The district reverted to form , and Price was reelected by wide margins in 1998 ( 57% ) , 2000 ( 62% ) , 2002 ( 61% ) , 2004 ( 64% ) , and 2006 ( 65% ) . - 2008–2020 Prices opponent in the 2008 election was Republican B.J . Lawson . Lawson was called the most formidable opposition Price had faced since he lost to Heineman in 1994 . For example , he ran television ads , which Prices opponents hadnt done in at least a decade . Despite Lawsons increased efforts and expenditures , Price defeated him , 63% to 37% . Tenure . Price was an early opponent of the Iraq War of 2003 and sponsored a bill to bring the conduct of private military companies working in Iraq under legal jurisdiction of the United States . He has also introduced legislation to prohibit contractors from performing interrogations of prisoners in the custody of intelligence agencies . As chairman of the 2008 House subcommittee responsible for determining the budget for the Department of Homeland Security , Price sought to focus immigration enforcement efforts on criminal convicts . Price authored a provision of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 that made the interest on student loans tax-deductible , and legislation creating the Advanced Technological Education program at the National Science Foundation , which provides grants for high-tech education in community colleges and was enacted in 1993 . He voted for the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , reasoning that the harmful effects of the credit crisis on all North Carolinians were too great for the federal government to sit on the sidelines . and for [ defending ] critical emergency management and homeland security priorities received an award from the association of state emergency managers . In December 2009 , he voted for the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , which enacted more stringent regulations on the financial industry to protect consumers and taxpayers from another financial crisis . Price is the author of legislation to reform the public financing system for presidential campaigns . Price has opposed concentration of media ownership . He worked on legislative initiatives to roll back the FCCs 2003 rules and co-sponsored an unsuccessful bill to overturn another 2008 FCC approval of media consolidation . Price voted for the 2006 Markey amendment to establish network neutrality in the Communication Act of 1934 . In 2013 , Price voted against the amendment to the Patriot Act that would have eliminated Section 215 and curtailed the National Security Agencys controversial data collection program . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Homeland Security - Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch - Subcommittee on Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies ( Chair ) Caucus memberships . - Congressional Humanities Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - House Democracy Partnership - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - National Service Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - Congressional Arts Caucus - Veterinary Medicine Caucus - House Baltic Caucus - Afterschool Caucuses - Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus - Americas Language Caucus Price also chairs the House Democracy Assistance Commission , which works through peer-to-peer partnerships with emerging democratic legislatures to assist in developing the fundamental building blocks of legislative government . Personal life . Price married his wife , Lisa Kanwit , in 1968 . They were longtime Democratic Party activists together , and have two children : Karen , a filmmaker ; and Michael , a professor of Evolutionary Psychology at Brunel University in London . They have two grandchildren . Price resides in Chapel Hill and is a member of the Binkley Memorial Baptist Church . Price received the 2011 John Tyler Caldwell Award for the Humanities from the North Carolina Humanities Council . External links . - Congressman David Price official U.S . House website - Price for Congress

easy

Which employer did David Price (American politician) work for from 1973 to 1986?

/wiki/David_Price_(American_politician)#P108#2

David Price ( American politician ) David Eugene Price ( born August 17 , 1940 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for since 1997 , previously holding the position from 1987 to 1995 . A member of the Democratic Party , he represents a district covering much of the heart of the Triangle , including all of Orange County and parts of Wake and Durham counties . It includes most of Raleigh , parts of Durham , and all of Cary and Chapel Hill . Price is the dean of North Carolinas delegation to the House of Representatives . Early life and education . Born in Erwin , Tennessee , Price attended Mars Hill College when it was a junior college . He later transferred to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill after winning a scholarship and became a member of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies . He earned his degree in 1961 . Originally intent on becoming an engineer , Price continued his education at Yale University , where he received a theology degree ( 1964 ) and a Ph.D . in political science ( 1969 ) . Career . Price served as an aide to Alaska Senator Bob Bartlett from 1963 to 1967 and then entered academia , working as a political science and public policy professor at Duke University from 1973 until his first campaign for Congress in 1986 . He also served as a Duke professor during 1995 and 1996 , when he was not in Congress . Price worked for the North Carolina Democratic Party from 1979 to 1984 . He has written a political science textbook , The Congressional Experience , from the perspective of a candidate for office and then a member of Congress . Price also served as executive director and then state chair of the North Carolina Democratic Party before his election to Congress . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 1986–1992 Price first entered Congress in 1987 after defeating one-term Representative Bill Cobey , 56% to 44% . He was reelected in 1988 and 1990 with 58% of the vote . In 1992 , he was reelected with 65% . - 1994 In 1994 , Price lost to the Republican nominee , former Raleigh police chief Fred Heineman , by a margin of less than 1% during the Republican Revolution , in part due to lower-than-expected turnout in the Democratic stronghold of Orange County ( home to Chapel Hill ) , but despite the fact that heavily Republican Randolph County had been eliminated from the fourth district during redistricting . - 1996 In 1996 , Price defeated Heineman in a rematch , 54% to 44% . He was helped in part by voters who were not happy with the lack of progress made by the freshman class on the goals of the Contract with America . - 1998–2006 The district reverted to form , and Price was reelected by wide margins in 1998 ( 57% ) , 2000 ( 62% ) , 2002 ( 61% ) , 2004 ( 64% ) , and 2006 ( 65% ) . - 2008–2020 Prices opponent in the 2008 election was Republican B.J . Lawson . Lawson was called the most formidable opposition Price had faced since he lost to Heineman in 1994 . For example , he ran television ads , which Prices opponents hadnt done in at least a decade . Despite Lawsons increased efforts and expenditures , Price defeated him , 63% to 37% . Tenure . Price was an early opponent of the Iraq War of 2003 and sponsored a bill to bring the conduct of private military companies working in Iraq under legal jurisdiction of the United States . He has also introduced legislation to prohibit contractors from performing interrogations of prisoners in the custody of intelligence agencies . As chairman of the 2008 House subcommittee responsible for determining the budget for the Department of Homeland Security , Price sought to focus immigration enforcement efforts on criminal convicts . Price authored a provision of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 that made the interest on student loans tax-deductible , and legislation creating the Advanced Technological Education program at the National Science Foundation , which provides grants for high-tech education in community colleges and was enacted in 1993 . He voted for the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , reasoning that the harmful effects of the credit crisis on all North Carolinians were too great for the federal government to sit on the sidelines . and for [ defending ] critical emergency management and homeland security priorities received an award from the association of state emergency managers . In December 2009 , he voted for the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , which enacted more stringent regulations on the financial industry to protect consumers and taxpayers from another financial crisis . Price is the author of legislation to reform the public financing system for presidential campaigns . Price has opposed concentration of media ownership . He worked on legislative initiatives to roll back the FCCs 2003 rules and co-sponsored an unsuccessful bill to overturn another 2008 FCC approval of media consolidation . Price voted for the 2006 Markey amendment to establish network neutrality in the Communication Act of 1934 . In 2013 , Price voted against the amendment to the Patriot Act that would have eliminated Section 215 and curtailed the National Security Agencys controversial data collection program . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Homeland Security - Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch - Subcommittee on Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies ( Chair ) Caucus memberships . - Congressional Humanities Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - House Democracy Partnership - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - National Service Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - Congressional Arts Caucus - Veterinary Medicine Caucus - House Baltic Caucus - Afterschool Caucuses - Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus - Americas Language Caucus Price also chairs the House Democracy Assistance Commission , which works through peer-to-peer partnerships with emerging democratic legislatures to assist in developing the fundamental building blocks of legislative government . Personal life . Price married his wife , Lisa Kanwit , in 1968 . They were longtime Democratic Party activists together , and have two children : Karen , a filmmaker ; and Michael , a professor of Evolutionary Psychology at Brunel University in London . They have two grandchildren . Price resides in Chapel Hill and is a member of the Binkley Memorial Baptist Church . Price received the 2011 John Tyler Caldwell Award for the Humanities from the North Carolina Humanities Council . External links . - Congressman David Price official U.S . House website - Price for Congress

easy

Who coached the team SV Darmstadt 98 from 2017 to Dec 2017?

/wiki/SV_Darmstadt_98#P286#0

SV Darmstadt 98 Sportverein Darmstadt 1898 e.V . is a German football club based in Darmstadt , Hesse . The club was founded on 22 May 1898 as FC Olympia Darmstadt . Early in 1919 , the association was briefly known as Rasen-Sportverein Olympia before merging with Darmstädter Sport Club 1905 on 11 November that year to become Sportverein Darmstadt 98 . Merger partner SC was the product of a 1905 union between Viktoria 1900 Darmstadt and Germania 1903 Darmstadt . The footballers are today part of a sports club which also offers its approximately 7,600 members basketball , hiking , futsal , judo , and table tennis . The football department competed in the Bundesliga for the 2015–16 and 2016–17 seasons after a 33-year run in lower leagues . History . Early history . Olympia played as a lower table side in the Westkreisliga between 1909 and 1913 . In the late 20s and early 30s the club played as SV Darmstadt in the Kreisliga Odenwald and Bezirksliga Main-Hessen , Gruppe Hesse , but struggled to stay in top flight competition . In 1933 , German football was reorganized under the Third Reich into sixteen premier divisions known as Gauligen . Darmstadt was not able to break into upper league play until 1941 when they joined the Gauliga Hessen-Nassau , Gruppe 2 . Their stay was short-lived and they were relegated after their second season of play at that level . By 1944–45 the division had collapsed in the face of the advance of Allied armies into Germany . Darmstadt enjoyed a long run as a second division team through the 50s and then again from the time of the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 on into the 70s . However , they were never better than a lower to mid-table side until they finally managed a breakthrough in 1973 with a Regionalliga Süd championship and participation in the promotion rounds for the Bundesliga where they finished a distant second to Rot-Weiss Essen . From the Bundesliga to insolvency . A side with limited resources , Darmstadt eventually managed two seasons in the Bundesliga ( 1978–79 and 1981–82 ) . They narrowly missed a third turn in the top league in 1988 when they lost in a lengthy relegation-promotion play-off to Waldhof Mannheim in penalty shoot-out of the third match between the two clubs . In the following years Darmstadt 98 escaped relegation to the Amateur Oberliga Hessen ( III ) in 1991 when Essen was refused a 2 . Bundesliga licence for financial reasons . However , by 1997 , SV had themselves become victims of financial mismanagement , slipping to the third and fourth divisions . The teams most recent successes include wins in the Hessen Pokal ( Hessen Cup ) in 1999 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 and 2008 as well as three consecutive Possmann-Hessen Cup wins from 2000 to 2002 . In the DFB-Pokal , Darmstadt advanced as far as the third round in 1989 and 2001 , and to the quarter-finals in 1986 . In 2004 , the club claimed the Oberliga Hessen ( IV ) championship under manager and former player Bruno Labbadia and were promoted to the Regionalliga Süd ( III ) . Financial problems limited their options and they were relegated to the Oberliga Hessen ( IV ) at the end of the 2006–07 season . The clubs stated aim was to reach the new 3 . Liga within five years . However , on 6 March 2008 Darmstadt entered insolvency proceedings with debts of around €1.1 million making the future of the club uncertain . After the 2007–08 Oberliga Hessen Championship , Darmstadt played in the Regionalliga Süd . Darmstadt took various measures to avert bankruptcy , for example a friendly benefit match against Bayern Munich , donations etc . In addition , the former management of the club ( e.g . former president , former tax advisor ) made vital financial contributions which secured the clubs future . Rise to the Bundesliga . After winning the 2010–11 Regionalliga Süd in dramatic fashion , Darmstadt were promoted to the 3 . Liga . In 2012 , Dirk Schuster was appointed as head coach , and he signed Darmstadts future captain , Aytaç Sulu . In the 2012–13 season , the club was initially relegated but their fiercest rivals Kickers Offenbach were refused a 3 . Liga licence due to going into administration and were relegated to the Regionalliga instead . Darmstadt 98 took Offenbachs place . In 2013–14 , having finished third in league and thus gaining entry into the promotion-relegation play-offs , Darmstadt defeated Arminia Bielefeld in the second leg through away goals after losing 1–3 in the first leg at home to secure promotion to 2 . Bundesliga for the first time in 21 years in dramatic circumstances . In the following 2 . Bundesliga season , Darmstadt secured the second-place position in the league and therefore promotion to the Bundesliga after a 33-year absence . In their final league match , against FC St . Pauli , the club won 1–0 at home through a 70th minute free-kick by Tobias Kempe . This was the second consecutive promotion for the team , led again by coach Schuster and captain Sulu . Darmstadt reached the Round of 16 of the 2015–16 DFB Pokal . On 8 March 2016 , long-term fan Jonathan Heimes died of cancer and posthumously , Darmstadts stadium was renamed into Jonathan-Heimes-Stadion am Böllenfalltor for the 2016–17 season . Darmstadt finished the 2015–16 season in 14th position , mainly due to a positive away record . Coach Dirk Schuster announced his decision to join FC Augsburg , whereas Norbert Meier was appointed as head coach for the 2016–17 season . After being defeated in the second round of the 2016–17 DFB Pokal and only scoring 8 points in 12 games , Maier was sacked on 5 December 2016 . On 27 December 2016 , former Bundesliga player and Werder Bremen assistant manager Torsten Frings was presented as new head coach . However , the team was incapable of securing the next season in the Bundesliga after a 0–1 defeat to Bayern Munich in the 32nd matchday of the season , and was relegated to the 2 . Bundesliga . After a poor start to the 2017/18-second Bundesliga season , Torsten Frings was removed from his position and on 11 December 2017 the vacant managers position was again filled by Dirk Schuster who returned to the Darmstadt club for his second spell as manager , finishing 10th in the league . In the 2018/19-second Bundesliga season , Dimitrios Grammozis replaced Schuster after 23 points out of 22 games , placed at position 14 of 18 clubs , finishing again at position 10 . In the following season , the club finished at position 5 . After the season , Markus Anfang took over as head coach . Honours . The clubs honours : League . - Regionalliga Süd ( II ) - Champions : 1972–73 - 2 . Bundesliga Süd ( II ) - Champions : 1978 , 1981 - 2 . Bundesliga ( II ) - Runners-up : 2014–15 - Regionalliga Süd ( IV ) - Champions : 2011 - Hessenliga ( II/III/IV ) - Champions : 1950 , 1962 , 1964 , 1971 , 1999 , 2004 , 2008 Cup . - Hesse Cup ( Tiers III-VII ) - Winners : 1966 , 1999 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2013 - Runners-up : 1971 , 2009 , 2014 - Won by reserve team . Recent seasons . The recent season-by-season performance of the club : - With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3 . Liga in 2008 as the new third tier , below the 2 . Bundesliga , all leagues below dropped one tier . Former managers . The managers of the club : External links . - The Abseits Guide to German Soccer - SV Darmstadt 98 at Weltfussball.de - Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

easy

Who was the head coach of the team SV Darmstadt 98 from Dec 2017 to Feb 2019?

/wiki/SV_Darmstadt_98#P286#1

SV Darmstadt 98 Sportverein Darmstadt 1898 e.V . is a German football club based in Darmstadt , Hesse . The club was founded on 22 May 1898 as FC Olympia Darmstadt . Early in 1919 , the association was briefly known as Rasen-Sportverein Olympia before merging with Darmstädter Sport Club 1905 on 11 November that year to become Sportverein Darmstadt 98 . Merger partner SC was the product of a 1905 union between Viktoria 1900 Darmstadt and Germania 1903 Darmstadt . The footballers are today part of a sports club which also offers its approximately 7,600 members basketball , hiking , futsal , judo , and table tennis . The football department competed in the Bundesliga for the 2015–16 and 2016–17 seasons after a 33-year run in lower leagues . History . Early history . Olympia played as a lower table side in the Westkreisliga between 1909 and 1913 . In the late 20s and early 30s the club played as SV Darmstadt in the Kreisliga Odenwald and Bezirksliga Main-Hessen , Gruppe Hesse , but struggled to stay in top flight competition . In 1933 , German football was reorganized under the Third Reich into sixteen premier divisions known as Gauligen . Darmstadt was not able to break into upper league play until 1941 when they joined the Gauliga Hessen-Nassau , Gruppe 2 . Their stay was short-lived and they were relegated after their second season of play at that level . By 1944–45 the division had collapsed in the face of the advance of Allied armies into Germany . Darmstadt enjoyed a long run as a second division team through the 50s and then again from the time of the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 on into the 70s . However , they were never better than a lower to mid-table side until they finally managed a breakthrough in 1973 with a Regionalliga Süd championship and participation in the promotion rounds for the Bundesliga where they finished a distant second to Rot-Weiss Essen . From the Bundesliga to insolvency . A side with limited resources , Darmstadt eventually managed two seasons in the Bundesliga ( 1978–79 and 1981–82 ) . They narrowly missed a third turn in the top league in 1988 when they lost in a lengthy relegation-promotion play-off to Waldhof Mannheim in penalty shoot-out of the third match between the two clubs . In the following years Darmstadt 98 escaped relegation to the Amateur Oberliga Hessen ( III ) in 1991 when Essen was refused a 2 . Bundesliga licence for financial reasons . However , by 1997 , SV had themselves become victims of financial mismanagement , slipping to the third and fourth divisions . The teams most recent successes include wins in the Hessen Pokal ( Hessen Cup ) in 1999 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 and 2008 as well as three consecutive Possmann-Hessen Cup wins from 2000 to 2002 . In the DFB-Pokal , Darmstadt advanced as far as the third round in 1989 and 2001 , and to the quarter-finals in 1986 . In 2004 , the club claimed the Oberliga Hessen ( IV ) championship under manager and former player Bruno Labbadia and were promoted to the Regionalliga Süd ( III ) . Financial problems limited their options and they were relegated to the Oberliga Hessen ( IV ) at the end of the 2006–07 season . The clubs stated aim was to reach the new 3 . Liga within five years . However , on 6 March 2008 Darmstadt entered insolvency proceedings with debts of around €1.1 million making the future of the club uncertain . After the 2007–08 Oberliga Hessen Championship , Darmstadt played in the Regionalliga Süd . Darmstadt took various measures to avert bankruptcy , for example a friendly benefit match against Bayern Munich , donations etc . In addition , the former management of the club ( e.g . former president , former tax advisor ) made vital financial contributions which secured the clubs future . Rise to the Bundesliga . After winning the 2010–11 Regionalliga Süd in dramatic fashion , Darmstadt were promoted to the 3 . Liga . In 2012 , Dirk Schuster was appointed as head coach , and he signed Darmstadts future captain , Aytaç Sulu . In the 2012–13 season , the club was initially relegated but their fiercest rivals Kickers Offenbach were refused a 3 . Liga licence due to going into administration and were relegated to the Regionalliga instead . Darmstadt 98 took Offenbachs place . In 2013–14 , having finished third in league and thus gaining entry into the promotion-relegation play-offs , Darmstadt defeated Arminia Bielefeld in the second leg through away goals after losing 1–3 in the first leg at home to secure promotion to 2 . Bundesliga for the first time in 21 years in dramatic circumstances . In the following 2 . Bundesliga season , Darmstadt secured the second-place position in the league and therefore promotion to the Bundesliga after a 33-year absence . In their final league match , against FC St . Pauli , the club won 1–0 at home through a 70th minute free-kick by Tobias Kempe . This was the second consecutive promotion for the team , led again by coach Schuster and captain Sulu . Darmstadt reached the Round of 16 of the 2015–16 DFB Pokal . On 8 March 2016 , long-term fan Jonathan Heimes died of cancer and posthumously , Darmstadts stadium was renamed into Jonathan-Heimes-Stadion am Böllenfalltor for the 2016–17 season . Darmstadt finished the 2015–16 season in 14th position , mainly due to a positive away record . Coach Dirk Schuster announced his decision to join FC Augsburg , whereas Norbert Meier was appointed as head coach for the 2016–17 season . After being defeated in the second round of the 2016–17 DFB Pokal and only scoring 8 points in 12 games , Maier was sacked on 5 December 2016 . On 27 December 2016 , former Bundesliga player and Werder Bremen assistant manager Torsten Frings was presented as new head coach . However , the team was incapable of securing the next season in the Bundesliga after a 0–1 defeat to Bayern Munich in the 32nd matchday of the season , and was relegated to the 2 . Bundesliga . After a poor start to the 2017/18-second Bundesliga season , Torsten Frings was removed from his position and on 11 December 2017 the vacant managers position was again filled by Dirk Schuster who returned to the Darmstadt club for his second spell as manager , finishing 10th in the league . In the 2018/19-second Bundesliga season , Dimitrios Grammozis replaced Schuster after 23 points out of 22 games , placed at position 14 of 18 clubs , finishing again at position 10 . In the following season , the club finished at position 5 . After the season , Markus Anfang took over as head coach . Honours . The clubs honours : League . - Regionalliga Süd ( II ) - Champions : 1972–73 - 2 . Bundesliga Süd ( II ) - Champions : 1978 , 1981 - 2 . Bundesliga ( II ) - Runners-up : 2014–15 - Regionalliga Süd ( IV ) - Champions : 2011 - Hessenliga ( II/III/IV ) - Champions : 1950 , 1962 , 1964 , 1971 , 1999 , 2004 , 2008 Cup . - Hesse Cup ( Tiers III-VII ) - Winners : 1966 , 1999 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2013 - Runners-up : 1971 , 2009 , 2014 - Won by reserve team . Recent seasons . The recent season-by-season performance of the club : - With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3 . Liga in 2008 as the new third tier , below the 2 . Bundesliga , all leagues below dropped one tier . Former managers . The managers of the club : External links . - The Abseits Guide to German Soccer - SV Darmstadt 98 at Weltfussball.de - Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

easy

Who coached the team SV Darmstadt 98 from Feb 2019 to Feb 2020?

/wiki/SV_Darmstadt_98#P286#2

SV Darmstadt 98 Sportverein Darmstadt 1898 e.V . is a German football club based in Darmstadt , Hesse . The club was founded on 22 May 1898 as FC Olympia Darmstadt . Early in 1919 , the association was briefly known as Rasen-Sportverein Olympia before merging with Darmstädter Sport Club 1905 on 11 November that year to become Sportverein Darmstadt 98 . Merger partner SC was the product of a 1905 union between Viktoria 1900 Darmstadt and Germania 1903 Darmstadt . The footballers are today part of a sports club which also offers its approximately 7,600 members basketball , hiking , futsal , judo , and table tennis . The football department competed in the Bundesliga for the 2015–16 and 2016–17 seasons after a 33-year run in lower leagues . History . Early history . Olympia played as a lower table side in the Westkreisliga between 1909 and 1913 . In the late 20s and early 30s the club played as SV Darmstadt in the Kreisliga Odenwald and Bezirksliga Main-Hessen , Gruppe Hesse , but struggled to stay in top flight competition . In 1933 , German football was reorganized under the Third Reich into sixteen premier divisions known as Gauligen . Darmstadt was not able to break into upper league play until 1941 when they joined the Gauliga Hessen-Nassau , Gruppe 2 . Their stay was short-lived and they were relegated after their second season of play at that level . By 1944–45 the division had collapsed in the face of the advance of Allied armies into Germany . Darmstadt enjoyed a long run as a second division team through the 50s and then again from the time of the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 on into the 70s . However , they were never better than a lower to mid-table side until they finally managed a breakthrough in 1973 with a Regionalliga Süd championship and participation in the promotion rounds for the Bundesliga where they finished a distant second to Rot-Weiss Essen . From the Bundesliga to insolvency . A side with limited resources , Darmstadt eventually managed two seasons in the Bundesliga ( 1978–79 and 1981–82 ) . They narrowly missed a third turn in the top league in 1988 when they lost in a lengthy relegation-promotion play-off to Waldhof Mannheim in penalty shoot-out of the third match between the two clubs . In the following years Darmstadt 98 escaped relegation to the Amateur Oberliga Hessen ( III ) in 1991 when Essen was refused a 2 . Bundesliga licence for financial reasons . However , by 1997 , SV had themselves become victims of financial mismanagement , slipping to the third and fourth divisions . The teams most recent successes include wins in the Hessen Pokal ( Hessen Cup ) in 1999 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 and 2008 as well as three consecutive Possmann-Hessen Cup wins from 2000 to 2002 . In the DFB-Pokal , Darmstadt advanced as far as the third round in 1989 and 2001 , and to the quarter-finals in 1986 . In 2004 , the club claimed the Oberliga Hessen ( IV ) championship under manager and former player Bruno Labbadia and were promoted to the Regionalliga Süd ( III ) . Financial problems limited their options and they were relegated to the Oberliga Hessen ( IV ) at the end of the 2006–07 season . The clubs stated aim was to reach the new 3 . Liga within five years . However , on 6 March 2008 Darmstadt entered insolvency proceedings with debts of around €1.1 million making the future of the club uncertain . After the 2007–08 Oberliga Hessen Championship , Darmstadt played in the Regionalliga Süd . Darmstadt took various measures to avert bankruptcy , for example a friendly benefit match against Bayern Munich , donations etc . In addition , the former management of the club ( e.g . former president , former tax advisor ) made vital financial contributions which secured the clubs future . Rise to the Bundesliga . After winning the 2010–11 Regionalliga Süd in dramatic fashion , Darmstadt were promoted to the 3 . Liga . In 2012 , Dirk Schuster was appointed as head coach , and he signed Darmstadts future captain , Aytaç Sulu . In the 2012–13 season , the club was initially relegated but their fiercest rivals Kickers Offenbach were refused a 3 . Liga licence due to going into administration and were relegated to the Regionalliga instead . Darmstadt 98 took Offenbachs place . In 2013–14 , having finished third in league and thus gaining entry into the promotion-relegation play-offs , Darmstadt defeated Arminia Bielefeld in the second leg through away goals after losing 1–3 in the first leg at home to secure promotion to 2 . Bundesliga for the first time in 21 years in dramatic circumstances . In the following 2 . Bundesliga season , Darmstadt secured the second-place position in the league and therefore promotion to the Bundesliga after a 33-year absence . In their final league match , against FC St . Pauli , the club won 1–0 at home through a 70th minute free-kick by Tobias Kempe . This was the second consecutive promotion for the team , led again by coach Schuster and captain Sulu . Darmstadt reached the Round of 16 of the 2015–16 DFB Pokal . On 8 March 2016 , long-term fan Jonathan Heimes died of cancer and posthumously , Darmstadts stadium was renamed into Jonathan-Heimes-Stadion am Böllenfalltor for the 2016–17 season . Darmstadt finished the 2015–16 season in 14th position , mainly due to a positive away record . Coach Dirk Schuster announced his decision to join FC Augsburg , whereas Norbert Meier was appointed as head coach for the 2016–17 season . After being defeated in the second round of the 2016–17 DFB Pokal and only scoring 8 points in 12 games , Maier was sacked on 5 December 2016 . On 27 December 2016 , former Bundesliga player and Werder Bremen assistant manager Torsten Frings was presented as new head coach . However , the team was incapable of securing the next season in the Bundesliga after a 0–1 defeat to Bayern Munich in the 32nd matchday of the season , and was relegated to the 2 . Bundesliga . After a poor start to the 2017/18-second Bundesliga season , Torsten Frings was removed from his position and on 11 December 2017 the vacant managers position was again filled by Dirk Schuster who returned to the Darmstadt club for his second spell as manager , finishing 10th in the league . In the 2018/19-second Bundesliga season , Dimitrios Grammozis replaced Schuster after 23 points out of 22 games , placed at position 14 of 18 clubs , finishing again at position 10 . In the following season , the club finished at position 5 . After the season , Markus Anfang took over as head coach . Honours . The clubs honours : League . - Regionalliga Süd ( II ) - Champions : 1972–73 - 2 . Bundesliga Süd ( II ) - Champions : 1978 , 1981 - 2 . Bundesliga ( II ) - Runners-up : 2014–15 - Regionalliga Süd ( IV ) - Champions : 2011 - Hessenliga ( II/III/IV ) - Champions : 1950 , 1962 , 1964 , 1971 , 1999 , 2004 , 2008 Cup . - Hesse Cup ( Tiers III-VII ) - Winners : 1966 , 1999 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2013 - Runners-up : 1971 , 2009 , 2014 - Won by reserve team . Recent seasons . The recent season-by-season performance of the club : - With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3 . Liga in 2008 as the new third tier , below the 2 . Bundesliga , all leagues below dropped one tier . Former managers . The managers of the club : External links . - The Abseits Guide to German Soccer - SV Darmstadt 98 at Weltfussball.de - Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

easy

What was the capital of Simferopol in Mar 1918?

/wiki/Simferopol#P1376#0

Simferopol Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was Etymologies . The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used . In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque . In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque . History . Early history . Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD . Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself . Russian Empire . The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity . 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews . In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment . Within Ukraine . On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR . Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities . After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation . Russian annexation . On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation . On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 . Geography and climate . Location . Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe . Climate . The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions . As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself . The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 . Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 . Transportation . Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol . The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) . The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase . Demographics . At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula . Economy . When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout . Industry . - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz - Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience . Education . The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 . Sports . Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 . Famous people . - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat - Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician - Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013 - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist International relations . Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 ) External links . - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .

easy

What was the capital of Simferopol in Apr 1919?

/wiki/Simferopol#P1376#1

Simferopol Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was Etymologies . The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used . In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque . In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque . History . Early history . Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD . Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself . Russian Empire . The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity . 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews . In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment . Within Ukraine . On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR . Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities . After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation . Russian annexation . On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation . On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 . Geography and climate . Location . Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe . Climate . The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions . As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself . The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 . Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 . Transportation . Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol . The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) . The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase . Demographics . At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula . Economy . When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout . Industry . - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz - Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience . Education . The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 . Sports . Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 . Famous people . - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat - Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician - Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013 - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist International relations . Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 ) External links . - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .

easy

Simferopol was the capital of what from Oct 1921 to Jun 1945?

/wiki/Simferopol#P1376#2

Simferopol Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was Etymologies . The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used . In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque . In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque . History . Early history . Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD . Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself . Russian Empire . The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity . 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews . In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment . Within Ukraine . On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR . Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities . After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation . Russian annexation . On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation . On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 . Geography and climate . Location . Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe . Climate . The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions . As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself . The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 . Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 . Transportation . Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol . The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) . The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase . Demographics . At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula . Economy . When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout . Industry . - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz - Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience . Education . The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 . Sports . Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 . Famous people . - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat - Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician - Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013 - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist International relations . Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 ) External links . - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .

easy

Simferopol was the capital of what from Jun 1946 to Jun 1991?

/wiki/Simferopol#P1376#3

Simferopol Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was Etymologies . The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used . In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque . In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque . History . Early history . Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD . Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself . Russian Empire . The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity . 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews . In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment . Within Ukraine . On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR . Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities . After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation . Russian annexation . On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation . On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 . Geography and climate . Location . Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe . Climate . The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions . As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself . The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 . Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 . Transportation . Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol . The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) . The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase . Demographics . At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula . Economy . When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout . Industry . - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz - Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience . Education . The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 . Sports . Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 . Famous people . - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat - Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician - Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013 - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist International relations . Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 ) External links . - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .

easy

Simferopol was the capital of what in Mar 2014?

/wiki/Simferopol#P1376#4

Simferopol Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was Etymologies . The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used . In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque . In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque . History . Early history . Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD . Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself . Russian Empire . The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity . 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews . In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment . Within Ukraine . On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR . Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities . After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation . Russian annexation . On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation . On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 . Geography and climate . Location . Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe . Climate . The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions . As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself . The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 . Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 . Transportation . Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol . The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) . The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase . Demographics . At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula . Economy . When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout . Industry . - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz - Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience . Education . The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 . Sports . Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 . Famous people . - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat - Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician - Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013 - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist International relations . Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 ) External links . - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .

easy

Simferopol was the capital of what from Mar 2014 to Jul 2017?

/wiki/Simferopol#P1376#5

Simferopol Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was Etymologies . The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used . In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque . In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque . History . Early history . Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD . Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself . Russian Empire . The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity . 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews . In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment . Within Ukraine . On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR . Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities . After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation . Russian annexation . On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation . On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 . Geography and climate . Location . Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe . Climate . The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions . As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself . The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 . Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 . Transportation . Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol . The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) . The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase . Demographics . At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula . Economy . When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout . Industry . - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz - Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience . Education . The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 . Sports . Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 . Famous people . - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat - Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician - Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013 - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist International relations . Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 ) External links . - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .

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Which military brach did Adolf Piening belong to from Apr 1930 to May 1935?

/wiki/Adolf_Piening#P241#0

Adolf Piening Adolf Cornelius Piening ( 16 September 1910 – 15 May 1984 ) was a Kapitänleutnant with the Kriegsmarine during World War II . He commanded the Type IXC U-boat , sinking twenty-six ships on nine patrols , for a total of of Allied shipping , to become the nineteenth highest scoring U-Boat ace of World War II , and receiving the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knights Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Career . Piening joined the Reichsmarine in 1930 . His first assignment was to the armoured cruiser , after which he served on torpedo boats and minesweepers , reaching the rank of Kapitänleutnant by April 1939 . In October 1940 he moved from the surface fleet to the U-boat arm ( U-Bootwaffe ) . In May–June 1941 he carried out a single patrol out of Saint-Nazaire aboard ( commanded by Herbert Schultze ) as Kommandantenschüler or Commander-in-Training . Following this , he was appointed commander of the newly built Type IX submarine on 23 August 1941 . After training the boats crew for several month , Piening set out from Kiel on his first patrol in command of U-155 in February 1942 , with the intention of attacking shipping in American waters . On the journey across the Atlantic , U-155 encountered the westbound convoy ON 67 , and after sending out a contact report that allowed several more U-boats to be directed against the convoy , carried out an attack that sank an 8,000 ton tanker and a 1,800 ton freighter . U-155 sank another ship off the coast of the United States re-crossing the Atlantic to the submarines new base at Lorient , as part of the 10th U-boat Flotilla . Piening carried out a further seven patrols in command of U-155 , sinking 26 ships for a total of , including the escort carrier , and also badly damaged the attack cargo ship . He also became well known for developing the Piening Route in 1943 , hugging the coast of France and northern Spain , to evade Allied patrol aircraft in the Bay of Biscay . U-155 attacked and sank MS Siranger , sailing from New York to West-Africa , on 24 October 1943 . There were no deaths , and all on board reached the lifeboats . The U-155 later surfaced and Piening apologized to the survivors for the act , claiming he was only carrying out orders . Dokumentary by NRK In March 1944 Piening left U-155 and was appointed commander of the 7th U-boat Flotilla at Saint-Nazaire . In April 1945 Piening made one last patrol , laying mines off Saint-Nazaire in . At the end of the war , he was taken prisoner of war . Postwar . Piening was released after two years of Allied imprisonment in 1947 . In 1956 , West Germany established its navy , the Bundesmarine , and Piening joined the new navy . In 1959 he was appointed commanding officer of the 1 . Geleitgeschwader ( 1st Escort Squadron ) . He then held the position of Planning officer on the staff of COMNAVNORCENT ( Commander Allied Naval Forces North Norway ) and Chief of the Operations Division on the staff of COMNAVBALTAP ( Commander of Allied Forces Baltic Approaches ) . On 1 October 1965 he became team leader at the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr , serving until 1969 , retiring with the rank of Kapitän zur See . He died in Kiel on 15 May 1984 . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of Adolf Piening is credited with the sinking of 25 ships for a total of , one warship , HMS Avenger , of and damaging one auxiliary warship , the USS Almaack , of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 2 October 1936 ) - Spanish Cross in Bronze with Swords ( 6 June 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 22 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 June 1940 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 28 March 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 August 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-155 .

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What was the military branch of Adolf Piening from Jun 1935 to May 1945?

/wiki/Adolf_Piening#P241#1

Adolf Piening Adolf Cornelius Piening ( 16 September 1910 – 15 May 1984 ) was a Kapitänleutnant with the Kriegsmarine during World War II . He commanded the Type IXC U-boat , sinking twenty-six ships on nine patrols , for a total of of Allied shipping , to become the nineteenth highest scoring U-Boat ace of World War II , and receiving the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knights Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Career . Piening joined the Reichsmarine in 1930 . His first assignment was to the armoured cruiser , after which he served on torpedo boats and minesweepers , reaching the rank of Kapitänleutnant by April 1939 . In October 1940 he moved from the surface fleet to the U-boat arm ( U-Bootwaffe ) . In May–June 1941 he carried out a single patrol out of Saint-Nazaire aboard ( commanded by Herbert Schultze ) as Kommandantenschüler or Commander-in-Training . Following this , he was appointed commander of the newly built Type IX submarine on 23 August 1941 . After training the boats crew for several month , Piening set out from Kiel on his first patrol in command of U-155 in February 1942 , with the intention of attacking shipping in American waters . On the journey across the Atlantic , U-155 encountered the westbound convoy ON 67 , and after sending out a contact report that allowed several more U-boats to be directed against the convoy , carried out an attack that sank an 8,000 ton tanker and a 1,800 ton freighter . U-155 sank another ship off the coast of the United States re-crossing the Atlantic to the submarines new base at Lorient , as part of the 10th U-boat Flotilla . Piening carried out a further seven patrols in command of U-155 , sinking 26 ships for a total of , including the escort carrier , and also badly damaged the attack cargo ship . He also became well known for developing the Piening Route in 1943 , hugging the coast of France and northern Spain , to evade Allied patrol aircraft in the Bay of Biscay . U-155 attacked and sank MS Siranger , sailing from New York to West-Africa , on 24 October 1943 . There were no deaths , and all on board reached the lifeboats . The U-155 later surfaced and Piening apologized to the survivors for the act , claiming he was only carrying out orders . Dokumentary by NRK In March 1944 Piening left U-155 and was appointed commander of the 7th U-boat Flotilla at Saint-Nazaire . In April 1945 Piening made one last patrol , laying mines off Saint-Nazaire in . At the end of the war , he was taken prisoner of war . Postwar . Piening was released after two years of Allied imprisonment in 1947 . In 1956 , West Germany established its navy , the Bundesmarine , and Piening joined the new navy . In 1959 he was appointed commanding officer of the 1 . Geleitgeschwader ( 1st Escort Squadron ) . He then held the position of Planning officer on the staff of COMNAVNORCENT ( Commander Allied Naval Forces North Norway ) and Chief of the Operations Division on the staff of COMNAVBALTAP ( Commander of Allied Forces Baltic Approaches ) . On 1 October 1965 he became team leader at the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr , serving until 1969 , retiring with the rank of Kapitän zur See . He died in Kiel on 15 May 1984 . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of Adolf Piening is credited with the sinking of 25 ships for a total of , one warship , HMS Avenger , of and damaging one auxiliary warship , the USS Almaack , of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 2 October 1936 ) - Spanish Cross in Bronze with Swords ( 6 June 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 22 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 June 1940 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 28 March 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 August 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-155 .

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What was the military branch of Adolf Piening from Apr 1956 to Mar 1969?

/wiki/Adolf_Piening#P241#2

Adolf Piening Adolf Cornelius Piening ( 16 September 1910 – 15 May 1984 ) was a Kapitänleutnant with the Kriegsmarine during World War II . He commanded the Type IXC U-boat , sinking twenty-six ships on nine patrols , for a total of of Allied shipping , to become the nineteenth highest scoring U-Boat ace of World War II , and receiving the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . The Knights Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Career . Piening joined the Reichsmarine in 1930 . His first assignment was to the armoured cruiser , after which he served on torpedo boats and minesweepers , reaching the rank of Kapitänleutnant by April 1939 . In October 1940 he moved from the surface fleet to the U-boat arm ( U-Bootwaffe ) . In May–June 1941 he carried out a single patrol out of Saint-Nazaire aboard ( commanded by Herbert Schultze ) as Kommandantenschüler or Commander-in-Training . Following this , he was appointed commander of the newly built Type IX submarine on 23 August 1941 . After training the boats crew for several month , Piening set out from Kiel on his first patrol in command of U-155 in February 1942 , with the intention of attacking shipping in American waters . On the journey across the Atlantic , U-155 encountered the westbound convoy ON 67 , and after sending out a contact report that allowed several more U-boats to be directed against the convoy , carried out an attack that sank an 8,000 ton tanker and a 1,800 ton freighter . U-155 sank another ship off the coast of the United States re-crossing the Atlantic to the submarines new base at Lorient , as part of the 10th U-boat Flotilla . Piening carried out a further seven patrols in command of U-155 , sinking 26 ships for a total of , including the escort carrier , and also badly damaged the attack cargo ship . He also became well known for developing the Piening Route in 1943 , hugging the coast of France and northern Spain , to evade Allied patrol aircraft in the Bay of Biscay . U-155 attacked and sank MS Siranger , sailing from New York to West-Africa , on 24 October 1943 . There were no deaths , and all on board reached the lifeboats . The U-155 later surfaced and Piening apologized to the survivors for the act , claiming he was only carrying out orders . Dokumentary by NRK In March 1944 Piening left U-155 and was appointed commander of the 7th U-boat Flotilla at Saint-Nazaire . In April 1945 Piening made one last patrol , laying mines off Saint-Nazaire in . At the end of the war , he was taken prisoner of war . Postwar . Piening was released after two years of Allied imprisonment in 1947 . In 1956 , West Germany established its navy , the Bundesmarine , and Piening joined the new navy . In 1959 he was appointed commanding officer of the 1 . Geleitgeschwader ( 1st Escort Squadron ) . He then held the position of Planning officer on the staff of COMNAVNORCENT ( Commander Allied Naval Forces North Norway ) and Chief of the Operations Division on the staff of COMNAVBALTAP ( Commander of Allied Forces Baltic Approaches ) . On 1 October 1965 he became team leader at the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr , serving until 1969 , retiring with the rank of Kapitän zur See . He died in Kiel on 15 May 1984 . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of Adolf Piening is credited with the sinking of 25 ships for a total of , one warship , HMS Avenger , of and damaging one auxiliary warship , the USS Almaack , of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 2 October 1936 ) - Spanish Cross in Bronze with Swords ( 6 June 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 22 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 June 1940 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 28 March 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 August 1942 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-155 .

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Who was the chief executive officer of Air Berlin from 2009 to 2013?

/wiki/Air_Berlin#P169#0

Air Berlin Air Berlin PLC & Co . Luftverkehrs KG ( ) , branded as airberlin or airberlin.com was a major German airline . At its peak , it was Germanys second-largest airline , as well as Europes tenth-largest airline in terms of passengers carried . It was headquartered in Berlin and had hubs at Berlin Tegel Airport and Düsseldorf Airport . It was a member of the oneworld airline alliance . The airline was founded in 1978 by Lelco , an American company . Following German reunification , Air Berlin was sold and became a German company in 1991 . It joined the Oneworld alliance in 2012 . After years of losses , Air Berlin filed for insolvency on 15 August 2017 and ceased operations on 27 October 2017 . History . 1978–1990 : American charter airline in West Berlin . Originally registered as Air Berlin USA , the company was founded in 1978 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Lelco , an American agricultural enterprise headquartered in Oregon , to operate charter flights on behalf of German tour operators from Berlin Tegel Airport , mostly to Mediterranean holiday resorts . The co-founders of Air Berlin USA were : - Kim Lundgren , a former Berlin-based flight engineer of Pan American World Airways ; - John MacDonald , a former station manager of United States supplemental and charter airline Saturn Airways at Berlin Tempelhof Airport in the 1960s and subsequent general manager Europe and vice president at the Berlin Tegel Airport base of the former United States supplemental carrier and charter airline Modern Air from 1968 until 1974 ; - Mort Beyer , Modern Airs executive vice president from 1967 until 1971 as well as the airlines president and vice president of the National Air Carrier Association in 1971 and founder of United States aviation consultancy Avmark . Lelco was the agriculture business of Kim Lundgrens family in the United States . As a United States airline , Air Berlin was able to access the West Berlin airline market . During the Cold War , Berlins special political status meant that the air corridors into and out of Tegel Airport could only be used by airlines registered in France , the United Kingdom or the United States . The airlines headquarters were initially at Tegel Airport . Leonard Lundgren was the first chairman . After the company was issued an airline licence and acquired two Boeing 707 jet airliners previously owned by Trans World Airlines , Air Berlin USA commenced revenue services on 28 April 1979 with a flight from Berlin-Tegel to Palma de Mallorca . Plans were made to start long-haul flights on West Berlin-Brussels-Florida routes , in cooperation with Air Florida ( an agreement to that effect had been signed in February 1979 ) . In 1980 , two Boeing 737-200 were leased from Air Florida . In 1981 , Air Berlin USA continued its weekly scheduled Boeing 707 service on the Berlin Tegel Airport - Brussels - Orlando route ; however , by 1982 , the 707s had been phased out , and during most of the 1980s , Air Berlin USA operated only a single 737-200 or ( from 1986 ) a 737-300 . In 1990 and 1991 , two Boeing 737-400s were also placed into service . 1990–2000 : New investors and expansion . German reunification led to significant changes to the European aviation market , and in particular in Berlin : German airlines now gained access to the city . In 1991 , Air Berlin ( which had 90 employees at the time ) was restructured as Air Berlin GmbH & Co . Luftverkehrs KG , a German-registered company , with several German investors joining Kim Lundgren , the original founder , thereby bringing the ownership in line with German foreign-control requirements . Joachim Hunold ( ) , a former sales and marketing director with LTU International , now led the company . Following an order for ten Boeing 737-800 , Air Berlin grew and by 1999 , the fleet grew to twelve aircraft . In 2001 , Air Berlin and Hapag-Lloyd Flug became the first airlines in the world to have their Boeing 737-800s fitted with blended winglets , wingtip devices that are intended to improve fuel efficiency . Air Berlin introduced scheduled flights ( which could be booked directly with the airline rather than via a tour operator ) in 1997 , initially linking a number of secondary German airports to Mallorca . By 2002 , 35 percent of Air Berlins tickets were sold directly . In the same year , the airline expanded beyond holiday destinations as low-fare flights marketed as City Shuttle to London , Barcelona , Milan and Vienna started . Besides Berlin-Tegel , these routes were opened at six German airports ( Dortmund , Düsseldorf , Hamburg , Münster/Osnabrück , Nuremberg , and Paderborn/Lippstadt ) that until then had not been served by one of the rising European low-cost carriers . In what later became a hallmark for Air Berlin as a semi-low cost carrier , the airline offered complimentary meals and seat reservations , in contrast to its competitors Buzz , Hapag-Lloyd Express , Ryanair and Virgin Express . 2000–2006 : Becoming Germany’s second-largest airline . In November 2001 , the delivery flight of a Boeing 737-800 fitted with winglets set a record : the aircraft with the registration code D-ABBC flew 8,345 kilometres non-stop from Seattle ( Boeing Field ) , USA to Berlin ( TXL ) , Germany in 9 hours , 10 minutes . In January 2004 , Air Berlin announced it would cooperate with Niki , a Vienna-based airline . As part of the deal , Air Berlin took a 24% stake in Niki . In 2005 , Air Berlin signed a partnership agreement with Germania . As part of the deal , Air Berlin leased some of Germanias aircraft and crew , and Germania became almost exclusively a charter airline . Plans were made for Germania to be associated with Air Berlin under a management contract . However , the contract was not signed . At the beginning of March 2008 , Germanias joint owners could not reach agreement on the takeover by Air Berlin , so Germania remained an independent airline . A joint Air Berlin/Germania subsidiary dubbed Air Zürich and planned to be based at Zurich Airport was proposed in 2005 , but did not materialize . In 2005 the Group reorganised its corporate structure . It established Air Berlin plc ( registered in England ) into which it reversed Air Berlin GmbH & Co . Luftverkehrs KG and subsidiaries . It was suggested that the reason for the group to establish a UK-based PLC instead of a German-based AG was to avoid the need to have a supervisory board and employee representation as required by the German law of Mitbestimmung or co-determination . In 2006 , Air Berlin went public on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . Originally scheduled for 5 May 2006 , the IPO was postponed to 11 May 2006 . The company said the delay was due to rises in fuel costs and other market pressures limiting investor demand . It reduced the initial share-price range from 15.0–17.5 euros to 11.5–14.5 euros . The stock opened at €12.0 , selling a total of 42.5 million shares . Of these , 19.6 million were new shares increasing capital in the company , and the remainder to repay loans extended by the original shareholders and invested in the company earlier in 2006 . After the IPO , the company claimed to have over 400 million euros in cash to fund further expansion , including aircraft purchases . In August 2006 , Air Berlin acquired German domestic airline dba . Flight operations at dba were continued as a fully owned subsidiary of Air Berlin until 14 November 2008 , when the dba brand was discontinued due to staff strikes ( dba staff were subsequently offered positions with Air Berlin ) . On 28 November 2006 , Air Berlin ordered 60 Boeing 737-800 aircraft , and 15 smaller Boeing 737-700 aircraft . The value of the 75 aircraft was 5.1 billion dollars ( based on list prices at the time. ) Delivery of the aircraft started in 2007 . All of these aircraft were equipped with blended winglets , to improve fuel efficiency . 2007–2012 : Takeovers , expansion and new alliances . In March 2007 , Air Berlin took over German leisure airline LTU , gaining access to the long-haul market and becoming the fourth-largest airline group in Europe in terms of passenger traffic . This deal led to the introduction of Airbus A321 and Airbus A330 aircraft into Air Berlins fleet . On 1 May 2009 , the LTU brand was discontinued . On 7 July 2007 , Air Berlin announced an order for 25 Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner long-haul aircraft , with further options and purchase rights . Three additional aircraft of this type were to be leased from ILFC . On 21 August 2007 , Air Berlin acquired a 49 percent shareholding in Swiss charter airline Belair , the remainder being owned by tour operator Hotelplan . Following the deal , Belairs long-haul business was terminated , and the fleet was replaced by Airbus A320 family aircraft operating scheduled flights on behalf of Air Berlin as well as charter flights for Hotelplan . On 20 September 2007 , Air Berlin announced it intended to buy its competitor Condor in a deal that envisaged Condors owner , Thomas Cook Group , taking a 30% stake in Air Berlin . However , the rapidly increasing price of jet fuel and other considerations led to the abandonment of the deal in July 2008 . In January 2008 Air Berlin introduced a new logo and corporate design . The logo is a white oval shape on a red background ( suggesting an aircraft window ) where the letter a is a white circle and two white stylised wings . The text Air Berlin was in lower case and written as one word . Sometimes the slogan Your Airline was featured as part of the logo . In June 2008 , CEO Joachim Hunold offended Catalan language speakers , when he claimed in an article included in Air Berlins in-flight magazine that the government of the Balearic Islands was trying to impose the use of Catalan on Air Berlin flights from and to Majorca . He claimed that Air Berlin was an international airline and was not obliged to use Catalan . Hunold went on to criticise the language policy in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands , claiming that at the time many children could not speak any Spanish . The Balearic Islands President , Francesc Antich , explained that his government had simply sent a letter to encourage airlines operating in the Balearic Islands to include Catalan among the languages used for onboard announcements . On 18 June of the same year , Air Berlin announced that it would reduce its long-haul services by 13 percent and its domestic services by 10 percent to increase profitability . In September 2008 , Air Berlin confirmed merger talks with competitor TUIfly , but added it was speaking with all parties . Air Berlin had , until 2007 , been flying many code-share TUI flights . At the end of March 2009 , Air Berlin PLC and TUI Travel PLC signed a deal by which their German flight businesses were to operate a long-term strategic alliance . Originally , each company was to take a 19.9% stake in the other and the German cartel authorities were petitioned for approval . After the Bundeskartellamt expressed concerns , the cross-ownership plan was not implemented . Instead , TUI Travel PLC purchased a 9.9% stake in Air Berlin PLC using a capital increase at a subsidiary to do so . At the end of March 2009 , a strategic partnership agreement with TUI Travel was signed , with Air Berlin and its competitor TUIfly purchasing 19.9 percent of the others shares . Following the deal , Air Berlin took over all German domestic TUIfly routes , as well as those to Italy , Croatia and Austria . Also , all of Tuiflys Boeing 737-700 aircraft were added to Air Berlins fleet . TUIfly was to abandon all scheduled flights and rely exclusively on the charter business . In March 2009 , ESAS Holding A.S. , a Turkish company , bought approximately 15 per cent of the voting shares in Air Berlin . Also in 2009 , Air Berlin added Hartmut Mehdorn to the board of directors after his retirement at Deutsche Bahn . In April 2010 Air Berlin expanded its codeshare arrangements with Russias S7 Airlines . Air Berlin and S7 Airlines had cooperated since October 2008 . New services included codeshare flights via Moscow to Irkutsk , Perm and Rostov . In July 2010 , Air Berlin announced an increase in its shareholding in the Austrian airline Niki . Air Berlin indirectly acquired 25.9% of the shares in Niki from Privatstiftung Lauda ( private Lauda foundation ) and in doing so increased its shareholding in Niki from 24% to 49.9% . In connection with the increase of its shareholding , Air Berlin was to grant the private Lauda foundation a 40.5 million-euro loan . The private foundation had the options to repay the loan in three years with cash or through the transfer of the remaining 50.1% of Nikis shares . In July 2010 , it was also announced that Air Berlin would join Oneworld , the global airline alliance . In preparation for joining the alliance , Air Berlin made codeshare agreements with Finnair and American Airlines starting with the 2010/2011 winter schedule . Air Berlin founded Follow Me Entertainment GmbH in September 2010 as a joint venture with kick-media ag . This joint-venture company markets image and sound media , books , games as well as events , concerts , tournaments and sponsoring . On 1 April 2011 Air Berlin completed the integration of LTU . All Air Berlin Group technical services were consolidated in a new company called airberlin technik GmbH . It also added new routes , more frequent flights and additional long-haul flights from Düsseldorf . On 15 June 2011 , Air Berlin and British Airways reached a codeshare agreement covering some flights within Europe , starting from 5 July 2011 . The agreement applied to flights to over 40 European destinations served by the two airlines . CEO Joachim Hunold resigned from his position on 1 September 2011 and was succeeded by the former CEO of Deutsche Bahn AG , Hartmut Mehdorn , who led the company on an interim basis until January 2013 . In November 2011 Air Berlin and Pegasus Airlines ( Turkeys largest private airline ) launched Air Berlin Turkey , aiming at the charter market between Germany and Turkey . Pegasus Airlines is 16.5% owned by ESAS Holding AS . The new airline was absorbed into Pegasus Airlines on 31 March 2013 . In the third quarter of 2011 , the turnover of the company amounted to 1.4 billion euros , an increase of 11% . However , operating profit decreased by almost to 50% , around 97 million euros . As a result , a new bond to raise additional capital was issued . In November 2011 Air Berlin took over the remaining 50.1% stake in NIKI as repayment of a loan and became its sole owner . The brand name was retained and Niki Lauda was given a position on the board of Air Berlin . Air Berlin announced on 19 December 2011 that the Abu Dhabi airline Etihad Airways had increased its share of Air Berlin from 2.99% to 29.1% , for a sum of 73 million euros , making Etihad the companys largest shareholder . The deal supplied more cash to Air Berlin , and provided Etihad access to Air Berlins European network . 2012–2015 : Restructuring amid continuing losses . The cooperation of the frequent-flyer programs topbonus and Etihad Guest was announced in March 2012 . In June 2012 , the collaboration concluded with the bonus programs airberlin business points and Etihad Airways Business Connect for SMBs . On 20 March 2012 , the entry into oneworld was officially completed . The Oneworld network offered over 800 destinations in 150 countries . At the same time , the airline introduced the Platinum status for its frequent-flyer program topbonus . In May 2012 Air Berlin presented its new fare structure Your Fare including Just Fly , Fly Classic and FlyFlex for flights from 1 July 2012 . On 11 May 2012 Air Berlin opened its triweekly non-stop flight from Berlin to Los Angeles in the summer schedule , a destination which until then had only been served from Düsseldorf . On 18 December 2012 Air Berlin announced that topbonus , its frequent flyer program , would be sold to Etihad Airways ; only a 30-percent minority share would be retained . Air Berlin also announced the expansion of the existing codeshare agreement with Etihad Airways on 20 December 2012 . In January 2013 , the first Airbus A330-200 was introduced with a new business class which enables a fully flat position for the first time . On 7 January 2013 Air Berlin appointed Austrian Wolfgang Prock-Schauer , former Chief Strategy and Planning Officer , as the companys CEO , replacing Hartmut Mehdorn . Air Berlin started flights between Berlin and Chicago on 23 March 2013 . It cancelled the seasonal non-stop flights to Las Vegas , San Francisco and Vancouver . In March 2013 Air Berlin announced the closure of its seasonal hub for leisure destinations at Nuremberg Airport . Only ten year-round direct routes remained . On 24 September 2014 , Air Berlin cancelled the remaining 15 orders for their Boeing 787s as well as 18 remaining orders for Boeing 737-800s as part of their restructuring programme . In October 2014 , the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt denied Air Berlin authorization to operate 34 routes as a codeshare with co-owner Etihad from the 2014/2015 winter schedule as they would contravene the bilateral traffic rights between Germany and the UAE . Also in October 2014 , Air Berlin announced the termination of flights to Palma de Mallorca from both Bremen Airport and Dortmund Airport , therefore withdrawing entirely from these two German airports . Air Berlin announced a net loss for 2014 of €376m ( €316m loss in 2013 ) . The airlines revenues in 2014 stagnated at €4.16 billion . In September 2015 , Air Berlin phased out the last Boeing 737-700s owned by the company . The remaining aircraft of this type would operate on a wet lease basis from TUIfly until 2019 . All Boeing 737-800s were to be phased out by 2016 as Air Berlin plans to focus their short- and medium-haul fleet on the Airbus A320 family to cut costs . In November 2015 , Air Berlin announced the closure of its Palma de Mallorca Airport hub by ceasing all of the hubs seven Spanish domestic routes by 3 April 2016 . Some days earlier , the airline announced plans to add flights from Düsseldorf to Boston , Dallas/Fort Worth , San Francisco and Havana by spring 2016 . However , the planned route to Dallas/Fort Worth was cancelled a few weeks later due to low demand . On 30 December 2015 , the administrative court in Braunschweig ruled in favour of the German civil aviation authority ( the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt ) and against Air Berlin regarding some of their codeshare operations with Etihad Airways . The shared sale and advertising of 31 out of 83 routes which were marketed by both were declared illegal and ordered stopped by 15 January 2016 as they were not covered by the bilateral air-traffic agreement between Germany and the UAE . The Luftfahrt-Bundesamt had allowed these flights until a definite legal ruling was made . 2016–2017 : Restructuring efforts . In April 2016 , Air Berlin announced a record loss of €446 million for 2015 ; the airlines revenues had decreased to €4.08 billion . Amongst the reasons considered for Air Berlins poor performance were : crippling debt of over €800m ; unclear and rapid strategy changes on routes and advertising ; several CEOs over recent years ; a five-year-plus delay to the new hub Berlin Brandenburg Airport ; failed negotiations to profit from lower fuel prices and the overall harsh competition in the airline industry . In July 2016 , Air Berlin confirmed that it no longer owned any of the aircraft it operates , having sold and leased back the last of the aircraft it had previously owned . A few weeks later it was reported that Air Berlin and Etihad Airways were in talks with Lufthansa regarding the latters acquisition of some of Air Berlins routes outside of the Berlin and Düsseldorf hubs as well as some staff and aircraft leases . In July 2016 , Air Berlin announced the increase of flights to the United States from 55 to 78 nonstops per week for 2017 . Besides some frequency increases , Los Angeles and San Francisco were to be served from Berlin as well as by the then existing Düsseldorf routes . And a new Düsseldorf-Orlando route was announced . A few days later , the airline announced the introduction of a business class on its short- and medium-haul flights . In December 2016 , Air Berlin announced Stefan Pichlers departure after serving two years as CEO and replacement by former head of Germanwings , Thomas Winkelmann on 1 February . The new Air Berlin project . On 28 September 2016 , Air Berlin announced The new airberlin , a restructuring project including the reduction of its destinations from around 140 to 70 , the focus on the Berlin and Düsseldorf hubs and on the smaller bases in Stuttgart and Munich , the closure of six other bases , the targeting of business travellers , focus on domestic German flights and on flights to Italy , Scandinavia and eastern Europe , the expansion of its long-haul network , and the loss of up to 1,200 jobs . Air Berlin , including its subsidiaries Belair and Niki , planned to cut 40 of its fleet of 118 narrowbody jets , leaving Air Berlin with its own fleet of 75 aircraft . The new fleet would be 17 Airbus A330-200 for long-haul operations and 40 Airbus A320 family aircraft and 18 Bombardier Q400 aircraft for European routes . A separate , tourist-destination-oriented unit with 35 aircraft was to be formed , perhaps operating with a partner ( TUIfly was the assumed partner as they already operate several aircraft for Air Berlin ) – or sold altogether . Plans to wet-lease the remaining aircraft were realised with the December 2016 announcement that 38 Airbus A319/A320 aircraft would be wet-leased to Lufthansa Groups Eurowings ( 33 aircraft ) and Austrian Airlines ( five ) , effective February 2017 for a period of six years . In October 2016 , Air Berlin announced plans to close four of its seven airberlin Technik maintenance facilities and lay off 500 of their staff . On 5 December 2016 , Air Berlin announced plans to sell its entire 49-percent stake in its Austrian subsidiary Niki to its own minority owner , Etihad Airways . It was also announced that Niki will take over several routes to southern European , north African and Turkish leisure destinations from Air Berlin as part of the new joint-venture . Also in December 2016 , Air Berlin announced the transfer of its entire fleet of 21 A321-200s to Niki and Nikis transfer of all its 5 A319-100s and 13 A320-200s to Air Berlin . Air Berlin would discontinue its wet-lease with TUIfly . In January 2017 , Air Berlin announced that for summer 2017 , most leisure routes were to be either transferred to Niki or cancelled altogether and that some domestic and European city routes were to be dropped , leaving little more than the Berlin-Tegel and Düsseldorf hub operations . On 28 April 2017 , a loss of € −781.9 million was announced for 2016 , from a revenue of €3.79 billion . Also in late April 2017 , Air Berlin confirmed the creation of Air Berlin Aeronautics GmbH , a new subsidiary which was to have its own operational licence ( AOC ) to take over the wetlease operations handled by Air Berlin on behalf of Eurowings and Austrian Airlines . Therefore , the actual Air Berlin will focus on operations under its own brand name . In May 2017 , Air Berlin announced it would buy Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter entirely , in which it had a controlling stake since 2009 . Bankruptcy . After Etihad stopped financial support , Air Berlin entered insolvency procedures on 15 August 2017 . On 9 October 2017 , Air Berlin told its staff that it would cease all remaining operations under its own AB flight numbers due to its negative financial outlook and bankruptcy proceedings . On 12 October 2017 , Lufthansa agreed to buy 81 aircraft and employ 3,000 Air Berlin employees for €210 million , taking over the subsidiaries Niki and Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter with a total of 1700 employees . On 24 October 2017 , the Berliner Zeitfracht Group confirmed it would take over the Leisure Cargo Düsseldorf company and its 60 employees . The creditors committee approved a corresponding submission . Leisure Cargo conveys freight space on passenger flights . On 27 October 2017 , it was announced that a consortium of maintenance , repair , and operations provider Nayak Aircraft Services GmbH & Co . KG and Berliner Zeitfracht Group would purchase airberlin Technik , keeping over 300 employees . The final long-haul flight , from Miami to Düsseldorf , was operated on 15 October 2017 . On 27 October 2017 , Air Berlins final flight was operated by Airbus A320 D-ABNW . It departed from Munich at 21:36 and landed at Berlin Tegel at 22:45 . On 28 October 2017 , it was announced that EasyJet would absorb 1,000 employees and lease 25 Airbus A320 aircraft for flights from Berlin Tegel for €40 million . Corporate affairs . Ownership . Air Berlin PLC shares were publicly traded on Xetra and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in the regulated market . Trading in the regulated unofficial market occurred at the exchanges in Berlin , Düsseldorf , Hamburg , Munich and Stuttgart . Since December 2011 , Etihad Airways was the largest shareholder in Air Berlin . As of December 2015 , the major shareholders ( over 5% ) were : Business trends . Air Berlin was loss-making for several years . The key figures for the whole Air Berlin Group ( including Niki ) for the full years of operation leading up to its closure were ( as at year ending 31 December ) : Flight school . Air Berlin trained its own pilots since 2007 in a joint venture with the TFC Käufer flight school . Commercial pilot training lasted around 24 months . The Air Berlin flight school was the first flight school in Germany to be awarded a training licence by the German Department of Aviation for the new Multi-Crew Pilot Licence concept in February 2009 . Technical services . Air Berlin had its own maintenance and overhaul branch , airberlin technik with facilities in Berlin , Düsseldorf , Munich , Stuttgart , Frankfurt , Hamburg , and Nuremberg , which employed 1300 staff as of October 2016 . The technical branch was a certified EASA Part-145 maintenance organization with approximately 1200 employees providing services to both Air Berlin group aircraft and customers throughout Europe . airberlin technik was recognized and approved by various National Airworthiness Authorities such as USA FAA-145 , Canadian CAA-145 , Aruba EASA-145 , Federal Aviation Authority of Russia , GCAA , United Arab Emirates . In October 2016 , Air Berlin announced it would close the technical bases in Stuttgart , Frankfurt , Hamburg and Nuremberg while laying off 500 staff due to restructuring measures . Destinations . Prior to its shutdown , Air Berlin flew to scheduled year-round and seasonal destinations in Europe . Codeshare agreements . Air Berlin codeshared with the following airlines : - Air Serbia - Air Seychelles - airBaltic - Alitalia - American Airlines - Austrian Airlines - Bangkok Airways - British Airways - Bulgaria Air - Czech Airlines - Darwin Airline - Etihad Airways - Eurowings - Finnair - Flybe - Hainan Airlines - Iberia - Japan Airlines - Jet Airways - Lufthansa - Meridiana - Niki - Pegasus Airlines - Royal Jordanian - S7 Airlines - SriLankan Airlines - Swiss International Air Lines - Virgin Australia Fleet . At the time of closure , Air Berlins fleet comprised the following aircraft : During its 40 years of operation , Air Berlin operated the following aircraft types : Services . Aircraft cabins . Long-haul flights . Air Berlin long-haul aircraft featured business and economy class sections . At the beginning of 2012 , Air Berlin started the renewal of its long-haul cabin , equipping both economy class and business class with new seats and a new in-flight entertainment system . Fully automatic seats that could tilt up to 170 degrees were provided in business class , along with an anti-thrombosis edition and an adjustable headrest , and more legroom and a narrower seat back in economy class . All seats have an 8.9-inch monitor with a touch screen and offer movies , series , music , audiobooks and games . In January 2013 the airline again presented a new business class which replaced the one introduced a year earlier . The new business class had single seats , offering travellers even more privacy . The new seats had a full-flat function , a massage function , and featured a 15-inch monitor . Short- and medium-haul flights . Business class was not offered on its short- and medium-haul flights until Air Berlin announced its introduction in August 2016 . All short- and medium-haul aircraft began to feature business class in row 1 with expanded services including an empty middle seat . Passenger services . In contrast to European pure low-cost carriers , Air Berlin offered free in-flight snacks and drinks until September 2016 . Newspapers and magazines were available on domestic German flights . Full hot meals were complimentary on long-haul flights . On all Air Berlin routes with a flight time of 60 minutes or longer , gourmet meals were offered , which were , according to the airline , created by chefs at Sansibar , a famous restaurant on the island of Sylt . The airline also offered in-flight entertainment , assigned seating and guaranteed flight connections . Air Berlins basic fares were nonrefundable and not changeable , so unused flights were a complete loss for the purchaser . Frequent flyer program . Air Berlins frequent flyer program was called topbonus . Points , known as miles , could be collected on flights operated by Air Berlin , Niki , Oneworld airline partners , and selected other airlines . Accrued miles could be redeemed for award flights , or for an upgrade to business class . In addition to the entry-level topbonus Card Classic there were cards with Silver , Gold , and Platinum status , corresponding to Oneworld Ruby , Sapphire , and Emerald statuses . A Service Card and a Credit Card , for which a charge was made , were also available . Etihad purchased a 70% stake in topbonus for €184 million in 2012 . Following the insolvency of Air Berlin , topbonus also filed for insolvency on 25 August 2017 . Accidents and incidents . In over 39 years of operations , Air Berlin never suffered an accident or incident resulting in the loss of life or an aircraft . - On 18 October 2017 , Air Berlins last long-haul flight , Flight AB7001 , D-ABXA , an Airbus A330-223 , performed a go-around to commemorate the event and flew over the terminal , against standard go-around procedures , while landing at Düsseldorf Airport . ADS-B information reports that the aircraft was at approximately 100 ft or 30 m , as it passed over the terminal . It is reported that the crew gained permission from air traffic control prior to performing the maneuver . The passengers applauded the farewell . Both pilots were suspended pending the outcome of an investigation by Luftfahrtbundesamt , the German aviation authority .

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Who was the chief executive officer of Air Berlin from 2013 to 2014?

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Air Berlin Air Berlin PLC & Co . Luftverkehrs KG ( ) , branded as airberlin or airberlin.com was a major German airline . At its peak , it was Germanys second-largest airline , as well as Europes tenth-largest airline in terms of passengers carried . It was headquartered in Berlin and had hubs at Berlin Tegel Airport and Düsseldorf Airport . It was a member of the oneworld airline alliance . The airline was founded in 1978 by Lelco , an American company . Following German reunification , Air Berlin was sold and became a German company in 1991 . It joined the Oneworld alliance in 2012 . After years of losses , Air Berlin filed for insolvency on 15 August 2017 and ceased operations on 27 October 2017 . History . 1978–1990 : American charter airline in West Berlin . Originally registered as Air Berlin USA , the company was founded in 1978 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Lelco , an American agricultural enterprise headquartered in Oregon , to operate charter flights on behalf of German tour operators from Berlin Tegel Airport , mostly to Mediterranean holiday resorts . The co-founders of Air Berlin USA were : - Kim Lundgren , a former Berlin-based flight engineer of Pan American World Airways ; - John MacDonald , a former station manager of United States supplemental and charter airline Saturn Airways at Berlin Tempelhof Airport in the 1960s and subsequent general manager Europe and vice president at the Berlin Tegel Airport base of the former United States supplemental carrier and charter airline Modern Air from 1968 until 1974 ; - Mort Beyer , Modern Airs executive vice president from 1967 until 1971 as well as the airlines president and vice president of the National Air Carrier Association in 1971 and founder of United States aviation consultancy Avmark . Lelco was the agriculture business of Kim Lundgrens family in the United States . As a United States airline , Air Berlin was able to access the West Berlin airline market . During the Cold War , Berlins special political status meant that the air corridors into and out of Tegel Airport could only be used by airlines registered in France , the United Kingdom or the United States . The airlines headquarters were initially at Tegel Airport . Leonard Lundgren was the first chairman . After the company was issued an airline licence and acquired two Boeing 707 jet airliners previously owned by Trans World Airlines , Air Berlin USA commenced revenue services on 28 April 1979 with a flight from Berlin-Tegel to Palma de Mallorca . Plans were made to start long-haul flights on West Berlin-Brussels-Florida routes , in cooperation with Air Florida ( an agreement to that effect had been signed in February 1979 ) . In 1980 , two Boeing 737-200 were leased from Air Florida . In 1981 , Air Berlin USA continued its weekly scheduled Boeing 707 service on the Berlin Tegel Airport - Brussels - Orlando route ; however , by 1982 , the 707s had been phased out , and during most of the 1980s , Air Berlin USA operated only a single 737-200 or ( from 1986 ) a 737-300 . In 1990 and 1991 , two Boeing 737-400s were also placed into service . 1990–2000 : New investors and expansion . German reunification led to significant changes to the European aviation market , and in particular in Berlin : German airlines now gained access to the city . In 1991 , Air Berlin ( which had 90 employees at the time ) was restructured as Air Berlin GmbH & Co . Luftverkehrs KG , a German-registered company , with several German investors joining Kim Lundgren , the original founder , thereby bringing the ownership in line with German foreign-control requirements . Joachim Hunold ( ) , a former sales and marketing director with LTU International , now led the company . Following an order for ten Boeing 737-800 , Air Berlin grew and by 1999 , the fleet grew to twelve aircraft . In 2001 , Air Berlin and Hapag-Lloyd Flug became the first airlines in the world to have their Boeing 737-800s fitted with blended winglets , wingtip devices that are intended to improve fuel efficiency . Air Berlin introduced scheduled flights ( which could be booked directly with the airline rather than via a tour operator ) in 1997 , initially linking a number of secondary German airports to Mallorca . By 2002 , 35 percent of Air Berlins tickets were sold directly . In the same year , the airline expanded beyond holiday destinations as low-fare flights marketed as City Shuttle to London , Barcelona , Milan and Vienna started . Besides Berlin-Tegel , these routes were opened at six German airports ( Dortmund , Düsseldorf , Hamburg , Münster/Osnabrück , Nuremberg , and Paderborn/Lippstadt ) that until then had not been served by one of the rising European low-cost carriers . In what later became a hallmark for Air Berlin as a semi-low cost carrier , the airline offered complimentary meals and seat reservations , in contrast to its competitors Buzz , Hapag-Lloyd Express , Ryanair and Virgin Express . 2000–2006 : Becoming Germany’s second-largest airline . In November 2001 , the delivery flight of a Boeing 737-800 fitted with winglets set a record : the aircraft with the registration code D-ABBC flew 8,345 kilometres non-stop from Seattle ( Boeing Field ) , USA to Berlin ( TXL ) , Germany in 9 hours , 10 minutes . In January 2004 , Air Berlin announced it would cooperate with Niki , a Vienna-based airline . As part of the deal , Air Berlin took a 24% stake in Niki . In 2005 , Air Berlin signed a partnership agreement with Germania . As part of the deal , Air Berlin leased some of Germanias aircraft and crew , and Germania became almost exclusively a charter airline . Plans were made for Germania to be associated with Air Berlin under a management contract . However , the contract was not signed . At the beginning of March 2008 , Germanias joint owners could not reach agreement on the takeover by Air Berlin , so Germania remained an independent airline . A joint Air Berlin/Germania subsidiary dubbed Air Zürich and planned to be based at Zurich Airport was proposed in 2005 , but did not materialize . In 2005 the Group reorganised its corporate structure . It established Air Berlin plc ( registered in England ) into which it reversed Air Berlin GmbH & Co . Luftverkehrs KG and subsidiaries . It was suggested that the reason for the group to establish a UK-based PLC instead of a German-based AG was to avoid the need to have a supervisory board and employee representation as required by the German law of Mitbestimmung or co-determination . In 2006 , Air Berlin went public on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . Originally scheduled for 5 May 2006 , the IPO was postponed to 11 May 2006 . The company said the delay was due to rises in fuel costs and other market pressures limiting investor demand . It reduced the initial share-price range from 15.0–17.5 euros to 11.5–14.5 euros . The stock opened at €12.0 , selling a total of 42.5 million shares . Of these , 19.6 million were new shares increasing capital in the company , and the remainder to repay loans extended by the original shareholders and invested in the company earlier in 2006 . After the IPO , the company claimed to have over 400 million euros in cash to fund further expansion , including aircraft purchases . In August 2006 , Air Berlin acquired German domestic airline dba . Flight operations at dba were continued as a fully owned subsidiary of Air Berlin until 14 November 2008 , when the dba brand was discontinued due to staff strikes ( dba staff were subsequently offered positions with Air Berlin ) . On 28 November 2006 , Air Berlin ordered 60 Boeing 737-800 aircraft , and 15 smaller Boeing 737-700 aircraft . The value of the 75 aircraft was 5.1 billion dollars ( based on list prices at the time. ) Delivery of the aircraft started in 2007 . All of these aircraft were equipped with blended winglets , to improve fuel efficiency . 2007–2012 : Takeovers , expansion and new alliances . In March 2007 , Air Berlin took over German leisure airline LTU , gaining access to the long-haul market and becoming the fourth-largest airline group in Europe in terms of passenger traffic . This deal led to the introduction of Airbus A321 and Airbus A330 aircraft into Air Berlins fleet . On 1 May 2009 , the LTU brand was discontinued . On 7 July 2007 , Air Berlin announced an order for 25 Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner long-haul aircraft , with further options and purchase rights . Three additional aircraft of this type were to be leased from ILFC . On 21 August 2007 , Air Berlin acquired a 49 percent shareholding in Swiss charter airline Belair , the remainder being owned by tour operator Hotelplan . Following the deal , Belairs long-haul business was terminated , and the fleet was replaced by Airbus A320 family aircraft operating scheduled flights on behalf of Air Berlin as well as charter flights for Hotelplan . On 20 September 2007 , Air Berlin announced it intended to buy its competitor Condor in a deal that envisaged Condors owner , Thomas Cook Group , taking a 30% stake in Air Berlin . However , the rapidly increasing price of jet fuel and other considerations led to the abandonment of the deal in July 2008 . In January 2008 Air Berlin introduced a new logo and corporate design . The logo is a white oval shape on a red background ( suggesting an aircraft window ) where the letter a is a white circle and two white stylised wings . The text Air Berlin was in lower case and written as one word . Sometimes the slogan Your Airline was featured as part of the logo . In June 2008 , CEO Joachim Hunold offended Catalan language speakers , when he claimed in an article included in Air Berlins in-flight magazine that the government of the Balearic Islands was trying to impose the use of Catalan on Air Berlin flights from and to Majorca . He claimed that Air Berlin was an international airline and was not obliged to use Catalan . Hunold went on to criticise the language policy in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands , claiming that at the time many children could not speak any Spanish . The Balearic Islands President , Francesc Antich , explained that his government had simply sent a letter to encourage airlines operating in the Balearic Islands to include Catalan among the languages used for onboard announcements . On 18 June of the same year , Air Berlin announced that it would reduce its long-haul services by 13 percent and its domestic services by 10 percent to increase profitability . In September 2008 , Air Berlin confirmed merger talks with competitor TUIfly , but added it was speaking with all parties . Air Berlin had , until 2007 , been flying many code-share TUI flights . At the end of March 2009 , Air Berlin PLC and TUI Travel PLC signed a deal by which their German flight businesses were to operate a long-term strategic alliance . Originally , each company was to take a 19.9% stake in the other and the German cartel authorities were petitioned for approval . After the Bundeskartellamt expressed concerns , the cross-ownership plan was not implemented . Instead , TUI Travel PLC purchased a 9.9% stake in Air Berlin PLC using a capital increase at a subsidiary to do so . At the end of March 2009 , a strategic partnership agreement with TUI Travel was signed , with Air Berlin and its competitor TUIfly purchasing 19.9 percent of the others shares . Following the deal , Air Berlin took over all German domestic TUIfly routes , as well as those to Italy , Croatia and Austria . Also , all of Tuiflys Boeing 737-700 aircraft were added to Air Berlins fleet . TUIfly was to abandon all scheduled flights and rely exclusively on the charter business . In March 2009 , ESAS Holding A.S. , a Turkish company , bought approximately 15 per cent of the voting shares in Air Berlin . Also in 2009 , Air Berlin added Hartmut Mehdorn to the board of directors after his retirement at Deutsche Bahn . In April 2010 Air Berlin expanded its codeshare arrangements with Russias S7 Airlines . Air Berlin and S7 Airlines had cooperated since October 2008 . New services included codeshare flights via Moscow to Irkutsk , Perm and Rostov . In July 2010 , Air Berlin announced an increase in its shareholding in the Austrian airline Niki . Air Berlin indirectly acquired 25.9% of the shares in Niki from Privatstiftung Lauda ( private Lauda foundation ) and in doing so increased its shareholding in Niki from 24% to 49.9% . In connection with the increase of its shareholding , Air Berlin was to grant the private Lauda foundation a 40.5 million-euro loan . The private foundation had the options to repay the loan in three years with cash or through the transfer of the remaining 50.1% of Nikis shares . In July 2010 , it was also announced that Air Berlin would join Oneworld , the global airline alliance . In preparation for joining the alliance , Air Berlin made codeshare agreements with Finnair and American Airlines starting with the 2010/2011 winter schedule . Air Berlin founded Follow Me Entertainment GmbH in September 2010 as a joint venture with kick-media ag . This joint-venture company markets image and sound media , books , games as well as events , concerts , tournaments and sponsoring . On 1 April 2011 Air Berlin completed the integration of LTU . All Air Berlin Group technical services were consolidated in a new company called airberlin technik GmbH . It also added new routes , more frequent flights and additional long-haul flights from Düsseldorf . On 15 June 2011 , Air Berlin and British Airways reached a codeshare agreement covering some flights within Europe , starting from 5 July 2011 . The agreement applied to flights to over 40 European destinations served by the two airlines . CEO Joachim Hunold resigned from his position on 1 September 2011 and was succeeded by the former CEO of Deutsche Bahn AG , Hartmut Mehdorn , who led the company on an interim basis until January 2013 . In November 2011 Air Berlin and Pegasus Airlines ( Turkeys largest private airline ) launched Air Berlin Turkey , aiming at the charter market between Germany and Turkey . Pegasus Airlines is 16.5% owned by ESAS Holding AS . The new airline was absorbed into Pegasus Airlines on 31 March 2013 . In the third quarter of 2011 , the turnover of the company amounted to 1.4 billion euros , an increase of 11% . However , operating profit decreased by almost to 50% , around 97 million euros . As a result , a new bond to raise additional capital was issued . In November 2011 Air Berlin took over the remaining 50.1% stake in NIKI as repayment of a loan and became its sole owner . The brand name was retained and Niki Lauda was given a position on the board of Air Berlin . Air Berlin announced on 19 December 2011 that the Abu Dhabi airline Etihad Airways had increased its share of Air Berlin from 2.99% to 29.1% , for a sum of 73 million euros , making Etihad the companys largest shareholder . The deal supplied more cash to Air Berlin , and provided Etihad access to Air Berlins European network . 2012–2015 : Restructuring amid continuing losses . The cooperation of the frequent-flyer programs topbonus and Etihad Guest was announced in March 2012 . In June 2012 , the collaboration concluded with the bonus programs airberlin business points and Etihad Airways Business Connect for SMBs . On 20 March 2012 , the entry into oneworld was officially completed . The Oneworld network offered over 800 destinations in 150 countries . At the same time , the airline introduced the Platinum status for its frequent-flyer program topbonus . In May 2012 Air Berlin presented its new fare structure Your Fare including Just Fly , Fly Classic and FlyFlex for flights from 1 July 2012 . On 11 May 2012 Air Berlin opened its triweekly non-stop flight from Berlin to Los Angeles in the summer schedule , a destination which until then had only been served from Düsseldorf . On 18 December 2012 Air Berlin announced that topbonus , its frequent flyer program , would be sold to Etihad Airways ; only a 30-percent minority share would be retained . Air Berlin also announced the expansion of the existing codeshare agreement with Etihad Airways on 20 December 2012 . In January 2013 , the first Airbus A330-200 was introduced with a new business class which enables a fully flat position for the first time . On 7 January 2013 Air Berlin appointed Austrian Wolfgang Prock-Schauer , former Chief Strategy and Planning Officer , as the companys CEO , replacing Hartmut Mehdorn . Air Berlin started flights between Berlin and Chicago on 23 March 2013 . It cancelled the seasonal non-stop flights to Las Vegas , San Francisco and Vancouver . In March 2013 Air Berlin announced the closure of its seasonal hub for leisure destinations at Nuremberg Airport . Only ten year-round direct routes remained . On 24 September 2014 , Air Berlin cancelled the remaining 15 orders for their Boeing 787s as well as 18 remaining orders for Boeing 737-800s as part of their restructuring programme . In October 2014 , the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt denied Air Berlin authorization to operate 34 routes as a codeshare with co-owner Etihad from the 2014/2015 winter schedule as they would contravene the bilateral traffic rights between Germany and the UAE . Also in October 2014 , Air Berlin announced the termination of flights to Palma de Mallorca from both Bremen Airport and Dortmund Airport , therefore withdrawing entirely from these two German airports . Air Berlin announced a net loss for 2014 of €376m ( €316m loss in 2013 ) . The airlines revenues in 2014 stagnated at €4.16 billion . In September 2015 , Air Berlin phased out the last Boeing 737-700s owned by the company . The remaining aircraft of this type would operate on a wet lease basis from TUIfly until 2019 . All Boeing 737-800s were to be phased out by 2016 as Air Berlin plans to focus their short- and medium-haul fleet on the Airbus A320 family to cut costs . In November 2015 , Air Berlin announced the closure of its Palma de Mallorca Airport hub by ceasing all of the hubs seven Spanish domestic routes by 3 April 2016 . Some days earlier , the airline announced plans to add flights from Düsseldorf to Boston , Dallas/Fort Worth , San Francisco and Havana by spring 2016 . However , the planned route to Dallas/Fort Worth was cancelled a few weeks later due to low demand . On 30 December 2015 , the administrative court in Braunschweig ruled in favour of the German civil aviation authority ( the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt ) and against Air Berlin regarding some of their codeshare operations with Etihad Airways . The shared sale and advertising of 31 out of 83 routes which were marketed by both were declared illegal and ordered stopped by 15 January 2016 as they were not covered by the bilateral air-traffic agreement between Germany and the UAE . The Luftfahrt-Bundesamt had allowed these flights until a definite legal ruling was made . 2016–2017 : Restructuring efforts . In April 2016 , Air Berlin announced a record loss of €446 million for 2015 ; the airlines revenues had decreased to €4.08 billion . Amongst the reasons considered for Air Berlins poor performance were : crippling debt of over €800m ; unclear and rapid strategy changes on routes and advertising ; several CEOs over recent years ; a five-year-plus delay to the new hub Berlin Brandenburg Airport ; failed negotiations to profit from lower fuel prices and the overall harsh competition in the airline industry . In July 2016 , Air Berlin confirmed that it no longer owned any of the aircraft it operates , having sold and leased back the last of the aircraft it had previously owned . A few weeks later it was reported that Air Berlin and Etihad Airways were in talks with Lufthansa regarding the latters acquisition of some of Air Berlins routes outside of the Berlin and Düsseldorf hubs as well as some staff and aircraft leases . In July 2016 , Air Berlin announced the increase of flights to the United States from 55 to 78 nonstops per week for 2017 . Besides some frequency increases , Los Angeles and San Francisco were to be served from Berlin as well as by the then existing Düsseldorf routes . And a new Düsseldorf-Orlando route was announced . A few days later , the airline announced the introduction of a business class on its short- and medium-haul flights . In December 2016 , Air Berlin announced Stefan Pichlers departure after serving two years as CEO and replacement by former head of Germanwings , Thomas Winkelmann on 1 February . The new Air Berlin project . On 28 September 2016 , Air Berlin announced The new airberlin , a restructuring project including the reduction of its destinations from around 140 to 70 , the focus on the Berlin and Düsseldorf hubs and on the smaller bases in Stuttgart and Munich , the closure of six other bases , the targeting of business travellers , focus on domestic German flights and on flights to Italy , Scandinavia and eastern Europe , the expansion of its long-haul network , and the loss of up to 1,200 jobs . Air Berlin , including its subsidiaries Belair and Niki , planned to cut 40 of its fleet of 118 narrowbody jets , leaving Air Berlin with its own fleet of 75 aircraft . The new fleet would be 17 Airbus A330-200 for long-haul operations and 40 Airbus A320 family aircraft and 18 Bombardier Q400 aircraft for European routes . A separate , tourist-destination-oriented unit with 35 aircraft was to be formed , perhaps operating with a partner ( TUIfly was the assumed partner as they already operate several aircraft for Air Berlin ) – or sold altogether . Plans to wet-lease the remaining aircraft were realised with the December 2016 announcement that 38 Airbus A319/A320 aircraft would be wet-leased to Lufthansa Groups Eurowings ( 33 aircraft ) and Austrian Airlines ( five ) , effective February 2017 for a period of six years . In October 2016 , Air Berlin announced plans to close four of its seven airberlin Technik maintenance facilities and lay off 500 of their staff . On 5 December 2016 , Air Berlin announced plans to sell its entire 49-percent stake in its Austrian subsidiary Niki to its own minority owner , Etihad Airways . It was also announced that Niki will take over several routes to southern European , north African and Turkish leisure destinations from Air Berlin as part of the new joint-venture . Also in December 2016 , Air Berlin announced the transfer of its entire fleet of 21 A321-200s to Niki and Nikis transfer of all its 5 A319-100s and 13 A320-200s to Air Berlin . Air Berlin would discontinue its wet-lease with TUIfly . In January 2017 , Air Berlin announced that for summer 2017 , most leisure routes were to be either transferred to Niki or cancelled altogether and that some domestic and European city routes were to be dropped , leaving little more than the Berlin-Tegel and Düsseldorf hub operations . On 28 April 2017 , a loss of € −781.9 million was announced for 2016 , from a revenue of €3.79 billion . Also in late April 2017 , Air Berlin confirmed the creation of Air Berlin Aeronautics GmbH , a new subsidiary which was to have its own operational licence ( AOC ) to take over the wetlease operations handled by Air Berlin on behalf of Eurowings and Austrian Airlines . Therefore , the actual Air Berlin will focus on operations under its own brand name . In May 2017 , Air Berlin announced it would buy Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter entirely , in which it had a controlling stake since 2009 . Bankruptcy . After Etihad stopped financial support , Air Berlin entered insolvency procedures on 15 August 2017 . On 9 October 2017 , Air Berlin told its staff that it would cease all remaining operations under its own AB flight numbers due to its negative financial outlook and bankruptcy proceedings . On 12 October 2017 , Lufthansa agreed to buy 81 aircraft and employ 3,000 Air Berlin employees for €210 million , taking over the subsidiaries Niki and Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter with a total of 1700 employees . On 24 October 2017 , the Berliner Zeitfracht Group confirmed it would take over the Leisure Cargo Düsseldorf company and its 60 employees . The creditors committee approved a corresponding submission . Leisure Cargo conveys freight space on passenger flights . On 27 October 2017 , it was announced that a consortium of maintenance , repair , and operations provider Nayak Aircraft Services GmbH & Co . KG and Berliner Zeitfracht Group would purchase airberlin Technik , keeping over 300 employees . The final long-haul flight , from Miami to Düsseldorf , was operated on 15 October 2017 . On 27 October 2017 , Air Berlins final flight was operated by Airbus A320 D-ABNW . It departed from Munich at 21:36 and landed at Berlin Tegel at 22:45 . On 28 October 2017 , it was announced that EasyJet would absorb 1,000 employees and lease 25 Airbus A320 aircraft for flights from Berlin Tegel for €40 million . Corporate affairs . Ownership . Air Berlin PLC shares were publicly traded on Xetra and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in the regulated market . Trading in the regulated unofficial market occurred at the exchanges in Berlin , Düsseldorf , Hamburg , Munich and Stuttgart . Since December 2011 , Etihad Airways was the largest shareholder in Air Berlin . As of December 2015 , the major shareholders ( over 5% ) were : Business trends . Air Berlin was loss-making for several years . The key figures for the whole Air Berlin Group ( including Niki ) for the full years of operation leading up to its closure were ( as at year ending 31 December ) : Flight school . Air Berlin trained its own pilots since 2007 in a joint venture with the TFC Käufer flight school . Commercial pilot training lasted around 24 months . The Air Berlin flight school was the first flight school in Germany to be awarded a training licence by the German Department of Aviation for the new Multi-Crew Pilot Licence concept in February 2009 . Technical services . Air Berlin had its own maintenance and overhaul branch , airberlin technik with facilities in Berlin , Düsseldorf , Munich , Stuttgart , Frankfurt , Hamburg , and Nuremberg , which employed 1300 staff as of October 2016 . The technical branch was a certified EASA Part-145 maintenance organization with approximately 1200 employees providing services to both Air Berlin group aircraft and customers throughout Europe . airberlin technik was recognized and approved by various National Airworthiness Authorities such as USA FAA-145 , Canadian CAA-145 , Aruba EASA-145 , Federal Aviation Authority of Russia , GCAA , United Arab Emirates . In October 2016 , Air Berlin announced it would close the technical bases in Stuttgart , Frankfurt , Hamburg and Nuremberg while laying off 500 staff due to restructuring measures . Destinations . Prior to its shutdown , Air Berlin flew to scheduled year-round and seasonal destinations in Europe . Codeshare agreements . Air Berlin codeshared with the following airlines : - Air Serbia - Air Seychelles - airBaltic - Alitalia - American Airlines - Austrian Airlines - Bangkok Airways - British Airways - Bulgaria Air - Czech Airlines - Darwin Airline - Etihad Airways - Eurowings - Finnair - Flybe - Hainan Airlines - Iberia - Japan Airlines - Jet Airways - Lufthansa - Meridiana - Niki - Pegasus Airlines - Royal Jordanian - S7 Airlines - SriLankan Airlines - Swiss International Air Lines - Virgin Australia Fleet . At the time of closure , Air Berlins fleet comprised the following aircraft : During its 40 years of operation , Air Berlin operated the following aircraft types : Services . Aircraft cabins . Long-haul flights . Air Berlin long-haul aircraft featured business and economy class sections . At the beginning of 2012 , Air Berlin started the renewal of its long-haul cabin , equipping both economy class and business class with new seats and a new in-flight entertainment system . Fully automatic seats that could tilt up to 170 degrees were provided in business class , along with an anti-thrombosis edition and an adjustable headrest , and more legroom and a narrower seat back in economy class . All seats have an 8.9-inch monitor with a touch screen and offer movies , series , music , audiobooks and games . In January 2013 the airline again presented a new business class which replaced the one introduced a year earlier . The new business class had single seats , offering travellers even more privacy . The new seats had a full-flat function , a massage function , and featured a 15-inch monitor . Short- and medium-haul flights . Business class was not offered on its short- and medium-haul flights until Air Berlin announced its introduction in August 2016 . All short- and medium-haul aircraft began to feature business class in row 1 with expanded services including an empty middle seat . Passenger services . In contrast to European pure low-cost carriers , Air Berlin offered free in-flight snacks and drinks until September 2016 . Newspapers and magazines were available on domestic German flights . Full hot meals were complimentary on long-haul flights . On all Air Berlin routes with a flight time of 60 minutes or longer , gourmet meals were offered , which were , according to the airline , created by chefs at Sansibar , a famous restaurant on the island of Sylt . The airline also offered in-flight entertainment , assigned seating and guaranteed flight connections . Air Berlins basic fares were nonrefundable and not changeable , so unused flights were a complete loss for the purchaser . Frequent flyer program . Air Berlins frequent flyer program was called topbonus . Points , known as miles , could be collected on flights operated by Air Berlin , Niki , Oneworld airline partners , and selected other airlines . Accrued miles could be redeemed for award flights , or for an upgrade to business class . In addition to the entry-level topbonus Card Classic there were cards with Silver , Gold , and Platinum status , corresponding to Oneworld Ruby , Sapphire , and Emerald statuses . A Service Card and a Credit Card , for which a charge was made , were also available . Etihad purchased a 70% stake in topbonus for €184 million in 2012 . Following the insolvency of Air Berlin , topbonus also filed for insolvency on 25 August 2017 . Accidents and incidents . In over 39 years of operations , Air Berlin never suffered an accident or incident resulting in the loss of life or an aircraft . - On 18 October 2017 , Air Berlins last long-haul flight , Flight AB7001 , D-ABXA , an Airbus A330-223 , performed a go-around to commemorate the event and flew over the terminal , against standard go-around procedures , while landing at Düsseldorf Airport . ADS-B information reports that the aircraft was at approximately 100 ft or 30 m , as it passed over the terminal . It is reported that the crew gained permission from air traffic control prior to performing the maneuver . The passengers applauded the farewell . Both pilots were suspended pending the outcome of an investigation by Luftfahrtbundesamt , the German aviation authority .

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Who was the chief executive officer of Air Berlin from 2015 to 2018?

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Air Berlin Air Berlin PLC & Co . Luftverkehrs KG ( ) , branded as airberlin or airberlin.com was a major German airline . At its peak , it was Germanys second-largest airline , as well as Europes tenth-largest airline in terms of passengers carried . It was headquartered in Berlin and had hubs at Berlin Tegel Airport and Düsseldorf Airport . It was a member of the oneworld airline alliance . The airline was founded in 1978 by Lelco , an American company . Following German reunification , Air Berlin was sold and became a German company in 1991 . It joined the Oneworld alliance in 2012 . After years of losses , Air Berlin filed for insolvency on 15 August 2017 and ceased operations on 27 October 2017 . History . 1978–1990 : American charter airline in West Berlin . Originally registered as Air Berlin USA , the company was founded in 1978 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Lelco , an American agricultural enterprise headquartered in Oregon , to operate charter flights on behalf of German tour operators from Berlin Tegel Airport , mostly to Mediterranean holiday resorts . The co-founders of Air Berlin USA were : - Kim Lundgren , a former Berlin-based flight engineer of Pan American World Airways ; - John MacDonald , a former station manager of United States supplemental and charter airline Saturn Airways at Berlin Tempelhof Airport in the 1960s and subsequent general manager Europe and vice president at the Berlin Tegel Airport base of the former United States supplemental carrier and charter airline Modern Air from 1968 until 1974 ; - Mort Beyer , Modern Airs executive vice president from 1967 until 1971 as well as the airlines president and vice president of the National Air Carrier Association in 1971 and founder of United States aviation consultancy Avmark . Lelco was the agriculture business of Kim Lundgrens family in the United States . As a United States airline , Air Berlin was able to access the West Berlin airline market . During the Cold War , Berlins special political status meant that the air corridors into and out of Tegel Airport could only be used by airlines registered in France , the United Kingdom or the United States . The airlines headquarters were initially at Tegel Airport . Leonard Lundgren was the first chairman . After the company was issued an airline licence and acquired two Boeing 707 jet airliners previously owned by Trans World Airlines , Air Berlin USA commenced revenue services on 28 April 1979 with a flight from Berlin-Tegel to Palma de Mallorca . Plans were made to start long-haul flights on West Berlin-Brussels-Florida routes , in cooperation with Air Florida ( an agreement to that effect had been signed in February 1979 ) . In 1980 , two Boeing 737-200 were leased from Air Florida . In 1981 , Air Berlin USA continued its weekly scheduled Boeing 707 service on the Berlin Tegel Airport - Brussels - Orlando route ; however , by 1982 , the 707s had been phased out , and during most of the 1980s , Air Berlin USA operated only a single 737-200 or ( from 1986 ) a 737-300 . In 1990 and 1991 , two Boeing 737-400s were also placed into service . 1990–2000 : New investors and expansion . German reunification led to significant changes to the European aviation market , and in particular in Berlin : German airlines now gained access to the city . In 1991 , Air Berlin ( which had 90 employees at the time ) was restructured as Air Berlin GmbH & Co . Luftverkehrs KG , a German-registered company , with several German investors joining Kim Lundgren , the original founder , thereby bringing the ownership in line with German foreign-control requirements . Joachim Hunold ( ) , a former sales and marketing director with LTU International , now led the company . Following an order for ten Boeing 737-800 , Air Berlin grew and by 1999 , the fleet grew to twelve aircraft . In 2001 , Air Berlin and Hapag-Lloyd Flug became the first airlines in the world to have their Boeing 737-800s fitted with blended winglets , wingtip devices that are intended to improve fuel efficiency . Air Berlin introduced scheduled flights ( which could be booked directly with the airline rather than via a tour operator ) in 1997 , initially linking a number of secondary German airports to Mallorca . By 2002 , 35 percent of Air Berlins tickets were sold directly . In the same year , the airline expanded beyond holiday destinations as low-fare flights marketed as City Shuttle to London , Barcelona , Milan and Vienna started . Besides Berlin-Tegel , these routes were opened at six German airports ( Dortmund , Düsseldorf , Hamburg , Münster/Osnabrück , Nuremberg , and Paderborn/Lippstadt ) that until then had not been served by one of the rising European low-cost carriers . In what later became a hallmark for Air Berlin as a semi-low cost carrier , the airline offered complimentary meals and seat reservations , in contrast to its competitors Buzz , Hapag-Lloyd Express , Ryanair and Virgin Express . 2000–2006 : Becoming Germany’s second-largest airline . In November 2001 , the delivery flight of a Boeing 737-800 fitted with winglets set a record : the aircraft with the registration code D-ABBC flew 8,345 kilometres non-stop from Seattle ( Boeing Field ) , USA to Berlin ( TXL ) , Germany in 9 hours , 10 minutes . In January 2004 , Air Berlin announced it would cooperate with Niki , a Vienna-based airline . As part of the deal , Air Berlin took a 24% stake in Niki . In 2005 , Air Berlin signed a partnership agreement with Germania . As part of the deal , Air Berlin leased some of Germanias aircraft and crew , and Germania became almost exclusively a charter airline . Plans were made for Germania to be associated with Air Berlin under a management contract . However , the contract was not signed . At the beginning of March 2008 , Germanias joint owners could not reach agreement on the takeover by Air Berlin , so Germania remained an independent airline . A joint Air Berlin/Germania subsidiary dubbed Air Zürich and planned to be based at Zurich Airport was proposed in 2005 , but did not materialize . In 2005 the Group reorganised its corporate structure . It established Air Berlin plc ( registered in England ) into which it reversed Air Berlin GmbH & Co . Luftverkehrs KG and subsidiaries . It was suggested that the reason for the group to establish a UK-based PLC instead of a German-based AG was to avoid the need to have a supervisory board and employee representation as required by the German law of Mitbestimmung or co-determination . In 2006 , Air Berlin went public on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . Originally scheduled for 5 May 2006 , the IPO was postponed to 11 May 2006 . The company said the delay was due to rises in fuel costs and other market pressures limiting investor demand . It reduced the initial share-price range from 15.0–17.5 euros to 11.5–14.5 euros . The stock opened at €12.0 , selling a total of 42.5 million shares . Of these , 19.6 million were new shares increasing capital in the company , and the remainder to repay loans extended by the original shareholders and invested in the company earlier in 2006 . After the IPO , the company claimed to have over 400 million euros in cash to fund further expansion , including aircraft purchases . In August 2006 , Air Berlin acquired German domestic airline dba . Flight operations at dba were continued as a fully owned subsidiary of Air Berlin until 14 November 2008 , when the dba brand was discontinued due to staff strikes ( dba staff were subsequently offered positions with Air Berlin ) . On 28 November 2006 , Air Berlin ordered 60 Boeing 737-800 aircraft , and 15 smaller Boeing 737-700 aircraft . The value of the 75 aircraft was 5.1 billion dollars ( based on list prices at the time. ) Delivery of the aircraft started in 2007 . All of these aircraft were equipped with blended winglets , to improve fuel efficiency . 2007–2012 : Takeovers , expansion and new alliances . In March 2007 , Air Berlin took over German leisure airline LTU , gaining access to the long-haul market and becoming the fourth-largest airline group in Europe in terms of passenger traffic . This deal led to the introduction of Airbus A321 and Airbus A330 aircraft into Air Berlins fleet . On 1 May 2009 , the LTU brand was discontinued . On 7 July 2007 , Air Berlin announced an order for 25 Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner long-haul aircraft , with further options and purchase rights . Three additional aircraft of this type were to be leased from ILFC . On 21 August 2007 , Air Berlin acquired a 49 percent shareholding in Swiss charter airline Belair , the remainder being owned by tour operator Hotelplan . Following the deal , Belairs long-haul business was terminated , and the fleet was replaced by Airbus A320 family aircraft operating scheduled flights on behalf of Air Berlin as well as charter flights for Hotelplan . On 20 September 2007 , Air Berlin announced it intended to buy its competitor Condor in a deal that envisaged Condors owner , Thomas Cook Group , taking a 30% stake in Air Berlin . However , the rapidly increasing price of jet fuel and other considerations led to the abandonment of the deal in July 2008 . In January 2008 Air Berlin introduced a new logo and corporate design . The logo is a white oval shape on a red background ( suggesting an aircraft window ) where the letter a is a white circle and two white stylised wings . The text Air Berlin was in lower case and written as one word . Sometimes the slogan Your Airline was featured as part of the logo . In June 2008 , CEO Joachim Hunold offended Catalan language speakers , when he claimed in an article included in Air Berlins in-flight magazine that the government of the Balearic Islands was trying to impose the use of Catalan on Air Berlin flights from and to Majorca . He claimed that Air Berlin was an international airline and was not obliged to use Catalan . Hunold went on to criticise the language policy in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands , claiming that at the time many children could not speak any Spanish . The Balearic Islands President , Francesc Antich , explained that his government had simply sent a letter to encourage airlines operating in the Balearic Islands to include Catalan among the languages used for onboard announcements . On 18 June of the same year , Air Berlin announced that it would reduce its long-haul services by 13 percent and its domestic services by 10 percent to increase profitability . In September 2008 , Air Berlin confirmed merger talks with competitor TUIfly , but added it was speaking with all parties . Air Berlin had , until 2007 , been flying many code-share TUI flights . At the end of March 2009 , Air Berlin PLC and TUI Travel PLC signed a deal by which their German flight businesses were to operate a long-term strategic alliance . Originally , each company was to take a 19.9% stake in the other and the German cartel authorities were petitioned for approval . After the Bundeskartellamt expressed concerns , the cross-ownership plan was not implemented . Instead , TUI Travel PLC purchased a 9.9% stake in Air Berlin PLC using a capital increase at a subsidiary to do so . At the end of March 2009 , a strategic partnership agreement with TUI Travel was signed , with Air Berlin and its competitor TUIfly purchasing 19.9 percent of the others shares . Following the deal , Air Berlin took over all German domestic TUIfly routes , as well as those to Italy , Croatia and Austria . Also , all of Tuiflys Boeing 737-700 aircraft were added to Air Berlins fleet . TUIfly was to abandon all scheduled flights and rely exclusively on the charter business . In March 2009 , ESAS Holding A.S. , a Turkish company , bought approximately 15 per cent of the voting shares in Air Berlin . Also in 2009 , Air Berlin added Hartmut Mehdorn to the board of directors after his retirement at Deutsche Bahn . In April 2010 Air Berlin expanded its codeshare arrangements with Russias S7 Airlines . Air Berlin and S7 Airlines had cooperated since October 2008 . New services included codeshare flights via Moscow to Irkutsk , Perm and Rostov . In July 2010 , Air Berlin announced an increase in its shareholding in the Austrian airline Niki . Air Berlin indirectly acquired 25.9% of the shares in Niki from Privatstiftung Lauda ( private Lauda foundation ) and in doing so increased its shareholding in Niki from 24% to 49.9% . In connection with the increase of its shareholding , Air Berlin was to grant the private Lauda foundation a 40.5 million-euro loan . The private foundation had the options to repay the loan in three years with cash or through the transfer of the remaining 50.1% of Nikis shares . In July 2010 , it was also announced that Air Berlin would join Oneworld , the global airline alliance . In preparation for joining the alliance , Air Berlin made codeshare agreements with Finnair and American Airlines starting with the 2010/2011 winter schedule . Air Berlin founded Follow Me Entertainment GmbH in September 2010 as a joint venture with kick-media ag . This joint-venture company markets image and sound media , books , games as well as events , concerts , tournaments and sponsoring . On 1 April 2011 Air Berlin completed the integration of LTU . All Air Berlin Group technical services were consolidated in a new company called airberlin technik GmbH . It also added new routes , more frequent flights and additional long-haul flights from Düsseldorf . On 15 June 2011 , Air Berlin and British Airways reached a codeshare agreement covering some flights within Europe , starting from 5 July 2011 . The agreement applied to flights to over 40 European destinations served by the two airlines . CEO Joachim Hunold resigned from his position on 1 September 2011 and was succeeded by the former CEO of Deutsche Bahn AG , Hartmut Mehdorn , who led the company on an interim basis until January 2013 . In November 2011 Air Berlin and Pegasus Airlines ( Turkeys largest private airline ) launched Air Berlin Turkey , aiming at the charter market between Germany and Turkey . Pegasus Airlines is 16.5% owned by ESAS Holding AS . The new airline was absorbed into Pegasus Airlines on 31 March 2013 . In the third quarter of 2011 , the turnover of the company amounted to 1.4 billion euros , an increase of 11% . However , operating profit decreased by almost to 50% , around 97 million euros . As a result , a new bond to raise additional capital was issued . In November 2011 Air Berlin took over the remaining 50.1% stake in NIKI as repayment of a loan and became its sole owner . The brand name was retained and Niki Lauda was given a position on the board of Air Berlin . Air Berlin announced on 19 December 2011 that the Abu Dhabi airline Etihad Airways had increased its share of Air Berlin from 2.99% to 29.1% , for a sum of 73 million euros , making Etihad the companys largest shareholder . The deal supplied more cash to Air Berlin , and provided Etihad access to Air Berlins European network . 2012–2015 : Restructuring amid continuing losses . The cooperation of the frequent-flyer programs topbonus and Etihad Guest was announced in March 2012 . In June 2012 , the collaboration concluded with the bonus programs airberlin business points and Etihad Airways Business Connect for SMBs . On 20 March 2012 , the entry into oneworld was officially completed . The Oneworld network offered over 800 destinations in 150 countries . At the same time , the airline introduced the Platinum status for its frequent-flyer program topbonus . In May 2012 Air Berlin presented its new fare structure Your Fare including Just Fly , Fly Classic and FlyFlex for flights from 1 July 2012 . On 11 May 2012 Air Berlin opened its triweekly non-stop flight from Berlin to Los Angeles in the summer schedule , a destination which until then had only been served from Düsseldorf . On 18 December 2012 Air Berlin announced that topbonus , its frequent flyer program , would be sold to Etihad Airways ; only a 30-percent minority share would be retained . Air Berlin also announced the expansion of the existing codeshare agreement with Etihad Airways on 20 December 2012 . In January 2013 , the first Airbus A330-200 was introduced with a new business class which enables a fully flat position for the first time . On 7 January 2013 Air Berlin appointed Austrian Wolfgang Prock-Schauer , former Chief Strategy and Planning Officer , as the companys CEO , replacing Hartmut Mehdorn . Air Berlin started flights between Berlin and Chicago on 23 March 2013 . It cancelled the seasonal non-stop flights to Las Vegas , San Francisco and Vancouver . In March 2013 Air Berlin announced the closure of its seasonal hub for leisure destinations at Nuremberg Airport . Only ten year-round direct routes remained . On 24 September 2014 , Air Berlin cancelled the remaining 15 orders for their Boeing 787s as well as 18 remaining orders for Boeing 737-800s as part of their restructuring programme . In October 2014 , the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt denied Air Berlin authorization to operate 34 routes as a codeshare with co-owner Etihad from the 2014/2015 winter schedule as they would contravene the bilateral traffic rights between Germany and the UAE . Also in October 2014 , Air Berlin announced the termination of flights to Palma de Mallorca from both Bremen Airport and Dortmund Airport , therefore withdrawing entirely from these two German airports . Air Berlin announced a net loss for 2014 of €376m ( €316m loss in 2013 ) . The airlines revenues in 2014 stagnated at €4.16 billion . In September 2015 , Air Berlin phased out the last Boeing 737-700s owned by the company . The remaining aircraft of this type would operate on a wet lease basis from TUIfly until 2019 . All Boeing 737-800s were to be phased out by 2016 as Air Berlin plans to focus their short- and medium-haul fleet on the Airbus A320 family to cut costs . In November 2015 , Air Berlin announced the closure of its Palma de Mallorca Airport hub by ceasing all of the hubs seven Spanish domestic routes by 3 April 2016 . Some days earlier , the airline announced plans to add flights from Düsseldorf to Boston , Dallas/Fort Worth , San Francisco and Havana by spring 2016 . However , the planned route to Dallas/Fort Worth was cancelled a few weeks later due to low demand . On 30 December 2015 , the administrative court in Braunschweig ruled in favour of the German civil aviation authority ( the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt ) and against Air Berlin regarding some of their codeshare operations with Etihad Airways . The shared sale and advertising of 31 out of 83 routes which were marketed by both were declared illegal and ordered stopped by 15 January 2016 as they were not covered by the bilateral air-traffic agreement between Germany and the UAE . The Luftfahrt-Bundesamt had allowed these flights until a definite legal ruling was made . 2016–2017 : Restructuring efforts . In April 2016 , Air Berlin announced a record loss of €446 million for 2015 ; the airlines revenues had decreased to €4.08 billion . Amongst the reasons considered for Air Berlins poor performance were : crippling debt of over €800m ; unclear and rapid strategy changes on routes and advertising ; several CEOs over recent years ; a five-year-plus delay to the new hub Berlin Brandenburg Airport ; failed negotiations to profit from lower fuel prices and the overall harsh competition in the airline industry . In July 2016 , Air Berlin confirmed that it no longer owned any of the aircraft it operates , having sold and leased back the last of the aircraft it had previously owned . A few weeks later it was reported that Air Berlin and Etihad Airways were in talks with Lufthansa regarding the latters acquisition of some of Air Berlins routes outside of the Berlin and Düsseldorf hubs as well as some staff and aircraft leases . In July 2016 , Air Berlin announced the increase of flights to the United States from 55 to 78 nonstops per week for 2017 . Besides some frequency increases , Los Angeles and San Francisco were to be served from Berlin as well as by the then existing Düsseldorf routes . And a new Düsseldorf-Orlando route was announced . A few days later , the airline announced the introduction of a business class on its short- and medium-haul flights . In December 2016 , Air Berlin announced Stefan Pichlers departure after serving two years as CEO and replacement by former head of Germanwings , Thomas Winkelmann on 1 February . The new Air Berlin project . On 28 September 2016 , Air Berlin announced The new airberlin , a restructuring project including the reduction of its destinations from around 140 to 70 , the focus on the Berlin and Düsseldorf hubs and on the smaller bases in Stuttgart and Munich , the closure of six other bases , the targeting of business travellers , focus on domestic German flights and on flights to Italy , Scandinavia and eastern Europe , the expansion of its long-haul network , and the loss of up to 1,200 jobs . Air Berlin , including its subsidiaries Belair and Niki , planned to cut 40 of its fleet of 118 narrowbody jets , leaving Air Berlin with its own fleet of 75 aircraft . The new fleet would be 17 Airbus A330-200 for long-haul operations and 40 Airbus A320 family aircraft and 18 Bombardier Q400 aircraft for European routes . A separate , tourist-destination-oriented unit with 35 aircraft was to be formed , perhaps operating with a partner ( TUIfly was the assumed partner as they already operate several aircraft for Air Berlin ) – or sold altogether . Plans to wet-lease the remaining aircraft were realised with the December 2016 announcement that 38 Airbus A319/A320 aircraft would be wet-leased to Lufthansa Groups Eurowings ( 33 aircraft ) and Austrian Airlines ( five ) , effective February 2017 for a period of six years . In October 2016 , Air Berlin announced plans to close four of its seven airberlin Technik maintenance facilities and lay off 500 of their staff . On 5 December 2016 , Air Berlin announced plans to sell its entire 49-percent stake in its Austrian subsidiary Niki to its own minority owner , Etihad Airways . It was also announced that Niki will take over several routes to southern European , north African and Turkish leisure destinations from Air Berlin as part of the new joint-venture . Also in December 2016 , Air Berlin announced the transfer of its entire fleet of 21 A321-200s to Niki and Nikis transfer of all its 5 A319-100s and 13 A320-200s to Air Berlin . Air Berlin would discontinue its wet-lease with TUIfly . In January 2017 , Air Berlin announced that for summer 2017 , most leisure routes were to be either transferred to Niki or cancelled altogether and that some domestic and European city routes were to be dropped , leaving little more than the Berlin-Tegel and Düsseldorf hub operations . On 28 April 2017 , a loss of € −781.9 million was announced for 2016 , from a revenue of €3.79 billion . Also in late April 2017 , Air Berlin confirmed the creation of Air Berlin Aeronautics GmbH , a new subsidiary which was to have its own operational licence ( AOC ) to take over the wetlease operations handled by Air Berlin on behalf of Eurowings and Austrian Airlines . Therefore , the actual Air Berlin will focus on operations under its own brand name . In May 2017 , Air Berlin announced it would buy Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter entirely , in which it had a controlling stake since 2009 . Bankruptcy . After Etihad stopped financial support , Air Berlin entered insolvency procedures on 15 August 2017 . On 9 October 2017 , Air Berlin told its staff that it would cease all remaining operations under its own AB flight numbers due to its negative financial outlook and bankruptcy proceedings . On 12 October 2017 , Lufthansa agreed to buy 81 aircraft and employ 3,000 Air Berlin employees for €210 million , taking over the subsidiaries Niki and Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter with a total of 1700 employees . On 24 October 2017 , the Berliner Zeitfracht Group confirmed it would take over the Leisure Cargo Düsseldorf company and its 60 employees . The creditors committee approved a corresponding submission . Leisure Cargo conveys freight space on passenger flights . On 27 October 2017 , it was announced that a consortium of maintenance , repair , and operations provider Nayak Aircraft Services GmbH & Co . KG and Berliner Zeitfracht Group would purchase airberlin Technik , keeping over 300 employees . The final long-haul flight , from Miami to Düsseldorf , was operated on 15 October 2017 . On 27 October 2017 , Air Berlins final flight was operated by Airbus A320 D-ABNW . It departed from Munich at 21:36 and landed at Berlin Tegel at 22:45 . On 28 October 2017 , it was announced that EasyJet would absorb 1,000 employees and lease 25 Airbus A320 aircraft for flights from Berlin Tegel for €40 million . Corporate affairs . Ownership . Air Berlin PLC shares were publicly traded on Xetra and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in the regulated market . Trading in the regulated unofficial market occurred at the exchanges in Berlin , Düsseldorf , Hamburg , Munich and Stuttgart . Since December 2011 , Etihad Airways was the largest shareholder in Air Berlin . As of December 2015 , the major shareholders ( over 5% ) were : Business trends . Air Berlin was loss-making for several years . The key figures for the whole Air Berlin Group ( including Niki ) for the full years of operation leading up to its closure were ( as at year ending 31 December ) : Flight school . Air Berlin trained its own pilots since 2007 in a joint venture with the TFC Käufer flight school . Commercial pilot training lasted around 24 months . The Air Berlin flight school was the first flight school in Germany to be awarded a training licence by the German Department of Aviation for the new Multi-Crew Pilot Licence concept in February 2009 . Technical services . Air Berlin had its own maintenance and overhaul branch , airberlin technik with facilities in Berlin , Düsseldorf , Munich , Stuttgart , Frankfurt , Hamburg , and Nuremberg , which employed 1300 staff as of October 2016 . The technical branch was a certified EASA Part-145 maintenance organization with approximately 1200 employees providing services to both Air Berlin group aircraft and customers throughout Europe . airberlin technik was recognized and approved by various National Airworthiness Authorities such as USA FAA-145 , Canadian CAA-145 , Aruba EASA-145 , Federal Aviation Authority of Russia , GCAA , United Arab Emirates . In October 2016 , Air Berlin announced it would close the technical bases in Stuttgart , Frankfurt , Hamburg and Nuremberg while laying off 500 staff due to restructuring measures . Destinations . Prior to its shutdown , Air Berlin flew to scheduled year-round and seasonal destinations in Europe . Codeshare agreements . Air Berlin codeshared with the following airlines : - Air Serbia - Air Seychelles - airBaltic - Alitalia - American Airlines - Austrian Airlines - Bangkok Airways - British Airways - Bulgaria Air - Czech Airlines - Darwin Airline - Etihad Airways - Eurowings - Finnair - Flybe - Hainan Airlines - Iberia - Japan Airlines - Jet Airways - Lufthansa - Meridiana - Niki - Pegasus Airlines - Royal Jordanian - S7 Airlines - SriLankan Airlines - Swiss International Air Lines - Virgin Australia Fleet . At the time of closure , Air Berlins fleet comprised the following aircraft : During its 40 years of operation , Air Berlin operated the following aircraft types : Services . Aircraft cabins . Long-haul flights . Air Berlin long-haul aircraft featured business and economy class sections . At the beginning of 2012 , Air Berlin started the renewal of its long-haul cabin , equipping both economy class and business class with new seats and a new in-flight entertainment system . Fully automatic seats that could tilt up to 170 degrees were provided in business class , along with an anti-thrombosis edition and an adjustable headrest , and more legroom and a narrower seat back in economy class . All seats have an 8.9-inch monitor with a touch screen and offer movies , series , music , audiobooks and games . In January 2013 the airline again presented a new business class which replaced the one introduced a year earlier . The new business class had single seats , offering travellers even more privacy . The new seats had a full-flat function , a massage function , and featured a 15-inch monitor . Short- and medium-haul flights . Business class was not offered on its short- and medium-haul flights until Air Berlin announced its introduction in August 2016 . All short- and medium-haul aircraft began to feature business class in row 1 with expanded services including an empty middle seat . Passenger services . In contrast to European pure low-cost carriers , Air Berlin offered free in-flight snacks and drinks until September 2016 . Newspapers and magazines were available on domestic German flights . Full hot meals were complimentary on long-haul flights . On all Air Berlin routes with a flight time of 60 minutes or longer , gourmet meals were offered , which were , according to the airline , created by chefs at Sansibar , a famous restaurant on the island of Sylt . The airline also offered in-flight entertainment , assigned seating and guaranteed flight connections . Air Berlins basic fares were nonrefundable and not changeable , so unused flights were a complete loss for the purchaser . Frequent flyer program . Air Berlins frequent flyer program was called topbonus . Points , known as miles , could be collected on flights operated by Air Berlin , Niki , Oneworld airline partners , and selected other airlines . Accrued miles could be redeemed for award flights , or for an upgrade to business class . In addition to the entry-level topbonus Card Classic there were cards with Silver , Gold , and Platinum status , corresponding to Oneworld Ruby , Sapphire , and Emerald statuses . A Service Card and a Credit Card , for which a charge was made , were also available . Etihad purchased a 70% stake in topbonus for €184 million in 2012 . Following the insolvency of Air Berlin , topbonus also filed for insolvency on 25 August 2017 . Accidents and incidents . In over 39 years of operations , Air Berlin never suffered an accident or incident resulting in the loss of life or an aircraft . - On 18 October 2017 , Air Berlins last long-haul flight , Flight AB7001 , D-ABXA , an Airbus A330-223 , performed a go-around to commemorate the event and flew over the terminal , against standard go-around procedures , while landing at Düsseldorf Airport . ADS-B information reports that the aircraft was at approximately 100 ft or 30 m , as it passed over the terminal . It is reported that the crew gained permission from air traffic control prior to performing the maneuver . The passengers applauded the farewell . Both pilots were suspended pending the outcome of an investigation by Luftfahrtbundesamt , the German aviation authority .

easy

What position did John Gunther Dean take from Mar 1974 to Apr 1975?

/wiki/John_Gunther_Dean#P39#0

John Gunther Dean John Gunther Dean ( February 24 , 1926 – June 6 , 2019 ) was an American diplomat . From 1974–1988 , he served as the United States ambassador to five nations under four American presidents . Early years . Dean was born as Gunther Dienstfertig in Breslau , Germany , into a Jewish family , the son of Lucy ( Askenazy ) and Joseph Dienstfertig . As a child , he attended the exclusive Von Zawatzki Schule in Breslau . Escaping the rise of Nazism , the family left Germany in December 1938 and arrived in the United States in February . In March 1939 the family changed its name from Dienstfertig to Dean before the City Court of New York . They eventually arrived in Kansas City , Missouri , where his father briefly lectured at the University of Kansas . Graduating from high school in Kansas City at the age of 16 , he went on to Harvard University . In 1944 Dean became a naturalized United States citizen . He interrupted his education and served in the United States Army from 1944–1946 , utilizing his language skills with the Office of Military Intelligence . He then returned to Harvard and obtained his undergraduate degree ( B.S . Magna Cum Laude , 1947 ) . He received his doctorate in law from the Sorbonne ( 1949 ) , and returned to Harvard again to obtain a graduate degree in international relations ( M.A. , 1950 ) . In 1950 Dean worked in government service as an economic analyst with the European Headquarters of the Economic Cooperation Administration in Paris , France . From 1951–1953 he was an industrial analyst with ECA in Brussels , Belgium . From 1953–1956 he was assistant economic commissioner with the International Cooperation Administration in French Indo-China with accreditation in Saigon , Phnom Penh , and Vientiane . Foreign Service career . Dean passed the Foreign Service Examination in 1954 . He formally began his service as an officer with the U.S . Department of State in the spring of 1956 . From 1956–1958 he served as a political officer in Vientiane , Laos , and then from 1959–1960 he opened the first American consulate in Lomé , Togo . From 1960–1961 he was Chargé daffaires in Bamako , Mali , and then became the officer in charge of Mali-Togo affairs in the Department of State from 1961–1963 . In 1963 Dean was an adviser to the U.S . delegation to the 18th Session of the United Nations General Assembly , and during 1964–1965 he was an international relations officer in the NATO section of the Department of State . Dean went to Paris in 1965 as a political officer and served there until 1969 . From 1969–1970 he was a fellow at Harvards Center for International Affairs in Cambridge , Massachusetts . He was then detailed to the U.S . military as Deputy to the Commander of Military Region 1 in South Vietnam where he served as Regional Director for Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support ( CORDS ) until 1972 . While in Da Nang , South Vietnam , he helped to protect the Cham Museum for which he was officially thanked in 2005 by the Vietnamese and French authorities . From 1972–1974 he was the deputy chief of mission/Chargé daffaires in Vientiane , Laos . He is credited for having helped the establishment of a coalition government which saved thousands of lives after the Fall of Saigon in 1975 . Dean was appointed Ambassador to Cambodia in March 1974 and he served in that posting until the Embassy was closed and all American personnel were evacuated on 12 April 1975 , five days before the Khmer Rouge entered Phnom Penh . Dean retired from the U.S . Foreign Service in 1989 . Deans freelancing efforts to get the Reagan Administration to reverse its policies on Afghanistan , Pakistan , and India angered high administration officials , and he left government service soon thereafter . Dean and Israel . In August 1980 , while serving as ambassador to Lebanon , where he had opened links to the PLO , Dean was the target of an assassination attempt , which he believed was directed by Israel . According to him : Deans suspicions that Israeli agents may have also been involved in the mysterious plane crash in 1988 that killed President of Pakistan , General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq , led finally to a decision in Washington to declare him mentally unfit , which forced his resignation from the foreign service after a thirty-year career . Later he was rehabilitated by the State Department , given a distinguished service medal and the insanity charge was confirmed to be phony by a former head of the departments medical service . Personal life . Dean spoke four languages : English , French , German , and Danish . He was the first U.S . Ambassador to Denmark who learned and spoke Danish , thus gaining significant respect from its people . He was married to the French-born Martine Duphenieux , and they had three grown children . He lived in Switzerland and France but remained active on foreign affairs issues and went to the United States often . He died in June 2019 at the age of 93 . While stationed in Paris ( 1965–69 ) , Dean played a major role in bringing the U.S.-North Vietnam peace talks to Paris in 1968 . In Lebanon , Dean was helpful in obtaining the release of the first American hostages in Teheran . In India , Dean helped bring about the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan according to an agreed time table . In the film The Killing Fields , Dean is portrayed by Ira Wheeler . The evacuation of Phnom Penh scene was filmed near Bangkok in 1983 and Wheeler met Dean , who was then the U.S . Ambassador to Thailand . Bibliography . Book published 2009 DANGER ZONES : A Diplomats Fight for Americas Interests , published by the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training . External links . - John Gunther Deans Oral History - John Gunther Deans Inventory . 11 linear feet of documents he donated to the U.S . National Archives in 2004 and 2005 are partially available to the public at the Jimmy Carter Library . - List of U.S . Ambassadors to Thailand , 1882 to present

easy

Which position did John Gunther Dean hold from Oct 1975 to 1981?

/wiki/John_Gunther_Dean#P39#1

John Gunther Dean John Gunther Dean ( February 24 , 1926 – June 6 , 2019 ) was an American diplomat . From 1974–1988 , he served as the United States ambassador to five nations under four American presidents . Early years . Dean was born as Gunther Dienstfertig in Breslau , Germany , into a Jewish family , the son of Lucy ( Askenazy ) and Joseph Dienstfertig . As a child , he attended the exclusive Von Zawatzki Schule in Breslau . Escaping the rise of Nazism , the family left Germany in December 1938 and arrived in the United States in February . In March 1939 the family changed its name from Dienstfertig to Dean before the City Court of New York . They eventually arrived in Kansas City , Missouri , where his father briefly lectured at the University of Kansas . Graduating from high school in Kansas City at the age of 16 , he went on to Harvard University . In 1944 Dean became a naturalized United States citizen . He interrupted his education and served in the United States Army from 1944–1946 , utilizing his language skills with the Office of Military Intelligence . He then returned to Harvard and obtained his undergraduate degree ( B.S . Magna Cum Laude , 1947 ) . He received his doctorate in law from the Sorbonne ( 1949 ) , and returned to Harvard again to obtain a graduate degree in international relations ( M.A. , 1950 ) . In 1950 Dean worked in government service as an economic analyst with the European Headquarters of the Economic Cooperation Administration in Paris , France . From 1951–1953 he was an industrial analyst with ECA in Brussels , Belgium . From 1953–1956 he was assistant economic commissioner with the International Cooperation Administration in French Indo-China with accreditation in Saigon , Phnom Penh , and Vientiane . Foreign Service career . Dean passed the Foreign Service Examination in 1954 . He formally began his service as an officer with the U.S . Department of State in the spring of 1956 . From 1956–1958 he served as a political officer in Vientiane , Laos , and then from 1959–1960 he opened the first American consulate in Lomé , Togo . From 1960–1961 he was Chargé daffaires in Bamako , Mali , and then became the officer in charge of Mali-Togo affairs in the Department of State from 1961–1963 . In 1963 Dean was an adviser to the U.S . delegation to the 18th Session of the United Nations General Assembly , and during 1964–1965 he was an international relations officer in the NATO section of the Department of State . Dean went to Paris in 1965 as a political officer and served there until 1969 . From 1969–1970 he was a fellow at Harvards Center for International Affairs in Cambridge , Massachusetts . He was then detailed to the U.S . military as Deputy to the Commander of Military Region 1 in South Vietnam where he served as Regional Director for Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support ( CORDS ) until 1972 . While in Da Nang , South Vietnam , he helped to protect the Cham Museum for which he was officially thanked in 2005 by the Vietnamese and French authorities . From 1972–1974 he was the deputy chief of mission/Chargé daffaires in Vientiane , Laos . He is credited for having helped the establishment of a coalition government which saved thousands of lives after the Fall of Saigon in 1975 . Dean was appointed Ambassador to Cambodia in March 1974 and he served in that posting until the Embassy was closed and all American personnel were evacuated on 12 April 1975 , five days before the Khmer Rouge entered Phnom Penh . Dean retired from the U.S . Foreign Service in 1989 . Deans freelancing efforts to get the Reagan Administration to reverse its policies on Afghanistan , Pakistan , and India angered high administration officials , and he left government service soon thereafter . Dean and Israel . In August 1980 , while serving as ambassador to Lebanon , where he had opened links to the PLO , Dean was the target of an assassination attempt , which he believed was directed by Israel . According to him : Deans suspicions that Israeli agents may have also been involved in the mysterious plane crash in 1988 that killed President of Pakistan , General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq , led finally to a decision in Washington to declare him mentally unfit , which forced his resignation from the foreign service after a thirty-year career . Later he was rehabilitated by the State Department , given a distinguished service medal and the insanity charge was confirmed to be phony by a former head of the departments medical service . Personal life . Dean spoke four languages : English , French , German , and Danish . He was the first U.S . Ambassador to Denmark who learned and spoke Danish , thus gaining significant respect from its people . He was married to the French-born Martine Duphenieux , and they had three grown children . He lived in Switzerland and France but remained active on foreign affairs issues and went to the United States often . He died in June 2019 at the age of 93 . While stationed in Paris ( 1965–69 ) , Dean played a major role in bringing the U.S.-North Vietnam peace talks to Paris in 1968 . In Lebanon , Dean was helpful in obtaining the release of the first American hostages in Teheran . In India , Dean helped bring about the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan according to an agreed time table . In the film The Killing Fields , Dean is portrayed by Ira Wheeler . The evacuation of Phnom Penh scene was filmed near Bangkok in 1983 and Wheeler met Dean , who was then the U.S . Ambassador to Thailand . Bibliography . Book published 2009 DANGER ZONES : A Diplomats Fight for Americas Interests , published by the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training . External links . - John Gunther Deans Oral History - John Gunther Deans Inventory . 11 linear feet of documents he donated to the U.S . National Archives in 2004 and 2005 are partially available to the public at the Jimmy Carter Library . - List of U.S . Ambassadors to Thailand , 1882 to present

easy

Which position did John Gunther Dean hold from Oct 1981 to Jun 1985?

/wiki/John_Gunther_Dean#P39#2

John Gunther Dean John Gunther Dean ( February 24 , 1926 – June 6 , 2019 ) was an American diplomat . From 1974–1988 , he served as the United States ambassador to five nations under four American presidents . Early years . Dean was born as Gunther Dienstfertig in Breslau , Germany , into a Jewish family , the son of Lucy ( Askenazy ) and Joseph Dienstfertig . As a child , he attended the exclusive Von Zawatzki Schule in Breslau . Escaping the rise of Nazism , the family left Germany in December 1938 and arrived in the United States in February . In March 1939 the family changed its name from Dienstfertig to Dean before the City Court of New York . They eventually arrived in Kansas City , Missouri , where his father briefly lectured at the University of Kansas . Graduating from high school in Kansas City at the age of 16 , he went on to Harvard University . In 1944 Dean became a naturalized United States citizen . He interrupted his education and served in the United States Army from 1944–1946 , utilizing his language skills with the Office of Military Intelligence . He then returned to Harvard and obtained his undergraduate degree ( B.S . Magna Cum Laude , 1947 ) . He received his doctorate in law from the Sorbonne ( 1949 ) , and returned to Harvard again to obtain a graduate degree in international relations ( M.A. , 1950 ) . In 1950 Dean worked in government service as an economic analyst with the European Headquarters of the Economic Cooperation Administration in Paris , France . From 1951–1953 he was an industrial analyst with ECA in Brussels , Belgium . From 1953–1956 he was assistant economic commissioner with the International Cooperation Administration in French Indo-China with accreditation in Saigon , Phnom Penh , and Vientiane . Foreign Service career . Dean passed the Foreign Service Examination in 1954 . He formally began his service as an officer with the U.S . Department of State in the spring of 1956 . From 1956–1958 he served as a political officer in Vientiane , Laos , and then from 1959–1960 he opened the first American consulate in Lomé , Togo . From 1960–1961 he was Chargé daffaires in Bamako , Mali , and then became the officer in charge of Mali-Togo affairs in the Department of State from 1961–1963 . In 1963 Dean was an adviser to the U.S . delegation to the 18th Session of the United Nations General Assembly , and during 1964–1965 he was an international relations officer in the NATO section of the Department of State . Dean went to Paris in 1965 as a political officer and served there until 1969 . From 1969–1970 he was a fellow at Harvards Center for International Affairs in Cambridge , Massachusetts . He was then detailed to the U.S . military as Deputy to the Commander of Military Region 1 in South Vietnam where he served as Regional Director for Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support ( CORDS ) until 1972 . While in Da Nang , South Vietnam , he helped to protect the Cham Museum for which he was officially thanked in 2005 by the Vietnamese and French authorities . From 1972–1974 he was the deputy chief of mission/Chargé daffaires in Vientiane , Laos . He is credited for having helped the establishment of a coalition government which saved thousands of lives after the Fall of Saigon in 1975 . Dean was appointed Ambassador to Cambodia in March 1974 and he served in that posting until the Embassy was closed and all American personnel were evacuated on 12 April 1975 , five days before the Khmer Rouge entered Phnom Penh . Dean retired from the U.S . Foreign Service in 1989 . Deans freelancing efforts to get the Reagan Administration to reverse its policies on Afghanistan , Pakistan , and India angered high administration officials , and he left government service soon thereafter . Dean and Israel . In August 1980 , while serving as ambassador to Lebanon , where he had opened links to the PLO , Dean was the target of an assassination attempt , which he believed was directed by Israel . According to him : Deans suspicions that Israeli agents may have also been involved in the mysterious plane crash in 1988 that killed President of Pakistan , General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq , led finally to a decision in Washington to declare him mentally unfit , which forced his resignation from the foreign service after a thirty-year career . Later he was rehabilitated by the State Department , given a distinguished service medal and the insanity charge was confirmed to be phony by a former head of the departments medical service . Personal life . Dean spoke four languages : English , French , German , and Danish . He was the first U.S . Ambassador to Denmark who learned and spoke Danish , thus gaining significant respect from its people . He was married to the French-born Martine Duphenieux , and they had three grown children . He lived in Switzerland and France but remained active on foreign affairs issues and went to the United States often . He died in June 2019 at the age of 93 . While stationed in Paris ( 1965–69 ) , Dean played a major role in bringing the U.S.-North Vietnam peace talks to Paris in 1968 . In Lebanon , Dean was helpful in obtaining the release of the first American hostages in Teheran . In India , Dean helped bring about the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan according to an agreed time table . In the film The Killing Fields , Dean is portrayed by Ira Wheeler . The evacuation of Phnom Penh scene was filmed near Bangkok in 1983 and Wheeler met Dean , who was then the U.S . Ambassador to Thailand . Bibliography . Book published 2009 DANGER ZONES : A Diplomats Fight for Americas Interests , published by the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training . External links . - John Gunther Deans Oral History - John Gunther Deans Inventory . 11 linear feet of documents he donated to the U.S . National Archives in 2004 and 2005 are partially available to the public at the Jimmy Carter Library . - List of U.S . Ambassadors to Thailand , 1882 to present

easy

What was the position of John Gunther Dean from Aug 1985 to Nov 1988?

/wiki/John_Gunther_Dean#P39#3

John Gunther Dean John Gunther Dean ( February 24 , 1926 – June 6 , 2019 ) was an American diplomat . From 1974–1988 , he served as the United States ambassador to five nations under four American presidents . Early years . Dean was born as Gunther Dienstfertig in Breslau , Germany , into a Jewish family , the son of Lucy ( Askenazy ) and Joseph Dienstfertig . As a child , he attended the exclusive Von Zawatzki Schule in Breslau . Escaping the rise of Nazism , the family left Germany in December 1938 and arrived in the United States in February . In March 1939 the family changed its name from Dienstfertig to Dean before the City Court of New York . They eventually arrived in Kansas City , Missouri , where his father briefly lectured at the University of Kansas . Graduating from high school in Kansas City at the age of 16 , he went on to Harvard University . In 1944 Dean became a naturalized United States citizen . He interrupted his education and served in the United States Army from 1944–1946 , utilizing his language skills with the Office of Military Intelligence . He then returned to Harvard and obtained his undergraduate degree ( B.S . Magna Cum Laude , 1947 ) . He received his doctorate in law from the Sorbonne ( 1949 ) , and returned to Harvard again to obtain a graduate degree in international relations ( M.A. , 1950 ) . In 1950 Dean worked in government service as an economic analyst with the European Headquarters of the Economic Cooperation Administration in Paris , France . From 1951–1953 he was an industrial analyst with ECA in Brussels , Belgium . From 1953–1956 he was assistant economic commissioner with the International Cooperation Administration in French Indo-China with accreditation in Saigon , Phnom Penh , and Vientiane . Foreign Service career . Dean passed the Foreign Service Examination in 1954 . He formally began his service as an officer with the U.S . Department of State in the spring of 1956 . From 1956–1958 he served as a political officer in Vientiane , Laos , and then from 1959–1960 he opened the first American consulate in Lomé , Togo . From 1960–1961 he was Chargé daffaires in Bamako , Mali , and then became the officer in charge of Mali-Togo affairs in the Department of State from 1961–1963 . In 1963 Dean was an adviser to the U.S . delegation to the 18th Session of the United Nations General Assembly , and during 1964–1965 he was an international relations officer in the NATO section of the Department of State . Dean went to Paris in 1965 as a political officer and served there until 1969 . From 1969–1970 he was a fellow at Harvards Center for International Affairs in Cambridge , Massachusetts . He was then detailed to the U.S . military as Deputy to the Commander of Military Region 1 in South Vietnam where he served as Regional Director for Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support ( CORDS ) until 1972 . While in Da Nang , South Vietnam , he helped to protect the Cham Museum for which he was officially thanked in 2005 by the Vietnamese and French authorities . From 1972–1974 he was the deputy chief of mission/Chargé daffaires in Vientiane , Laos . He is credited for having helped the establishment of a coalition government which saved thousands of lives after the Fall of Saigon in 1975 . Dean was appointed Ambassador to Cambodia in March 1974 and he served in that posting until the Embassy was closed and all American personnel were evacuated on 12 April 1975 , five days before the Khmer Rouge entered Phnom Penh . Dean retired from the U.S . Foreign Service in 1989 . Deans freelancing efforts to get the Reagan Administration to reverse its policies on Afghanistan , Pakistan , and India angered high administration officials , and he left government service soon thereafter . Dean and Israel . In August 1980 , while serving as ambassador to Lebanon , where he had opened links to the PLO , Dean was the target of an assassination attempt , which he believed was directed by Israel . According to him : Deans suspicions that Israeli agents may have also been involved in the mysterious plane crash in 1988 that killed President of Pakistan , General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq , led finally to a decision in Washington to declare him mentally unfit , which forced his resignation from the foreign service after a thirty-year career . Later he was rehabilitated by the State Department , given a distinguished service medal and the insanity charge was confirmed to be phony by a former head of the departments medical service . Personal life . Dean spoke four languages : English , French , German , and Danish . He was the first U.S . Ambassador to Denmark who learned and spoke Danish , thus gaining significant respect from its people . He was married to the French-born Martine Duphenieux , and they had three grown children . He lived in Switzerland and France but remained active on foreign affairs issues and went to the United States often . He died in June 2019 at the age of 93 . While stationed in Paris ( 1965–69 ) , Dean played a major role in bringing the U.S.-North Vietnam peace talks to Paris in 1968 . In Lebanon , Dean was helpful in obtaining the release of the first American hostages in Teheran . In India , Dean helped bring about the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan according to an agreed time table . In the film The Killing Fields , Dean is portrayed by Ira Wheeler . The evacuation of Phnom Penh scene was filmed near Bangkok in 1983 and Wheeler met Dean , who was then the U.S . Ambassador to Thailand . Bibliography . Book published 2009 DANGER ZONES : A Diplomats Fight for Americas Interests , published by the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training . External links . - John Gunther Deans Oral History - John Gunther Deans Inventory . 11 linear feet of documents he donated to the U.S . National Archives in 2004 and 2005 are partially available to the public at the Jimmy Carter Library . - List of U.S . Ambassadors to Thailand , 1882 to present

easy

What sport did Rio Haryanto participate from 2008 to 2009?

/wiki/Rio_Haryanto#P641#0

Rio Haryanto Rio Haryanto ( born 22 January 1993 ) is an Indonesian racing driver who currently competes in Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia for T2 Motorsports . He raced for Manor in Formula One for the first 12 races of the 2016 Formula One season . As of 2021 , he is the first and only Indonesian driver to compete in Formula One . Career . Asian series . Haryanto was born in Solo . He began his car racing career competing in three Asian-based series during 2008 : the Asian Formula Renault Challenge , Formula Asia 2.0 , and Formula BMW Pacific . He was most competitive in the FAsia 2.0 series , winning two races to finish third overall in the championship behind expatriate European drivers Felix Rosenqvist and Matthias Beche . In 2009 he again competed in a variety of series , including the Australian Drivers Championship and the Asian Formula Renault Challenge once more . His main focus this year , however , was the Formula BMW Pacific championship , which he dominated with 11 victories from the 15 races ( although five of these races were won outright by invitational drivers who were not entered in the championship ) , driving for the Malaysian Meritus team . This included a perfect run of four outright victories , pole positions and fastest laps in the four consecutive races held at his home circuit of Sentul . He also competed in a round of the equivalent European FBMW series , himself a guest driver on this occasion . GP3 Series . Haryanto stepped up to the more competitive European racing scene full-time for 2010 by joining the Manor Racing team for the Formula One-supporting GP3 Series . His three teammates during the season were James Jakes , Adrien Tambay and Adrian Quaife-Hobbs . In an impressive first season at this level , he won a race at Istanbul Park and took two further podium placings to finish fifth place in the drivers championship , the leading Manor driver . His form was one of the surprises of the season , according to the Autosport magazine . He remained with the team for 2011 , now badged as Marussia Manor Racing , alongside Quaife-Hobbs and Matias Laine . Despite increasing his victory count to two , with wins at the Nürburgring and the Hungaroring , his inconsistency—including a run of seven races without scoring points at the start of the year—saw him slip to seventh place in the championship , behind Quaife-Hobbs . Both of his victories were in rainy conditions , giving him something of a reputation as a wet-weather specialist . Auto GP . In addition to his GP3 duties , Haryanto also drove for the DAMS team in the Auto GP series , competing in all but one round of the championship as it clashed with the GP3 schedule . Driving alongside Sergey Afanasyev and part-timer Tambay , he took a win at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo in Valencia and finished seventh in the drivers standings . The efforts of Haryanto , Afanasyev , Tambay , and Haryantos substitute , Kevin Korjus , were enough for DAMS to win the teams championship . GP2 Series . Haryanto made his GP2 Series début with DAMS at the non-championship season finale at Yas Marina in 2011 . He was in the series full-time for 2012 with the Marussia-backed Carlin team , where he partnered Max Chilton . He was the first Indonesian to compete at this level of motorsport since Ananda Mikola competed in International Formula 3000 during 2000 and 2001 . In his first season of GP2 , Haryanto secured a single fastest lap , a single pole position—in wet conditions at Spa , confirming his reputation as a wet-weather specialist—and a best race finish of fifth in the feature race at Valencia , securing 14th place in the championship at seasons end . He raced in the 2013 GP2 Series for the Barwa Addax Team alongside teammate Jake Rosenzweig . On 30 June 2013 , he gained his first podium in the GP2 Series at Silverstone and the same time , first podium for the Barwa Addax Team in the 2013 GP2 season . For the 2014 GP2 Series he moved to EQ8 Caterham Racing , partnering with Alexander Rossi . On 24 May 2014 , he gained his second podium in the GP2 Series at Monaco and , at the same time , first podium in the 2014 GP2 season . Haryanto switched to Campos for the 2015 GP2 Series season . After taking second place at the feature race in Bahrain , Haryanto took his first win in GP2 in the following days sprint race . He achieved his second victory in the sprint race at the Red Bull Ring despite a damaged front wing . Haryanto finished the 2015 GP2 Series season in fourth place with 138 points . Formula One . Haryanto has been linked to the Virgin Racing/Marussia F1/Manor Racing team since his first GP3 season with Manor in 2010 , as he has driven for junior teams with its backing since then . In the autumn of that year , he won the right to test with Virgin at the end of the 2010 season due to his finishing position as the highest ranked Manor driver in the GP3 final standings . He tested for Virgin in Abu Dhabi on 16 November . Suffering gearbox problems , he posted the slowest time of the thirteen runners in the morning session . He did not receive the prize test in 2011 because teammate Adrian Quaife-Hobbs beat him in the standings on this occasion . Haryanto and 2012 GP2 Series teammate Max Chilton drove for Marussia in the first young driver tests of 2012 , held in-season at Silverstone . Running over the course of two days , Haryanto completed three hundred kilometres of testing , satisfying one of the conditions to be eligible for a superlicence and becoming the first Indonesian driver to qualify for one . Manor ( 2016 ) . On 18 February 2016 Haryanto was confirmed as a driver of Manor Racing for the 2016 Formula One season alongside 2015 DTM Champion Pascal Wehrlein . He made his debut at the 2016 Australian Grand Prix , however got off to a rocky start with an incident involving Romain Grosjean when they collided in the pit lane during practice . Haryanto was later issued a three-place grid penalty for the incident , as well as two penalty points added to his licence . Haryanto retired from his debut race due to a drive link problem on the 18th lap . Amusingly however , Haryanto was the most-voted driver in F1s newly-introduced Driver of the Day vote , before the award went to Romain Grosjean , who scored points for the debuting Haas team . Haryanto was the second driver to be eliminated from qualifying for the 2016 Bahrain Grand Prix , ahead of Felipe Nasr . However , this meant a grid place of 20th due to Renaults Kevin Magnussen having to start from the pitlane after failing to stop for weighing during practice . He was the last car to finish the race , in 17th place and one lap down . He managed to beat the other Renault driver Jolyon Palmer to 21st in China , before he became tangled up in a first-lap crash in Russia that involved Nico Hülkenberg and Esteban Gutiérrez . Haryanto repeated his Bahrain performance in Spain , with his next race in Monaco bringing him a career-best 15th , albeit 4 laps down and once again the last classified finisher . He remained the last classified car in the next two races , with 19th and 18th places , before a 16th-place finish in Austria brought attention to the gap in talent between himself and teammate Wehrlein , who scored Manors only point of the season in the same race . He spun off in the wet in Britain , whilst what would turn out to be his final two races again saw him the last classified finisher as his future became unclear due to a lack of sponsorship . On 10 August 2016 , Manor confirmed that they were demoting Haryanto to reserve driver due to the lack of sponsorship . This was because the promised funds from Indonesian Sport Ministry had been blocked by the Parliament , citing invalid procedure of funding procurements by the Sport Minister . Esteban Ocon was announced as his replacement . When the parent company of the team collapsed at the end of the season , Haryanto was the only driver of the team not to make the 2017 grid , with Ocon and Wehrlein moving to Force India and Sauber respectively . Endurance racing . Haryanto participated in the 2018 SIC888 Race at Shanghai International Circuit . He teamed up with fellow Indonesians , Anderson Tanoto and Audi R8 LMS Cup champion Andrew Haryanto , driving an Audi R8 LMS GT4 . The trio finished the 6-hour race in 5th position . Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia . Haryanto is scheduled to compete in Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia , after securing a drive for T2 Motorsports . He will race a Ferrari 488 GT3 alongside fellow Indonesian David Tjiptobiantoro in 4 rounds and Singaporean Gregory Teo in 2 rounds of the series . He finished overall 2019 Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia in 31st while for Pro-Am Cup he finished in 12th . Racing record . Racing career summary . As Haryanto was a guest driver , he was ineligible for points. Complete GP3 Series results . Driver did not finish the race , but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance . Complete GP2 Series results . Driver did not finish the race , but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance .

easy

What sport did Rio Haryanto participate from 2010 to 2011?

/wiki/Rio_Haryanto#P641#1

Rio Haryanto Rio Haryanto ( born 22 January 1993 ) is an Indonesian racing driver who currently competes in Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia for T2 Motorsports . He raced for Manor in Formula One for the first 12 races of the 2016 Formula One season . As of 2021 , he is the first and only Indonesian driver to compete in Formula One . Career . Asian series . Haryanto was born in Solo . He began his car racing career competing in three Asian-based series during 2008 : the Asian Formula Renault Challenge , Formula Asia 2.0 , and Formula BMW Pacific . He was most competitive in the FAsia 2.0 series , winning two races to finish third overall in the championship behind expatriate European drivers Felix Rosenqvist and Matthias Beche . In 2009 he again competed in a variety of series , including the Australian Drivers Championship and the Asian Formula Renault Challenge once more . His main focus this year , however , was the Formula BMW Pacific championship , which he dominated with 11 victories from the 15 races ( although five of these races were won outright by invitational drivers who were not entered in the championship ) , driving for the Malaysian Meritus team . This included a perfect run of four outright victories , pole positions and fastest laps in the four consecutive races held at his home circuit of Sentul . He also competed in a round of the equivalent European FBMW series , himself a guest driver on this occasion . GP3 Series . Haryanto stepped up to the more competitive European racing scene full-time for 2010 by joining the Manor Racing team for the Formula One-supporting GP3 Series . His three teammates during the season were James Jakes , Adrien Tambay and Adrian Quaife-Hobbs . In an impressive first season at this level , he won a race at Istanbul Park and took two further podium placings to finish fifth place in the drivers championship , the leading Manor driver . His form was one of the surprises of the season , according to the Autosport magazine . He remained with the team for 2011 , now badged as Marussia Manor Racing , alongside Quaife-Hobbs and Matias Laine . Despite increasing his victory count to two , with wins at the Nürburgring and the Hungaroring , his inconsistency—including a run of seven races without scoring points at the start of the year—saw him slip to seventh place in the championship , behind Quaife-Hobbs . Both of his victories were in rainy conditions , giving him something of a reputation as a wet-weather specialist . Auto GP . In addition to his GP3 duties , Haryanto also drove for the DAMS team in the Auto GP series , competing in all but one round of the championship as it clashed with the GP3 schedule . Driving alongside Sergey Afanasyev and part-timer Tambay , he took a win at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo in Valencia and finished seventh in the drivers standings . The efforts of Haryanto , Afanasyev , Tambay , and Haryantos substitute , Kevin Korjus , were enough for DAMS to win the teams championship . GP2 Series . Haryanto made his GP2 Series début with DAMS at the non-championship season finale at Yas Marina in 2011 . He was in the series full-time for 2012 with the Marussia-backed Carlin team , where he partnered Max Chilton . He was the first Indonesian to compete at this level of motorsport since Ananda Mikola competed in International Formula 3000 during 2000 and 2001 . In his first season of GP2 , Haryanto secured a single fastest lap , a single pole position—in wet conditions at Spa , confirming his reputation as a wet-weather specialist—and a best race finish of fifth in the feature race at Valencia , securing 14th place in the championship at seasons end . He raced in the 2013 GP2 Series for the Barwa Addax Team alongside teammate Jake Rosenzweig . On 30 June 2013 , he gained his first podium in the GP2 Series at Silverstone and the same time , first podium for the Barwa Addax Team in the 2013 GP2 season . For the 2014 GP2 Series he moved to EQ8 Caterham Racing , partnering with Alexander Rossi . On 24 May 2014 , he gained his second podium in the GP2 Series at Monaco and , at the same time , first podium in the 2014 GP2 season . Haryanto switched to Campos for the 2015 GP2 Series season . After taking second place at the feature race in Bahrain , Haryanto took his first win in GP2 in the following days sprint race . He achieved his second victory in the sprint race at the Red Bull Ring despite a damaged front wing . Haryanto finished the 2015 GP2 Series season in fourth place with 138 points . Formula One . Haryanto has been linked to the Virgin Racing/Marussia F1/Manor Racing team since his first GP3 season with Manor in 2010 , as he has driven for junior teams with its backing since then . In the autumn of that year , he won the right to test with Virgin at the end of the 2010 season due to his finishing position as the highest ranked Manor driver in the GP3 final standings . He tested for Virgin in Abu Dhabi on 16 November . Suffering gearbox problems , he posted the slowest time of the thirteen runners in the morning session . He did not receive the prize test in 2011 because teammate Adrian Quaife-Hobbs beat him in the standings on this occasion . Haryanto and 2012 GP2 Series teammate Max Chilton drove for Marussia in the first young driver tests of 2012 , held in-season at Silverstone . Running over the course of two days , Haryanto completed three hundred kilometres of testing , satisfying one of the conditions to be eligible for a superlicence and becoming the first Indonesian driver to qualify for one . Manor ( 2016 ) . On 18 February 2016 Haryanto was confirmed as a driver of Manor Racing for the 2016 Formula One season alongside 2015 DTM Champion Pascal Wehrlein . He made his debut at the 2016 Australian Grand Prix , however got off to a rocky start with an incident involving Romain Grosjean when they collided in the pit lane during practice . Haryanto was later issued a three-place grid penalty for the incident , as well as two penalty points added to his licence . Haryanto retired from his debut race due to a drive link problem on the 18th lap . Amusingly however , Haryanto was the most-voted driver in F1s newly-introduced Driver of the Day vote , before the award went to Romain Grosjean , who scored points for the debuting Haas team . Haryanto was the second driver to be eliminated from qualifying for the 2016 Bahrain Grand Prix , ahead of Felipe Nasr . However , this meant a grid place of 20th due to Renaults Kevin Magnussen having to start from the pitlane after failing to stop for weighing during practice . He was the last car to finish the race , in 17th place and one lap down . He managed to beat the other Renault driver Jolyon Palmer to 21st in China , before he became tangled up in a first-lap crash in Russia that involved Nico Hülkenberg and Esteban Gutiérrez . Haryanto repeated his Bahrain performance in Spain , with his next race in Monaco bringing him a career-best 15th , albeit 4 laps down and once again the last classified finisher . He remained the last classified car in the next two races , with 19th and 18th places , before a 16th-place finish in Austria brought attention to the gap in talent between himself and teammate Wehrlein , who scored Manors only point of the season in the same race . He spun off in the wet in Britain , whilst what would turn out to be his final two races again saw him the last classified finisher as his future became unclear due to a lack of sponsorship . On 10 August 2016 , Manor confirmed that they were demoting Haryanto to reserve driver due to the lack of sponsorship . This was because the promised funds from Indonesian Sport Ministry had been blocked by the Parliament , citing invalid procedure of funding procurements by the Sport Minister . Esteban Ocon was announced as his replacement . When the parent company of the team collapsed at the end of the season , Haryanto was the only driver of the team not to make the 2017 grid , with Ocon and Wehrlein moving to Force India and Sauber respectively . Endurance racing . Haryanto participated in the 2018 SIC888 Race at Shanghai International Circuit . He teamed up with fellow Indonesians , Anderson Tanoto and Audi R8 LMS Cup champion Andrew Haryanto , driving an Audi R8 LMS GT4 . The trio finished the 6-hour race in 5th position . Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia . Haryanto is scheduled to compete in Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia , after securing a drive for T2 Motorsports . He will race a Ferrari 488 GT3 alongside fellow Indonesian David Tjiptobiantoro in 4 rounds and Singaporean Gregory Teo in 2 rounds of the series . He finished overall 2019 Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia in 31st while for Pro-Am Cup he finished in 12th . Racing record . Racing career summary . As Haryanto was a guest driver , he was ineligible for points. Complete GP3 Series results . Driver did not finish the race , but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance . Complete GP2 Series results . Driver did not finish the race , but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance .

easy

What sport did Rio Haryanto participate from 2012 to 2015?

/wiki/Rio_Haryanto#P641#2

Rio Haryanto Rio Haryanto ( born 22 January 1993 ) is an Indonesian racing driver who currently competes in Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia for T2 Motorsports . He raced for Manor in Formula One for the first 12 races of the 2016 Formula One season . As of 2021 , he is the first and only Indonesian driver to compete in Formula One . Career . Asian series . Haryanto was born in Solo . He began his car racing career competing in three Asian-based series during 2008 : the Asian Formula Renault Challenge , Formula Asia 2.0 , and Formula BMW Pacific . He was most competitive in the FAsia 2.0 series , winning two races to finish third overall in the championship behind expatriate European drivers Felix Rosenqvist and Matthias Beche . In 2009 he again competed in a variety of series , including the Australian Drivers Championship and the Asian Formula Renault Challenge once more . His main focus this year , however , was the Formula BMW Pacific championship , which he dominated with 11 victories from the 15 races ( although five of these races were won outright by invitational drivers who were not entered in the championship ) , driving for the Malaysian Meritus team . This included a perfect run of four outright victories , pole positions and fastest laps in the four consecutive races held at his home circuit of Sentul . He also competed in a round of the equivalent European FBMW series , himself a guest driver on this occasion . GP3 Series . Haryanto stepped up to the more competitive European racing scene full-time for 2010 by joining the Manor Racing team for the Formula One-supporting GP3 Series . His three teammates during the season were James Jakes , Adrien Tambay and Adrian Quaife-Hobbs . In an impressive first season at this level , he won a race at Istanbul Park and took two further podium placings to finish fifth place in the drivers championship , the leading Manor driver . His form was one of the surprises of the season , according to the Autosport magazine . He remained with the team for 2011 , now badged as Marussia Manor Racing , alongside Quaife-Hobbs and Matias Laine . Despite increasing his victory count to two , with wins at the Nürburgring and the Hungaroring , his inconsistency—including a run of seven races without scoring points at the start of the year—saw him slip to seventh place in the championship , behind Quaife-Hobbs . Both of his victories were in rainy conditions , giving him something of a reputation as a wet-weather specialist . Auto GP . In addition to his GP3 duties , Haryanto also drove for the DAMS team in the Auto GP series , competing in all but one round of the championship as it clashed with the GP3 schedule . Driving alongside Sergey Afanasyev and part-timer Tambay , he took a win at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo in Valencia and finished seventh in the drivers standings . The efforts of Haryanto , Afanasyev , Tambay , and Haryantos substitute , Kevin Korjus , were enough for DAMS to win the teams championship . GP2 Series . Haryanto made his GP2 Series début with DAMS at the non-championship season finale at Yas Marina in 2011 . He was in the series full-time for 2012 with the Marussia-backed Carlin team , where he partnered Max Chilton . He was the first Indonesian to compete at this level of motorsport since Ananda Mikola competed in International Formula 3000 during 2000 and 2001 . In his first season of GP2 , Haryanto secured a single fastest lap , a single pole position—in wet conditions at Spa , confirming his reputation as a wet-weather specialist—and a best race finish of fifth in the feature race at Valencia , securing 14th place in the championship at seasons end . He raced in the 2013 GP2 Series for the Barwa Addax Team alongside teammate Jake Rosenzweig . On 30 June 2013 , he gained his first podium in the GP2 Series at Silverstone and the same time , first podium for the Barwa Addax Team in the 2013 GP2 season . For the 2014 GP2 Series he moved to EQ8 Caterham Racing , partnering with Alexander Rossi . On 24 May 2014 , he gained his second podium in the GP2 Series at Monaco and , at the same time , first podium in the 2014 GP2 season . Haryanto switched to Campos for the 2015 GP2 Series season . After taking second place at the feature race in Bahrain , Haryanto took his first win in GP2 in the following days sprint race . He achieved his second victory in the sprint race at the Red Bull Ring despite a damaged front wing . Haryanto finished the 2015 GP2 Series season in fourth place with 138 points . Formula One . Haryanto has been linked to the Virgin Racing/Marussia F1/Manor Racing team since his first GP3 season with Manor in 2010 , as he has driven for junior teams with its backing since then . In the autumn of that year , he won the right to test with Virgin at the end of the 2010 season due to his finishing position as the highest ranked Manor driver in the GP3 final standings . He tested for Virgin in Abu Dhabi on 16 November . Suffering gearbox problems , he posted the slowest time of the thirteen runners in the morning session . He did not receive the prize test in 2011 because teammate Adrian Quaife-Hobbs beat him in the standings on this occasion . Haryanto and 2012 GP2 Series teammate Max Chilton drove for Marussia in the first young driver tests of 2012 , held in-season at Silverstone . Running over the course of two days , Haryanto completed three hundred kilometres of testing , satisfying one of the conditions to be eligible for a superlicence and becoming the first Indonesian driver to qualify for one . Manor ( 2016 ) . On 18 February 2016 Haryanto was confirmed as a driver of Manor Racing for the 2016 Formula One season alongside 2015 DTM Champion Pascal Wehrlein . He made his debut at the 2016 Australian Grand Prix , however got off to a rocky start with an incident involving Romain Grosjean when they collided in the pit lane during practice . Haryanto was later issued a three-place grid penalty for the incident , as well as two penalty points added to his licence . Haryanto retired from his debut race due to a drive link problem on the 18th lap . Amusingly however , Haryanto was the most-voted driver in F1s newly-introduced Driver of the Day vote , before the award went to Romain Grosjean , who scored points for the debuting Haas team . Haryanto was the second driver to be eliminated from qualifying for the 2016 Bahrain Grand Prix , ahead of Felipe Nasr . However , this meant a grid place of 20th due to Renaults Kevin Magnussen having to start from the pitlane after failing to stop for weighing during practice . He was the last car to finish the race , in 17th place and one lap down . He managed to beat the other Renault driver Jolyon Palmer to 21st in China , before he became tangled up in a first-lap crash in Russia that involved Nico Hülkenberg and Esteban Gutiérrez . Haryanto repeated his Bahrain performance in Spain , with his next race in Monaco bringing him a career-best 15th , albeit 4 laps down and once again the last classified finisher . He remained the last classified car in the next two races , with 19th and 18th places , before a 16th-place finish in Austria brought attention to the gap in talent between himself and teammate Wehrlein , who scored Manors only point of the season in the same race . He spun off in the wet in Britain , whilst what would turn out to be his final two races again saw him the last classified finisher as his future became unclear due to a lack of sponsorship . On 10 August 2016 , Manor confirmed that they were demoting Haryanto to reserve driver due to the lack of sponsorship . This was because the promised funds from Indonesian Sport Ministry had been blocked by the Parliament , citing invalid procedure of funding procurements by the Sport Minister . Esteban Ocon was announced as his replacement . When the parent company of the team collapsed at the end of the season , Haryanto was the only driver of the team not to make the 2017 grid , with Ocon and Wehrlein moving to Force India and Sauber respectively . Endurance racing . Haryanto participated in the 2018 SIC888 Race at Shanghai International Circuit . He teamed up with fellow Indonesians , Anderson Tanoto and Audi R8 LMS Cup champion Andrew Haryanto , driving an Audi R8 LMS GT4 . The trio finished the 6-hour race in 5th position . Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia . Haryanto is scheduled to compete in Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia , after securing a drive for T2 Motorsports . He will race a Ferrari 488 GT3 alongside fellow Indonesian David Tjiptobiantoro in 4 rounds and Singaporean Gregory Teo in 2 rounds of the series . He finished overall 2019 Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia in 31st while for Pro-Am Cup he finished in 12th . Racing record . Racing career summary . As Haryanto was a guest driver , he was ineligible for points. Complete GP3 Series results . Driver did not finish the race , but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance . Complete GP2 Series results . Driver did not finish the race , but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance .

easy

What was the parent organization of BorsodChem from 2011 to 2018?

/wiki/BorsodChem#P749#0

BorsodChem Wanhua-BorsodChem is a Hungarian chemical raw material manufacturing company headquartered in Kazincbarcika , Northern Hungary . It is the European member of the Wanhua Chemical Group . The company specializes in isocyanates ( MDI , TDI ) , PVC and chlor-alkali ( vinyl ) businesses . The main production site is located in Kazincbarcika , Hungary but the production is also supported by other European production capacities located in Ostrava , the Czech Republic and Kędzierzyn-Koźle , Poland . Several branch offices are available in Hungary , Belgium , the Czech Republic , Croatia , Italy and Poland . Since 2008 a new R&D and technical support center was established in Gödöllő . History . Beginnings . The establishment of the Borsodi Vegyi Kombinát ( BVK ) the predecessor of Wanhua-BorsodChem , was decided at the end of 1949 , based on the Borsod coal , the water of the Sajó , the proximity of the road and the railway . In the new industrial area , a decision was made to build a coal classifier , a coking plant , a coal-fired power plant and a Lignite-based chemical plant ( nitrogen plant ) , as well as service plants , with a budget allocation of HUF 1 billion . The giant investment took place between 1950 and 1955 , and was inaugurated on 10 December 1955 . It became the largest industrial facility in the country at the time . Deficiencies and errors made during construction delayed the start of continuous production for 3 years . PVC era . The year 1963 brought the biggest changes in BVKs life to date . They switched to the production of natural gas-based synthesis gas , and in parallel , coke-based operations were discontinued . They merged with the Berente Chemical Works and launched the Olefin I program , under which the production of thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) began for the first time in the country . They built their mercury cathode chlorine and hydrochloric acid plant . The second expansion of the nitrogen plant began in 1964 , during which the construction of their urea plant was also started . In 1969 , the PVC-II Factory , which also produces PVC powder , was put into operation . At that time , BVK was the 6th largest company in the Hungarian chemical industry in terms of headcount . A modern plastic factory capable of producing 150,000 tons of PVC per year was built in 1971 . This became the largest chemical investment in Hungary to date . Three years later , the expansion continued with the construction of a new PVC plant ( PVC III ) , which was built on oil instead of natural gas and processed ethylene purchased from the Tiszai Vegyi Kombinát ( TVK ) . From the early 1980s , great emphasis was placed on plastic processing . In 1983 , the mixing plant and the PVC window plant , the last plants in the program , were put into operation and the installation of the phosgene plant was completed . BorsodChem . Stock market membership in Budapest and London . On 1 August 1991 , as the legal successor to the 1949-founded Borsodi Vegyi Kombinát , the company BorsodChem was officially established . BorsodChem has become one of the largest chemical companies in Hungary . In 1996 , it became the first company to register its shares on the Budapest Stock Exchange as well as the London Stock Exchange . In 2000 , he bought 28.5 percent of the shares of Tiszai Vegyi Kombinát , which were later resold to MOL . M&A incident in 2000 . Irish-registered offshore company Milford Holdings purchased a 24.7% stake in 2000 . It sold the stake to CIB , the Hungarian subsidiary of Banca Commerciale Italiana . Vienna Capital Partners was involved in the affair . Hungarian prime minister called for an investigation into the deal of M&A ( Mergers and Acquisitions ) . Wanhua Industrial Group . In 2006 , the majority ownership of the company was acquired by Permira Venture Capital Fund , which delisted the shares from the stock exchange in the following year . Since 2011 , BorsodChem Zrt . has been managed by the Chinese Wanhua Industrial Group the fastest growing group of companies producing and selling polyurethane raw materials in the world . Today , Wanhua – BorsodChem is Hungarys leading chemical company and one of Europes leading producers of MDI , TDI and PVC raw materials and a leading manufacturer of specialty chemical products . Developments . At the end of 2018 , Wanhua – BorsodChem decided to invest in brownfields and had begun to build an aniline factory . Of the cost of 142.2 million euros , 45 million is covered by the Hungarian state subsidy . The handover of the factory is expected in 2021 . With the start-up of the new plant , the company will create about fifty new jobs . Again on the stock market . In 2019 , a successor of Wanhua Industrial Group , injected the shares of BorsodChem into the listed associate company Wanhua Chemical Group . Administrative changes . Thanks to the establishment of Borsodi Vegyi Kombinát and the huge number of workers attracted here , Kazincbarcika was awarded the citys rank and became one of the first so called socialist city in 1954 . Its location in Berente , a village annexed to Kazincbarcika in 1954 , caused several residents resenting the fact that they receive only a small part of the local taxes the factory pays . This led to the secession of Berente in 1999 . External links . - Corporate website - PU website - PVC website - Kazinbarcika plant - Ostrava plant - Blachownia plant - Wanhua Group

easy

Which organization owned BorsodChem from 2018 to 2019?

/wiki/BorsodChem#P749#1

BorsodChem Wanhua-BorsodChem is a Hungarian chemical raw material manufacturing company headquartered in Kazincbarcika , Northern Hungary . It is the European member of the Wanhua Chemical Group . The company specializes in isocyanates ( MDI , TDI ) , PVC and chlor-alkali ( vinyl ) businesses . The main production site is located in Kazincbarcika , Hungary but the production is also supported by other European production capacities located in Ostrava , the Czech Republic and Kędzierzyn-Koźle , Poland . Several branch offices are available in Hungary , Belgium , the Czech Republic , Croatia , Italy and Poland . Since 2008 a new R&D and technical support center was established in Gödöllő . History . Beginnings . The establishment of the Borsodi Vegyi Kombinát ( BVK ) the predecessor of Wanhua-BorsodChem , was decided at the end of 1949 , based on the Borsod coal , the water of the Sajó , the proximity of the road and the railway . In the new industrial area , a decision was made to build a coal classifier , a coking plant , a coal-fired power plant and a Lignite-based chemical plant ( nitrogen plant ) , as well as service plants , with a budget allocation of HUF 1 billion . The giant investment took place between 1950 and 1955 , and was inaugurated on 10 December 1955 . It became the largest industrial facility in the country at the time . Deficiencies and errors made during construction delayed the start of continuous production for 3 years . PVC era . The year 1963 brought the biggest changes in BVKs life to date . They switched to the production of natural gas-based synthesis gas , and in parallel , coke-based operations were discontinued . They merged with the Berente Chemical Works and launched the Olefin I program , under which the production of thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) began for the first time in the country . They built their mercury cathode chlorine and hydrochloric acid plant . The second expansion of the nitrogen plant began in 1964 , during which the construction of their urea plant was also started . In 1969 , the PVC-II Factory , which also produces PVC powder , was put into operation . At that time , BVK was the 6th largest company in the Hungarian chemical industry in terms of headcount . A modern plastic factory capable of producing 150,000 tons of PVC per year was built in 1971 . This became the largest chemical investment in Hungary to date . Three years later , the expansion continued with the construction of a new PVC plant ( PVC III ) , which was built on oil instead of natural gas and processed ethylene purchased from the Tiszai Vegyi Kombinát ( TVK ) . From the early 1980s , great emphasis was placed on plastic processing . In 1983 , the mixing plant and the PVC window plant , the last plants in the program , were put into operation and the installation of the phosgene plant was completed . BorsodChem . Stock market membership in Budapest and London . On 1 August 1991 , as the legal successor to the 1949-founded Borsodi Vegyi Kombinát , the company BorsodChem was officially established . BorsodChem has become one of the largest chemical companies in Hungary . In 1996 , it became the first company to register its shares on the Budapest Stock Exchange as well as the London Stock Exchange . In 2000 , he bought 28.5 percent of the shares of Tiszai Vegyi Kombinát , which were later resold to MOL . M&A incident in 2000 . Irish-registered offshore company Milford Holdings purchased a 24.7% stake in 2000 . It sold the stake to CIB , the Hungarian subsidiary of Banca Commerciale Italiana . Vienna Capital Partners was involved in the affair . Hungarian prime minister called for an investigation into the deal of M&A ( Mergers and Acquisitions ) . Wanhua Industrial Group . In 2006 , the majority ownership of the company was acquired by Permira Venture Capital Fund , which delisted the shares from the stock exchange in the following year . Since 2011 , BorsodChem Zrt . has been managed by the Chinese Wanhua Industrial Group the fastest growing group of companies producing and selling polyurethane raw materials in the world . Today , Wanhua – BorsodChem is Hungarys leading chemical company and one of Europes leading producers of MDI , TDI and PVC raw materials and a leading manufacturer of specialty chemical products . Developments . At the end of 2018 , Wanhua – BorsodChem decided to invest in brownfields and had begun to build an aniline factory . Of the cost of 142.2 million euros , 45 million is covered by the Hungarian state subsidy . The handover of the factory is expected in 2021 . With the start-up of the new plant , the company will create about fifty new jobs . Again on the stock market . In 2019 , a successor of Wanhua Industrial Group , injected the shares of BorsodChem into the listed associate company Wanhua Chemical Group . Administrative changes . Thanks to the establishment of Borsodi Vegyi Kombinát and the huge number of workers attracted here , Kazincbarcika was awarded the citys rank and became one of the first so called socialist city in 1954 . Its location in Berente , a village annexed to Kazincbarcika in 1954 , caused several residents resenting the fact that they receive only a small part of the local taxes the factory pays . This led to the secession of Berente in 1999 . External links . - Corporate website - PU website - PVC website - Kazinbarcika plant - Ostrava plant - Blachownia plant - Wanhua Group

easy

Which organization owned BorsodChem from 2019 to 2020?

/wiki/BorsodChem#P749#2

BorsodChem Wanhua-BorsodChem is a Hungarian chemical raw material manufacturing company headquartered in Kazincbarcika , Northern Hungary . It is the European member of the Wanhua Chemical Group . The company specializes in isocyanates ( MDI , TDI ) , PVC and chlor-alkali ( vinyl ) businesses . The main production site is located in Kazincbarcika , Hungary but the production is also supported by other European production capacities located in Ostrava , the Czech Republic and Kędzierzyn-Koźle , Poland . Several branch offices are available in Hungary , Belgium , the Czech Republic , Croatia , Italy and Poland . Since 2008 a new R&D and technical support center was established in Gödöllő . History . Beginnings . The establishment of the Borsodi Vegyi Kombinát ( BVK ) the predecessor of Wanhua-BorsodChem , was decided at the end of 1949 , based on the Borsod coal , the water of the Sajó , the proximity of the road and the railway . In the new industrial area , a decision was made to build a coal classifier , a coking plant , a coal-fired power plant and a Lignite-based chemical plant ( nitrogen plant ) , as well as service plants , with a budget allocation of HUF 1 billion . The giant investment took place between 1950 and 1955 , and was inaugurated on 10 December 1955 . It became the largest industrial facility in the country at the time . Deficiencies and errors made during construction delayed the start of continuous production for 3 years . PVC era . The year 1963 brought the biggest changes in BVKs life to date . They switched to the production of natural gas-based synthesis gas , and in parallel , coke-based operations were discontinued . They merged with the Berente Chemical Works and launched the Olefin I program , under which the production of thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) began for the first time in the country . They built their mercury cathode chlorine and hydrochloric acid plant . The second expansion of the nitrogen plant began in 1964 , during which the construction of their urea plant was also started . In 1969 , the PVC-II Factory , which also produces PVC powder , was put into operation . At that time , BVK was the 6th largest company in the Hungarian chemical industry in terms of headcount . A modern plastic factory capable of producing 150,000 tons of PVC per year was built in 1971 . This became the largest chemical investment in Hungary to date . Three years later , the expansion continued with the construction of a new PVC plant ( PVC III ) , which was built on oil instead of natural gas and processed ethylene purchased from the Tiszai Vegyi Kombinát ( TVK ) . From the early 1980s , great emphasis was placed on plastic processing . In 1983 , the mixing plant and the PVC window plant , the last plants in the program , were put into operation and the installation of the phosgene plant was completed . BorsodChem . Stock market membership in Budapest and London . On 1 August 1991 , as the legal successor to the 1949-founded Borsodi Vegyi Kombinát , the company BorsodChem was officially established . BorsodChem has become one of the largest chemical companies in Hungary . In 1996 , it became the first company to register its shares on the Budapest Stock Exchange as well as the London Stock Exchange . In 2000 , he bought 28.5 percent of the shares of Tiszai Vegyi Kombinát , which were later resold to MOL . M&A incident in 2000 . Irish-registered offshore company Milford Holdings purchased a 24.7% stake in 2000 . It sold the stake to CIB , the Hungarian subsidiary of Banca Commerciale Italiana . Vienna Capital Partners was involved in the affair . Hungarian prime minister called for an investigation into the deal of M&A ( Mergers and Acquisitions ) . Wanhua Industrial Group . In 2006 , the majority ownership of the company was acquired by Permira Venture Capital Fund , which delisted the shares from the stock exchange in the following year . Since 2011 , BorsodChem Zrt . has been managed by the Chinese Wanhua Industrial Group the fastest growing group of companies producing and selling polyurethane raw materials in the world . Today , Wanhua – BorsodChem is Hungarys leading chemical company and one of Europes leading producers of MDI , TDI and PVC raw materials and a leading manufacturer of specialty chemical products . Developments . At the end of 2018 , Wanhua – BorsodChem decided to invest in brownfields and had begun to build an aniline factory . Of the cost of 142.2 million euros , 45 million is covered by the Hungarian state subsidy . The handover of the factory is expected in 2021 . With the start-up of the new plant , the company will create about fifty new jobs . Again on the stock market . In 2019 , a successor of Wanhua Industrial Group , injected the shares of BorsodChem into the listed associate company Wanhua Chemical Group . Administrative changes . Thanks to the establishment of Borsodi Vegyi Kombinát and the huge number of workers attracted here , Kazincbarcika was awarded the citys rank and became one of the first so called socialist city in 1954 . Its location in Berente , a village annexed to Kazincbarcika in 1954 , caused several residents resenting the fact that they receive only a small part of the local taxes the factory pays . This led to the secession of Berente in 1999 . External links . - Corporate website - PU website - PVC website - Kazinbarcika plant - Ostrava plant - Blachownia plant - Wanhua Group

easy

What position did Gerald Strickland, 1st Baron Strickland take from Oct 1904 to May 1909?

/wiki/Gerald_Strickland,_1st_Baron_Strickland#P39#0

Gerald Strickland , 1st Baron Strickland Gerald Paul Joseph Cajetan Carmel Antony Martin Strickland , 6th Count della Catena , 1st Baron Strickland , ( 24 May 1861 – 22 August 1940 ) was a Maltese and British politician and peer , who served as Prime Minister of Malta , Governor of the Leeward Islands , Governor of Tasmania , Governor of Western Australia and Governor of New South Wales , in addition to sitting successively in the House of Commons and House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Early life . Strickland was born in Valletta , the son of naval officer Commander Walter Strickland , from the ancient English Strickland family of Sizergh , and Maria Aloysia Bonici-Mompalao , the niece and heiress of Sir Nicholas Sceberras Bologna , fifth Count della Catena in Malta , whom Gerald succeeded in 1875 . He was educated at St Marys College , Oscott , and Trinity College , Cambridge ( BA , LLB ) . Upon graduating , he was admitted to Inner Temple in 1887 entitled to practice as a Barrister-at-Law . He gained the rank of Major in the service of the Royal Malta Militia . Elected in 1886 to the council of the government of Malta , Strickland began to take an active part in Maltese politics at an early age and in December 1887 , he accompanied Dr . Fortunato Mizzi – founder of the Maltese Nationalist Party – to the first Colonial Conference in London to submit a scheme for a legislative assembly . The result was that the new Maltese Constitution of December 1887 was largely based on the joint Strickland-Mizzi proposals . In the following year , he was appointed as Assistant Secretary to Malta in 1888 and held the office of Chief Secretary of Malta in 1889 , a post which he held till July 1902 when to avert more trouble in Malta which were created by his orders in councils to increase taxation , he was appointed as Governor of the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean . Sir Gerald and Lady Edeline Strickland left Southampton for Antigua in September 1902 , and took up residence at Government House , St Johns on arrival . He was appointed as Governor of Tasmania in 1904 , serving as such until 1909 , and then as Governor of Western Australia from 1909 to 1913 . In the early years consequent upon Australian Federation he was involved in the delicate matter of State rights and the developing nature of the appointment , role and salaries of governors . Appointed as Governor of New South Wales in March 1913 , on 30 May 1913 he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) . He was a supporter of the Eugenics Education Society . Political career . In 1917 , Strickland returned to Malta and , after the grant of Self-Government , formed the Anglo-Maltese Party in 1921 , which soon afterward amalgamated with the Maltese Constitutional Party to become the Constitutional Party under his leadership . Strickland was the leader of the Opposition between 1921 and 1927 . In 1924 , he won the seat of Lancaster for the Conservatives in the United Kingdom House of Commons . He left the House of Commons in 1928 upon being made a peer . After the 1927 election , Strickland had a majority in the Legislative Assembly and became Head of the Ministry ( the fourth Prime Minister of Malta ) from August 1927 until 1932 . Amongst the most important events of his government were the commencement of building works for St . Lukes Hospital in Gwardamanġia and his clash with the Senate , which led to the issue of Letters Patent which curtailed its powers and his concurrent clash with the ecclesiastical authorities . On 1 May 1930 , Sir Mauro Monsignor Caruana , Titular Archbishop of Rhodes and Bishop of Malta , and Mikiel Monsignor Gonzi , Bishop of Gozo , issued a pastoral letter , read in all the churches of Malta and Gozo . In it , Archbishop Caruana and Bishop Gonzi declared that whoever voted for the Constitutional Party and its former coalition partner , the Labour Party , committed a mortal sin . That year he narrowly avoided assassination . This mortal sin was also committed by those who read Stricklands newspapers , printed by his Progress Press , namely the Daily Malta Chronicle and Ix-Xemx . He subsequently began publishing Il-Progress and Il-Berqa . The clash between the Catholic bishops and the Constitutional Party led to the suspension of the Maltese Constitution following consultations between the British Governor and London . Between July 1932 and November 1933 , Strickland was again the leader of the Opposition , and after the grant of a new Constitution in 1939 , he became the leader of the elected majority in the Council of Government . Personal life . Strickland married Lady Edeline Sackville-West ( 1870–1918 ) , the daughter of The 7th Earl De La Warr and the Honourable Constance Mary Elizabeth Cochrane-Wishart-Baillie , on 26 August 1890 . They had six daughters , and two sons who died at an early age . Their first daughter married Henry Hornyold , became known as Mrs Hornyold-Strickland and chaired the Conservative Party Conference in 1947 . They had the following children : - Reginald Strickland ( 1892–1893 ) - Hon . Mary Christina Strickland ( 1896–1970 ) - Hon . Cecilia Victoria Strickland ( 1897–1982 ) - Hon . Mabel Edeline Strickland OBE ( 1899–1988 ) - Margaret Angela Strickland ( 1900–1901 ) - Hon . Henrietta May Strickland ( 1903–1975 ) , who married Robert Tatton Bower - Walter Strickland ( 1901–1902 ) - Hon . Dr . Constance Teresa Strickland LMSSA ( 1912–1979 ) On 31 August 1926 , following the death of Lady Edeline in 1918 , Strickland married Margaret Hulton , daughter of the newspaper proprietor Edward Hulton in the same church as his earlier wedding . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 1937 Coronation Honours . Strickland was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1889 , for rendering invaluable services during a severe cholera epidemic . He was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1897 . He was raised to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Strickland , of Sizergh Castle in the County of Westmorland , on 19 January 1928 . He died at Villa Bologna , his residence in Attard , and is buried in the family crypt at St . Pauls Cathedral , Mdina . Bibliography . - Montalto , J. , The Nobles of Malta-1530–1800 , Midsea Books Ltd , Malta , 1980 . - Burkes Peerage , Baronetage and Knightage of the UK ( 106th ed. ) ( London 2002 ) . - Giles Ash , S. , The Nobility of Malta , Publishers Enterprises Group ( PEG Ltd 1988 ) . - Koster , A. , Prelates and politicians in Malta , ( Amsterdam University 1977 ) .

easy

What was the position of Gerald Strickland, 1st Baron Strickland from May 1909 to Mar 1913?

/wiki/Gerald_Strickland,_1st_Baron_Strickland#P39#1

Gerald Strickland , 1st Baron Strickland Gerald Paul Joseph Cajetan Carmel Antony Martin Strickland , 6th Count della Catena , 1st Baron Strickland , ( 24 May 1861 – 22 August 1940 ) was a Maltese and British politician and peer , who served as Prime Minister of Malta , Governor of the Leeward Islands , Governor of Tasmania , Governor of Western Australia and Governor of New South Wales , in addition to sitting successively in the House of Commons and House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Early life . Strickland was born in Valletta , the son of naval officer Commander Walter Strickland , from the ancient English Strickland family of Sizergh , and Maria Aloysia Bonici-Mompalao , the niece and heiress of Sir Nicholas Sceberras Bologna , fifth Count della Catena in Malta , whom Gerald succeeded in 1875 . He was educated at St Marys College , Oscott , and Trinity College , Cambridge ( BA , LLB ) . Upon graduating , he was admitted to Inner Temple in 1887 entitled to practice as a Barrister-at-Law . He gained the rank of Major in the service of the Royal Malta Militia . Elected in 1886 to the council of the government of Malta , Strickland began to take an active part in Maltese politics at an early age and in December 1887 , he accompanied Dr . Fortunato Mizzi – founder of the Maltese Nationalist Party – to the first Colonial Conference in London to submit a scheme for a legislative assembly . The result was that the new Maltese Constitution of December 1887 was largely based on the joint Strickland-Mizzi proposals . In the following year , he was appointed as Assistant Secretary to Malta in 1888 and held the office of Chief Secretary of Malta in 1889 , a post which he held till July 1902 when to avert more trouble in Malta which were created by his orders in councils to increase taxation , he was appointed as Governor of the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean . Sir Gerald and Lady Edeline Strickland left Southampton for Antigua in September 1902 , and took up residence at Government House , St Johns on arrival . He was appointed as Governor of Tasmania in 1904 , serving as such until 1909 , and then as Governor of Western Australia from 1909 to 1913 . In the early years consequent upon Australian Federation he was involved in the delicate matter of State rights and the developing nature of the appointment , role and salaries of governors . Appointed as Governor of New South Wales in March 1913 , on 30 May 1913 he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) . He was a supporter of the Eugenics Education Society . Political career . In 1917 , Strickland returned to Malta and , after the grant of Self-Government , formed the Anglo-Maltese Party in 1921 , which soon afterward amalgamated with the Maltese Constitutional Party to become the Constitutional Party under his leadership . Strickland was the leader of the Opposition between 1921 and 1927 . In 1924 , he won the seat of Lancaster for the Conservatives in the United Kingdom House of Commons . He left the House of Commons in 1928 upon being made a peer . After the 1927 election , Strickland had a majority in the Legislative Assembly and became Head of the Ministry ( the fourth Prime Minister of Malta ) from August 1927 until 1932 . Amongst the most important events of his government were the commencement of building works for St . Lukes Hospital in Gwardamanġia and his clash with the Senate , which led to the issue of Letters Patent which curtailed its powers and his concurrent clash with the ecclesiastical authorities . On 1 May 1930 , Sir Mauro Monsignor Caruana , Titular Archbishop of Rhodes and Bishop of Malta , and Mikiel Monsignor Gonzi , Bishop of Gozo , issued a pastoral letter , read in all the churches of Malta and Gozo . In it , Archbishop Caruana and Bishop Gonzi declared that whoever voted for the Constitutional Party and its former coalition partner , the Labour Party , committed a mortal sin . That year he narrowly avoided assassination . This mortal sin was also committed by those who read Stricklands newspapers , printed by his Progress Press , namely the Daily Malta Chronicle and Ix-Xemx . He subsequently began publishing Il-Progress and Il-Berqa . The clash between the Catholic bishops and the Constitutional Party led to the suspension of the Maltese Constitution following consultations between the British Governor and London . Between July 1932 and November 1933 , Strickland was again the leader of the Opposition , and after the grant of a new Constitution in 1939 , he became the leader of the elected majority in the Council of Government . Personal life . Strickland married Lady Edeline Sackville-West ( 1870–1918 ) , the daughter of The 7th Earl De La Warr and the Honourable Constance Mary Elizabeth Cochrane-Wishart-Baillie , on 26 August 1890 . They had six daughters , and two sons who died at an early age . Their first daughter married Henry Hornyold , became known as Mrs Hornyold-Strickland and chaired the Conservative Party Conference in 1947 . They had the following children : - Reginald Strickland ( 1892–1893 ) - Hon . Mary Christina Strickland ( 1896–1970 ) - Hon . Cecilia Victoria Strickland ( 1897–1982 ) - Hon . Mabel Edeline Strickland OBE ( 1899–1988 ) - Margaret Angela Strickland ( 1900–1901 ) - Hon . Henrietta May Strickland ( 1903–1975 ) , who married Robert Tatton Bower - Walter Strickland ( 1901–1902 ) - Hon . Dr . Constance Teresa Strickland LMSSA ( 1912–1979 ) On 31 August 1926 , following the death of Lady Edeline in 1918 , Strickland married Margaret Hulton , daughter of the newspaper proprietor Edward Hulton in the same church as his earlier wedding . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 1937 Coronation Honours . Strickland was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1889 , for rendering invaluable services during a severe cholera epidemic . He was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1897 . He was raised to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Strickland , of Sizergh Castle in the County of Westmorland , on 19 January 1928 . He died at Villa Bologna , his residence in Attard , and is buried in the family crypt at St . Pauls Cathedral , Mdina . Bibliography . - Montalto , J. , The Nobles of Malta-1530–1800 , Midsea Books Ltd , Malta , 1980 . - Burkes Peerage , Baronetage and Knightage of the UK ( 106th ed. ) ( London 2002 ) . - Giles Ash , S. , The Nobility of Malta , Publishers Enterprises Group ( PEG Ltd 1988 ) . - Koster , A. , Prelates and politicians in Malta , ( Amsterdam University 1977 ) .

easy

What was the position of Gerald Strickland, 1st Baron Strickland in Mar 1913?

/wiki/Gerald_Strickland,_1st_Baron_Strickland#P39#2

Gerald Strickland , 1st Baron Strickland Gerald Paul Joseph Cajetan Carmel Antony Martin Strickland , 6th Count della Catena , 1st Baron Strickland , ( 24 May 1861 – 22 August 1940 ) was a Maltese and British politician and peer , who served as Prime Minister of Malta , Governor of the Leeward Islands , Governor of Tasmania , Governor of Western Australia and Governor of New South Wales , in addition to sitting successively in the House of Commons and House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Early life . Strickland was born in Valletta , the son of naval officer Commander Walter Strickland , from the ancient English Strickland family of Sizergh , and Maria Aloysia Bonici-Mompalao , the niece and heiress of Sir Nicholas Sceberras Bologna , fifth Count della Catena in Malta , whom Gerald succeeded in 1875 . He was educated at St Marys College , Oscott , and Trinity College , Cambridge ( BA , LLB ) . Upon graduating , he was admitted to Inner Temple in 1887 entitled to practice as a Barrister-at-Law . He gained the rank of Major in the service of the Royal Malta Militia . Elected in 1886 to the council of the government of Malta , Strickland began to take an active part in Maltese politics at an early age and in December 1887 , he accompanied Dr . Fortunato Mizzi – founder of the Maltese Nationalist Party – to the first Colonial Conference in London to submit a scheme for a legislative assembly . The result was that the new Maltese Constitution of December 1887 was largely based on the joint Strickland-Mizzi proposals . In the following year , he was appointed as Assistant Secretary to Malta in 1888 and held the office of Chief Secretary of Malta in 1889 , a post which he held till July 1902 when to avert more trouble in Malta which were created by his orders in councils to increase taxation , he was appointed as Governor of the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean . Sir Gerald and Lady Edeline Strickland left Southampton for Antigua in September 1902 , and took up residence at Government House , St Johns on arrival . He was appointed as Governor of Tasmania in 1904 , serving as such until 1909 , and then as Governor of Western Australia from 1909 to 1913 . In the early years consequent upon Australian Federation he was involved in the delicate matter of State rights and the developing nature of the appointment , role and salaries of governors . Appointed as Governor of New South Wales in March 1913 , on 30 May 1913 he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) . He was a supporter of the Eugenics Education Society . Political career . In 1917 , Strickland returned to Malta and , after the grant of Self-Government , formed the Anglo-Maltese Party in 1921 , which soon afterward amalgamated with the Maltese Constitutional Party to become the Constitutional Party under his leadership . Strickland was the leader of the Opposition between 1921 and 1927 . In 1924 , he won the seat of Lancaster for the Conservatives in the United Kingdom House of Commons . He left the House of Commons in 1928 upon being made a peer . After the 1927 election , Strickland had a majority in the Legislative Assembly and became Head of the Ministry ( the fourth Prime Minister of Malta ) from August 1927 until 1932 . Amongst the most important events of his government were the commencement of building works for St . Lukes Hospital in Gwardamanġia and his clash with the Senate , which led to the issue of Letters Patent which curtailed its powers and his concurrent clash with the ecclesiastical authorities . On 1 May 1930 , Sir Mauro Monsignor Caruana , Titular Archbishop of Rhodes and Bishop of Malta , and Mikiel Monsignor Gonzi , Bishop of Gozo , issued a pastoral letter , read in all the churches of Malta and Gozo . In it , Archbishop Caruana and Bishop Gonzi declared that whoever voted for the Constitutional Party and its former coalition partner , the Labour Party , committed a mortal sin . That year he narrowly avoided assassination . This mortal sin was also committed by those who read Stricklands newspapers , printed by his Progress Press , namely the Daily Malta Chronicle and Ix-Xemx . He subsequently began publishing Il-Progress and Il-Berqa . The clash between the Catholic bishops and the Constitutional Party led to the suspension of the Maltese Constitution following consultations between the British Governor and London . Between July 1932 and November 1933 , Strickland was again the leader of the Opposition , and after the grant of a new Constitution in 1939 , he became the leader of the elected majority in the Council of Government . Personal life . Strickland married Lady Edeline Sackville-West ( 1870–1918 ) , the daughter of The 7th Earl De La Warr and the Honourable Constance Mary Elizabeth Cochrane-Wishart-Baillie , on 26 August 1890 . They had six daughters , and two sons who died at an early age . Their first daughter married Henry Hornyold , became known as Mrs Hornyold-Strickland and chaired the Conservative Party Conference in 1947 . They had the following children : - Reginald Strickland ( 1892–1893 ) - Hon . Mary Christina Strickland ( 1896–1970 ) - Hon . Cecilia Victoria Strickland ( 1897–1982 ) - Hon . Mabel Edeline Strickland OBE ( 1899–1988 ) - Margaret Angela Strickland ( 1900–1901 ) - Hon . Henrietta May Strickland ( 1903–1975 ) , who married Robert Tatton Bower - Walter Strickland ( 1901–1902 ) - Hon . Dr . Constance Teresa Strickland LMSSA ( 1912–1979 ) On 31 August 1926 , following the death of Lady Edeline in 1918 , Strickland married Margaret Hulton , daughter of the newspaper proprietor Edward Hulton in the same church as his earlier wedding . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 1937 Coronation Honours . Strickland was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1889 , for rendering invaluable services during a severe cholera epidemic . He was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1897 . He was raised to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Strickland , of Sizergh Castle in the County of Westmorland , on 19 January 1928 . He died at Villa Bologna , his residence in Attard , and is buried in the family crypt at St . Pauls Cathedral , Mdina . Bibliography . - Montalto , J. , The Nobles of Malta-1530–1800 , Midsea Books Ltd , Malta , 1980 . - Burkes Peerage , Baronetage and Knightage of the UK ( 106th ed. ) ( London 2002 ) . - Giles Ash , S. , The Nobility of Malta , Publishers Enterprises Group ( PEG Ltd 1988 ) . - Koster , A. , Prelates and politicians in Malta , ( Amsterdam University 1977 ) .

easy

Which position did Gerald Strickland, 1st Baron Strickland hold from Oct 1924 to Aug 1927?

/wiki/Gerald_Strickland,_1st_Baron_Strickland#P39#3

Gerald Strickland , 1st Baron Strickland Gerald Paul Joseph Cajetan Carmel Antony Martin Strickland , 6th Count della Catena , 1st Baron Strickland , ( 24 May 1861 – 22 August 1940 ) was a Maltese and British politician and peer , who served as Prime Minister of Malta , Governor of the Leeward Islands , Governor of Tasmania , Governor of Western Australia and Governor of New South Wales , in addition to sitting successively in the House of Commons and House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Early life . Strickland was born in Valletta , the son of naval officer Commander Walter Strickland , from the ancient English Strickland family of Sizergh , and Maria Aloysia Bonici-Mompalao , the niece and heiress of Sir Nicholas Sceberras Bologna , fifth Count della Catena in Malta , whom Gerald succeeded in 1875 . He was educated at St Marys College , Oscott , and Trinity College , Cambridge ( BA , LLB ) . Upon graduating , he was admitted to Inner Temple in 1887 entitled to practice as a Barrister-at-Law . He gained the rank of Major in the service of the Royal Malta Militia . Elected in 1886 to the council of the government of Malta , Strickland began to take an active part in Maltese politics at an early age and in December 1887 , he accompanied Dr . Fortunato Mizzi – founder of the Maltese Nationalist Party – to the first Colonial Conference in London to submit a scheme for a legislative assembly . The result was that the new Maltese Constitution of December 1887 was largely based on the joint Strickland-Mizzi proposals . In the following year , he was appointed as Assistant Secretary to Malta in 1888 and held the office of Chief Secretary of Malta in 1889 , a post which he held till July 1902 when to avert more trouble in Malta which were created by his orders in councils to increase taxation , he was appointed as Governor of the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean . Sir Gerald and Lady Edeline Strickland left Southampton for Antigua in September 1902 , and took up residence at Government House , St Johns on arrival . He was appointed as Governor of Tasmania in 1904 , serving as such until 1909 , and then as Governor of Western Australia from 1909 to 1913 . In the early years consequent upon Australian Federation he was involved in the delicate matter of State rights and the developing nature of the appointment , role and salaries of governors . Appointed as Governor of New South Wales in March 1913 , on 30 May 1913 he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) . He was a supporter of the Eugenics Education Society . Political career . In 1917 , Strickland returned to Malta and , after the grant of Self-Government , formed the Anglo-Maltese Party in 1921 , which soon afterward amalgamated with the Maltese Constitutional Party to become the Constitutional Party under his leadership . Strickland was the leader of the Opposition between 1921 and 1927 . In 1924 , he won the seat of Lancaster for the Conservatives in the United Kingdom House of Commons . He left the House of Commons in 1928 upon being made a peer . After the 1927 election , Strickland had a majority in the Legislative Assembly and became Head of the Ministry ( the fourth Prime Minister of Malta ) from August 1927 until 1932 . Amongst the most important events of his government were the commencement of building works for St . Lukes Hospital in Gwardamanġia and his clash with the Senate , which led to the issue of Letters Patent which curtailed its powers and his concurrent clash with the ecclesiastical authorities . On 1 May 1930 , Sir Mauro Monsignor Caruana , Titular Archbishop of Rhodes and Bishop of Malta , and Mikiel Monsignor Gonzi , Bishop of Gozo , issued a pastoral letter , read in all the churches of Malta and Gozo . In it , Archbishop Caruana and Bishop Gonzi declared that whoever voted for the Constitutional Party and its former coalition partner , the Labour Party , committed a mortal sin . That year he narrowly avoided assassination . This mortal sin was also committed by those who read Stricklands newspapers , printed by his Progress Press , namely the Daily Malta Chronicle and Ix-Xemx . He subsequently began publishing Il-Progress and Il-Berqa . The clash between the Catholic bishops and the Constitutional Party led to the suspension of the Maltese Constitution following consultations between the British Governor and London . Between July 1932 and November 1933 , Strickland was again the leader of the Opposition , and after the grant of a new Constitution in 1939 , he became the leader of the elected majority in the Council of Government . Personal life . Strickland married Lady Edeline Sackville-West ( 1870–1918 ) , the daughter of The 7th Earl De La Warr and the Honourable Constance Mary Elizabeth Cochrane-Wishart-Baillie , on 26 August 1890 . They had six daughters , and two sons who died at an early age . Their first daughter married Henry Hornyold , became known as Mrs Hornyold-Strickland and chaired the Conservative Party Conference in 1947 . They had the following children : - Reginald Strickland ( 1892–1893 ) - Hon . Mary Christina Strickland ( 1896–1970 ) - Hon . Cecilia Victoria Strickland ( 1897–1982 ) - Hon . Mabel Edeline Strickland OBE ( 1899–1988 ) - Margaret Angela Strickland ( 1900–1901 ) - Hon . Henrietta May Strickland ( 1903–1975 ) , who married Robert Tatton Bower - Walter Strickland ( 1901–1902 ) - Hon . Dr . Constance Teresa Strickland LMSSA ( 1912–1979 ) On 31 August 1926 , following the death of Lady Edeline in 1918 , Strickland married Margaret Hulton , daughter of the newspaper proprietor Edward Hulton in the same church as his earlier wedding . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 1937 Coronation Honours . Strickland was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1889 , for rendering invaluable services during a severe cholera epidemic . He was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1897 . He was raised to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Strickland , of Sizergh Castle in the County of Westmorland , on 19 January 1928 . He died at Villa Bologna , his residence in Attard , and is buried in the family crypt at St . Pauls Cathedral , Mdina . Bibliography . - Montalto , J. , The Nobles of Malta-1530–1800 , Midsea Books Ltd , Malta , 1980 . - Burkes Peerage , Baronetage and Knightage of the UK ( 106th ed. ) ( London 2002 ) . - Giles Ash , S. , The Nobility of Malta , Publishers Enterprises Group ( PEG Ltd 1988 ) . - Koster , A. , Prelates and politicians in Malta , ( Amsterdam University 1977 ) .

easy

Which position did Gerald Strickland, 1st Baron Strickland hold from Aug 1927 to 1928?

/wiki/Gerald_Strickland,_1st_Baron_Strickland#P39#4

Gerald Strickland , 1st Baron Strickland Gerald Paul Joseph Cajetan Carmel Antony Martin Strickland , 6th Count della Catena , 1st Baron Strickland , ( 24 May 1861 – 22 August 1940 ) was a Maltese and British politician and peer , who served as Prime Minister of Malta , Governor of the Leeward Islands , Governor of Tasmania , Governor of Western Australia and Governor of New South Wales , in addition to sitting successively in the House of Commons and House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Early life . Strickland was born in Valletta , the son of naval officer Commander Walter Strickland , from the ancient English Strickland family of Sizergh , and Maria Aloysia Bonici-Mompalao , the niece and heiress of Sir Nicholas Sceberras Bologna , fifth Count della Catena in Malta , whom Gerald succeeded in 1875 . He was educated at St Marys College , Oscott , and Trinity College , Cambridge ( BA , LLB ) . Upon graduating , he was admitted to Inner Temple in 1887 entitled to practice as a Barrister-at-Law . He gained the rank of Major in the service of the Royal Malta Militia . Elected in 1886 to the council of the government of Malta , Strickland began to take an active part in Maltese politics at an early age and in December 1887 , he accompanied Dr . Fortunato Mizzi – founder of the Maltese Nationalist Party – to the first Colonial Conference in London to submit a scheme for a legislative assembly . The result was that the new Maltese Constitution of December 1887 was largely based on the joint Strickland-Mizzi proposals . In the following year , he was appointed as Assistant Secretary to Malta in 1888 and held the office of Chief Secretary of Malta in 1889 , a post which he held till July 1902 when to avert more trouble in Malta which were created by his orders in councils to increase taxation , he was appointed as Governor of the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean . Sir Gerald and Lady Edeline Strickland left Southampton for Antigua in September 1902 , and took up residence at Government House , St Johns on arrival . He was appointed as Governor of Tasmania in 1904 , serving as such until 1909 , and then as Governor of Western Australia from 1909 to 1913 . In the early years consequent upon Australian Federation he was involved in the delicate matter of State rights and the developing nature of the appointment , role and salaries of governors . Appointed as Governor of New South Wales in March 1913 , on 30 May 1913 he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) . He was a supporter of the Eugenics Education Society . Political career . In 1917 , Strickland returned to Malta and , after the grant of Self-Government , formed the Anglo-Maltese Party in 1921 , which soon afterward amalgamated with the Maltese Constitutional Party to become the Constitutional Party under his leadership . Strickland was the leader of the Opposition between 1921 and 1927 . In 1924 , he won the seat of Lancaster for the Conservatives in the United Kingdom House of Commons . He left the House of Commons in 1928 upon being made a peer . After the 1927 election , Strickland had a majority in the Legislative Assembly and became Head of the Ministry ( the fourth Prime Minister of Malta ) from August 1927 until 1932 . Amongst the most important events of his government were the commencement of building works for St . Lukes Hospital in Gwardamanġia and his clash with the Senate , which led to the issue of Letters Patent which curtailed its powers and his concurrent clash with the ecclesiastical authorities . On 1 May 1930 , Sir Mauro Monsignor Caruana , Titular Archbishop of Rhodes and Bishop of Malta , and Mikiel Monsignor Gonzi , Bishop of Gozo , issued a pastoral letter , read in all the churches of Malta and Gozo . In it , Archbishop Caruana and Bishop Gonzi declared that whoever voted for the Constitutional Party and its former coalition partner , the Labour Party , committed a mortal sin . That year he narrowly avoided assassination . This mortal sin was also committed by those who read Stricklands newspapers , printed by his Progress Press , namely the Daily Malta Chronicle and Ix-Xemx . He subsequently began publishing Il-Progress and Il-Berqa . The clash between the Catholic bishops and the Constitutional Party led to the suspension of the Maltese Constitution following consultations between the British Governor and London . Between July 1932 and November 1933 , Strickland was again the leader of the Opposition , and after the grant of a new Constitution in 1939 , he became the leader of the elected majority in the Council of Government . Personal life . Strickland married Lady Edeline Sackville-West ( 1870–1918 ) , the daughter of The 7th Earl De La Warr and the Honourable Constance Mary Elizabeth Cochrane-Wishart-Baillie , on 26 August 1890 . They had six daughters , and two sons who died at an early age . Their first daughter married Henry Hornyold , became known as Mrs Hornyold-Strickland and chaired the Conservative Party Conference in 1947 . They had the following children : - Reginald Strickland ( 1892–1893 ) - Hon . Mary Christina Strickland ( 1896–1970 ) - Hon . Cecilia Victoria Strickland ( 1897–1982 ) - Hon . Mabel Edeline Strickland OBE ( 1899–1988 ) - Margaret Angela Strickland ( 1900–1901 ) - Hon . Henrietta May Strickland ( 1903–1975 ) , who married Robert Tatton Bower - Walter Strickland ( 1901–1902 ) - Hon . Dr . Constance Teresa Strickland LMSSA ( 1912–1979 ) On 31 August 1926 , following the death of Lady Edeline in 1918 , Strickland married Margaret Hulton , daughter of the newspaper proprietor Edward Hulton in the same church as his earlier wedding . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 1937 Coronation Honours . Strickland was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1889 , for rendering invaluable services during a severe cholera epidemic . He was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1897 . He was raised to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Strickland , of Sizergh Castle in the County of Westmorland , on 19 January 1928 . He died at Villa Bologna , his residence in Attard , and is buried in the family crypt at St . Pauls Cathedral , Mdina . Bibliography . - Montalto , J. , The Nobles of Malta-1530–1800 , Midsea Books Ltd , Malta , 1980 . - Burkes Peerage , Baronetage and Knightage of the UK ( 106th ed. ) ( London 2002 ) . - Giles Ash , S. , The Nobility of Malta , Publishers Enterprises Group ( PEG Ltd 1988 ) . - Koster , A. , Prelates and politicians in Malta , ( Amsterdam University 1977 ) .

easy

Georges Duby became a member of what organization or association in Jun 1987?

/wiki/Georges_Duby#P463#0

Georges Duby Georges Duby ( 7 October 1919 – 3 December 1996 ) was a French historian who specialised in the social and economic history of the Middle Ages . He ranks among the most influential medieval historians of the twentieth century and was one of Frances most prominent public intellectuals from the 1970s to his death . Born to a family of Provençal craftsmen living in Paris , Duby was initially educated in the field of historical geography before he moved into history . He earned an undergraduate degree at Lyon in 1942 and completed his graduate thesis at the Sorbonne under Charles-Edmond Perrin in 1952 . He taught first at Besançon and then at the University of Aix-en-Provence before he was appointed in 1970 to the Chair of the History of Medieval Society in the Collège de France . He remained attached to the Collège until his retirement in 1991 . He was elected to the Académie française in 1987 . Impact of the Mâconnais book . Although Duby authored dozens of books , articles and reviews during his prolific career—for academic as well as popular audiences—his reputation and legacy as a scholar will always be attached to his first monograph , a published version of his 1952 doctoral thesis entitled La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise ( Society in the 11th and 12th centuries in the Mâconnais region ) . La société exerted a profound influence on medieval scholarship in the second half of the twentieth century , placing the study of medieval feudal society on an entirely new footing . Working from the extensive documentary sources surviving from the Burgundian monastery of Cluny , as well as the dioceses of Mâcon and Dijon , Duby excavated the complex social and economic relationships among the individuals and institutions of the Mâconnais region , charting a profound shift in the social structures of medieval society around the year 1000 . Duby argued that in early eleventh century , governing institutions—particularly comital courts established under the Carolingian monarchy—that had represented public justice and order in Burgundy during the ninth and tenth centuries receded and gave way to a new feudal order wherein independent aristocratic knights wielded power over peasant communities through strong-arm tactics and threats of violence . The emergence of this new , decentralized society of dynastic lords could then explain such later eleventh-century phenomena as the Peace of God , the Gregorian reform movement and the Crusades . Following upon this , Duby formulated a famous theory about the Crusades : that the tremendous response to the idea of holy war against the Muslims can be traced to the desire of disinherited ( but well-armed ) second and third sons of this French parvenue aristocracy to make their fortunes by venturing abroad and settling in the Levant . While Dubys theory had long-lasting influence , later scholars such as Jonathan Riley-Smith have done much to discredit it , arguing that there was no large-scale shortage of land in Western Europe at the time , that knights actually lost money going on crusade , and that lay religious sentiment was their primary motivation . Dubys intensive and rigorous examination of a local society based on archival sources and a broad understanding of the social , environmental and economic bases of daily life became a standard model for medieval historical research in France for decades after the appearance of La société . Throughout the 1970s and 80s , French doctoral students investigated their own corners of medieval France , Italy and Spain in a similar way , hoping to compare and contrast their own results with those of Dubys Mâconnais and its thesis about the transformation of European society at the end of the first millennium . Although he was never formally a student in the circle of scholars around Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre that came to be known as the Annales School , Duby was in many ways the most visible exponent of the Annaliste tradition , emphasizing the need to place people and their daily lives at the center of historical inquiry . Histoire des mentalités . Duby was also a pioneer in what he and other Annaliste historians in the 1970s and 80s came to call the history of mentalities , or the study of not just what people did , but their value systems and how they imagined their world . In books like The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined and The Age of Cathedrals , Duby showed how ideals and social reality existed in dynamic relationship to one another . His distilled biographical essay on William Marshal set the knights career in the context of feudal loyalties , honour and the chivalric frame of mind . Dubys interest in the idea of historical mentalities extended to thinking about the position of contemporary society vis-a-vis its past . In Le Dimanche de Bouvines ( 1973 ) on the pivotal 1214 battle of Bouvines , Duby chose not to analyze the battle itself , but the ways it had been represented and remembered over time and the role its memory had played in the formation of French ideas about its medieval past . The book remains a classic of Annales-style historiography , eschewing the great man and event-oriented theories of political history in favor of asking questions about the evolution of historical perceptions and ideas over the long term , the longue durée . Duby also wrote frequently in newspapers and popular journals and was a regular guest on radio and television programs promoting historical awareness and support for the arts and social sciences in France . He served as the first director of Société dédition de programmes de télévision ( aka La Sept ) , a French broadcast network dedicated to educational programming . His last book , Lhistoire continue ( History Continues ) ( 1991 ; Engl . trans . 1994 ) , is an intellectual autobiography . In it , Duby stresses the importance of the historian as a public figure who can make the past relevant and exciting to those in the present . Honours and awards . Honours . - Commandeur of the Legion of Honour . - Grand officier of the National Order of Merit . - Commandeur of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques . - Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . - Chevalier of the Order of Agricultural Merit . - Officier of the Order of Orange-Nassau . Awards . - Grand prix Gobert ( 1977 ) - Prix des Ambassadeurs ( France , 1973 ) - Lauréat du concours général ( France ) Acknowledgement . - Member of the Académie Française - Member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres - Member of the British Academy - Member of the Medieval Academy of America - Member of the Royal Academy of Science , Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium - Member of the Accademia dei Lincei - Member of the Academia Europaea - Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Member of the Royal Spanish Academy - Member of the Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona - Member of the American Philosophical Society - Member of the Royal Historical Society Honorary degrees . - University of Cambridge - University of Oxford - University of Amsterdam - Université catholique de Louvain - University of Liège - Université de Montréal - American University of Paris - University of Granada - University of Santiago de Compostela - John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Selected bibliography . - A History of French Civilization ( with Robert Mandrou ) ( New York : Random House ) 1964 - The Making of the Christian West : 980–1140 ; The Europe of the Cathedrals : 1140–1280 ; Foundations of a New Humanism : 1280–1440 ( Geneva : Skira ) 1966–67 - Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West ( ( Columbia : University of South Carolina Press ) 1968 - The Early Growth of the European Economy : Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century ( Ithaca : Cornell ) University Press ) 1974 - La Société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise ( portions translated in The Chivalrous Society ( 1978 ; repr . 1981 ) ) - Le Dimanche de Bouvines ( 1973 ) ( Translated in English as The Legend of Bouvines ( 1990 ) ) - The Year 1000 ( 1974 ) . - The Early Growth of the European Economy : Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century ( Ithaca : Cornell University Press ) , 1974 . - The Age of the Cathedrals : Art and Society 980–1420 ( 1976 ) . - The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press ) 1981 . - Dialogues , with Guy Lardreau , Paris , Flammarion , 1981 , repr . Les petits Platons , 2013 . - The Knight , The Lady , and the Priest : The Making of Modern Marriage in Medieval France ( New York : Pantheon ) 1981 . - Guillaume le Maréchal ( Paris : Fayard ) , 1983 , tr . as William Marshal : The Flower of Chivalry ( 1984 ) . - Lhistoire continue ( 1991 ) External links . - George Duby profile ; accessed 19 June 2015 . - Catalogue des ouvrages : « Fonds Georges DUBY » - Dubys personal research library - Pour une révision du « mâle » Moyen Âge de Georges Duby ( États-Unis ) , books.google.com ; accessed 19 June 2015 .

easy

What organization did Georges Duby join in Oct 1986?

/wiki/Georges_Duby#P463#1

Georges Duby Georges Duby ( 7 October 1919 – 3 December 1996 ) was a French historian who specialised in the social and economic history of the Middle Ages . He ranks among the most influential medieval historians of the twentieth century and was one of Frances most prominent public intellectuals from the 1970s to his death . Born to a family of Provençal craftsmen living in Paris , Duby was initially educated in the field of historical geography before he moved into history . He earned an undergraduate degree at Lyon in 1942 and completed his graduate thesis at the Sorbonne under Charles-Edmond Perrin in 1952 . He taught first at Besançon and then at the University of Aix-en-Provence before he was appointed in 1970 to the Chair of the History of Medieval Society in the Collège de France . He remained attached to the Collège until his retirement in 1991 . He was elected to the Académie française in 1987 . Impact of the Mâconnais book . Although Duby authored dozens of books , articles and reviews during his prolific career—for academic as well as popular audiences—his reputation and legacy as a scholar will always be attached to his first monograph , a published version of his 1952 doctoral thesis entitled La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise ( Society in the 11th and 12th centuries in the Mâconnais region ) . La société exerted a profound influence on medieval scholarship in the second half of the twentieth century , placing the study of medieval feudal society on an entirely new footing . Working from the extensive documentary sources surviving from the Burgundian monastery of Cluny , as well as the dioceses of Mâcon and Dijon , Duby excavated the complex social and economic relationships among the individuals and institutions of the Mâconnais region , charting a profound shift in the social structures of medieval society around the year 1000 . Duby argued that in early eleventh century , governing institutions—particularly comital courts established under the Carolingian monarchy—that had represented public justice and order in Burgundy during the ninth and tenth centuries receded and gave way to a new feudal order wherein independent aristocratic knights wielded power over peasant communities through strong-arm tactics and threats of violence . The emergence of this new , decentralized society of dynastic lords could then explain such later eleventh-century phenomena as the Peace of God , the Gregorian reform movement and the Crusades . Following upon this , Duby formulated a famous theory about the Crusades : that the tremendous response to the idea of holy war against the Muslims can be traced to the desire of disinherited ( but well-armed ) second and third sons of this French parvenue aristocracy to make their fortunes by venturing abroad and settling in the Levant . While Dubys theory had long-lasting influence , later scholars such as Jonathan Riley-Smith have done much to discredit it , arguing that there was no large-scale shortage of land in Western Europe at the time , that knights actually lost money going on crusade , and that lay religious sentiment was their primary motivation . Dubys intensive and rigorous examination of a local society based on archival sources and a broad understanding of the social , environmental and economic bases of daily life became a standard model for medieval historical research in France for decades after the appearance of La société . Throughout the 1970s and 80s , French doctoral students investigated their own corners of medieval France , Italy and Spain in a similar way , hoping to compare and contrast their own results with those of Dubys Mâconnais and its thesis about the transformation of European society at the end of the first millennium . Although he was never formally a student in the circle of scholars around Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre that came to be known as the Annales School , Duby was in many ways the most visible exponent of the Annaliste tradition , emphasizing the need to place people and their daily lives at the center of historical inquiry . Histoire des mentalités . Duby was also a pioneer in what he and other Annaliste historians in the 1970s and 80s came to call the history of mentalities , or the study of not just what people did , but their value systems and how they imagined their world . In books like The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined and The Age of Cathedrals , Duby showed how ideals and social reality existed in dynamic relationship to one another . His distilled biographical essay on William Marshal set the knights career in the context of feudal loyalties , honour and the chivalric frame of mind . Dubys interest in the idea of historical mentalities extended to thinking about the position of contemporary society vis-a-vis its past . In Le Dimanche de Bouvines ( 1973 ) on the pivotal 1214 battle of Bouvines , Duby chose not to analyze the battle itself , but the ways it had been represented and remembered over time and the role its memory had played in the formation of French ideas about its medieval past . The book remains a classic of Annales-style historiography , eschewing the great man and event-oriented theories of political history in favor of asking questions about the evolution of historical perceptions and ideas over the long term , the longue durée . Duby also wrote frequently in newspapers and popular journals and was a regular guest on radio and television programs promoting historical awareness and support for the arts and social sciences in France . He served as the first director of Société dédition de programmes de télévision ( aka La Sept ) , a French broadcast network dedicated to educational programming . His last book , Lhistoire continue ( History Continues ) ( 1991 ; Engl . trans . 1994 ) , is an intellectual autobiography . In it , Duby stresses the importance of the historian as a public figure who can make the past relevant and exciting to those in the present . Honours and awards . Honours . - Commandeur of the Legion of Honour . - Grand officier of the National Order of Merit . - Commandeur of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques . - Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . - Chevalier of the Order of Agricultural Merit . - Officier of the Order of Orange-Nassau . Awards . - Grand prix Gobert ( 1977 ) - Prix des Ambassadeurs ( France , 1973 ) - Lauréat du concours général ( France ) Acknowledgement . - Member of the Académie Française - Member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres - Member of the British Academy - Member of the Medieval Academy of America - Member of the Royal Academy of Science , Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium - Member of the Accademia dei Lincei - Member of the Academia Europaea - Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Member of the Royal Spanish Academy - Member of the Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona - Member of the American Philosophical Society - Member of the Royal Historical Society Honorary degrees . - University of Cambridge - University of Oxford - University of Amsterdam - Université catholique de Louvain - University of Liège - Université de Montréal - American University of Paris - University of Granada - University of Santiago de Compostela - John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Selected bibliography . - A History of French Civilization ( with Robert Mandrou ) ( New York : Random House ) 1964 - The Making of the Christian West : 980–1140 ; The Europe of the Cathedrals : 1140–1280 ; Foundations of a New Humanism : 1280–1440 ( Geneva : Skira ) 1966–67 - Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West ( ( Columbia : University of South Carolina Press ) 1968 - The Early Growth of the European Economy : Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century ( Ithaca : Cornell ) University Press ) 1974 - La Société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise ( portions translated in The Chivalrous Society ( 1978 ; repr . 1981 ) ) - Le Dimanche de Bouvines ( 1973 ) ( Translated in English as The Legend of Bouvines ( 1990 ) ) - The Year 1000 ( 1974 ) . - The Early Growth of the European Economy : Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century ( Ithaca : Cornell University Press ) , 1974 . - The Age of the Cathedrals : Art and Society 980–1420 ( 1976 ) . - The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press ) 1981 . - Dialogues , with Guy Lardreau , Paris , Flammarion , 1981 , repr . Les petits Platons , 2013 . - The Knight , The Lady , and the Priest : The Making of Modern Marriage in Medieval France ( New York : Pantheon ) 1981 . - Guillaume le Maréchal ( Paris : Fayard ) , 1983 , tr . as William Marshal : The Flower of Chivalry ( 1984 ) . - Lhistoire continue ( 1991 ) External links . - George Duby profile ; accessed 19 June 2015 . - Catalogue des ouvrages : « Fonds Georges DUBY » - Dubys personal research library - Pour une révision du « mâle » Moyen Âge de Georges Duby ( États-Unis ) , books.google.com ; accessed 19 June 2015 .

easy

What organization did Georges Duby join in 1970?

/wiki/Georges_Duby#P463#2

Georges Duby Georges Duby ( 7 October 1919 – 3 December 1996 ) was a French historian who specialised in the social and economic history of the Middle Ages . He ranks among the most influential medieval historians of the twentieth century and was one of Frances most prominent public intellectuals from the 1970s to his death . Born to a family of Provençal craftsmen living in Paris , Duby was initially educated in the field of historical geography before he moved into history . He earned an undergraduate degree at Lyon in 1942 and completed his graduate thesis at the Sorbonne under Charles-Edmond Perrin in 1952 . He taught first at Besançon and then at the University of Aix-en-Provence before he was appointed in 1970 to the Chair of the History of Medieval Society in the Collège de France . He remained attached to the Collège until his retirement in 1991 . He was elected to the Académie française in 1987 . Impact of the Mâconnais book . Although Duby authored dozens of books , articles and reviews during his prolific career—for academic as well as popular audiences—his reputation and legacy as a scholar will always be attached to his first monograph , a published version of his 1952 doctoral thesis entitled La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise ( Society in the 11th and 12th centuries in the Mâconnais region ) . La société exerted a profound influence on medieval scholarship in the second half of the twentieth century , placing the study of medieval feudal society on an entirely new footing . Working from the extensive documentary sources surviving from the Burgundian monastery of Cluny , as well as the dioceses of Mâcon and Dijon , Duby excavated the complex social and economic relationships among the individuals and institutions of the Mâconnais region , charting a profound shift in the social structures of medieval society around the year 1000 . Duby argued that in early eleventh century , governing institutions—particularly comital courts established under the Carolingian monarchy—that had represented public justice and order in Burgundy during the ninth and tenth centuries receded and gave way to a new feudal order wherein independent aristocratic knights wielded power over peasant communities through strong-arm tactics and threats of violence . The emergence of this new , decentralized society of dynastic lords could then explain such later eleventh-century phenomena as the Peace of God , the Gregorian reform movement and the Crusades . Following upon this , Duby formulated a famous theory about the Crusades : that the tremendous response to the idea of holy war against the Muslims can be traced to the desire of disinherited ( but well-armed ) second and third sons of this French parvenue aristocracy to make their fortunes by venturing abroad and settling in the Levant . While Dubys theory had long-lasting influence , later scholars such as Jonathan Riley-Smith have done much to discredit it , arguing that there was no large-scale shortage of land in Western Europe at the time , that knights actually lost money going on crusade , and that lay religious sentiment was their primary motivation . Dubys intensive and rigorous examination of a local society based on archival sources and a broad understanding of the social , environmental and economic bases of daily life became a standard model for medieval historical research in France for decades after the appearance of La société . Throughout the 1970s and 80s , French doctoral students investigated their own corners of medieval France , Italy and Spain in a similar way , hoping to compare and contrast their own results with those of Dubys Mâconnais and its thesis about the transformation of European society at the end of the first millennium . Although he was never formally a student in the circle of scholars around Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre that came to be known as the Annales School , Duby was in many ways the most visible exponent of the Annaliste tradition , emphasizing the need to place people and their daily lives at the center of historical inquiry . Histoire des mentalités . Duby was also a pioneer in what he and other Annaliste historians in the 1970s and 80s came to call the history of mentalities , or the study of not just what people did , but their value systems and how they imagined their world . In books like The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined and The Age of Cathedrals , Duby showed how ideals and social reality existed in dynamic relationship to one another . His distilled biographical essay on William Marshal set the knights career in the context of feudal loyalties , honour and the chivalric frame of mind . Dubys interest in the idea of historical mentalities extended to thinking about the position of contemporary society vis-a-vis its past . In Le Dimanche de Bouvines ( 1973 ) on the pivotal 1214 battle of Bouvines , Duby chose not to analyze the battle itself , but the ways it had been represented and remembered over time and the role its memory had played in the formation of French ideas about its medieval past . The book remains a classic of Annales-style historiography , eschewing the great man and event-oriented theories of political history in favor of asking questions about the evolution of historical perceptions and ideas over the long term , the longue durée . Duby also wrote frequently in newspapers and popular journals and was a regular guest on radio and television programs promoting historical awareness and support for the arts and social sciences in France . He served as the first director of Société dédition de programmes de télévision ( aka La Sept ) , a French broadcast network dedicated to educational programming . His last book , Lhistoire continue ( History Continues ) ( 1991 ; Engl . trans . 1994 ) , is an intellectual autobiography . In it , Duby stresses the importance of the historian as a public figure who can make the past relevant and exciting to those in the present . Honours and awards . Honours . - Commandeur of the Legion of Honour . - Grand officier of the National Order of Merit . - Commandeur of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques . - Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . - Chevalier of the Order of Agricultural Merit . - Officier of the Order of Orange-Nassau . Awards . - Grand prix Gobert ( 1977 ) - Prix des Ambassadeurs ( France , 1973 ) - Lauréat du concours général ( France ) Acknowledgement . - Member of the Académie Française - Member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres - Member of the British Academy - Member of the Medieval Academy of America - Member of the Royal Academy of Science , Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium - Member of the Accademia dei Lincei - Member of the Academia Europaea - Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Member of the Royal Spanish Academy - Member of the Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona - Member of the American Philosophical Society - Member of the Royal Historical Society Honorary degrees . - University of Cambridge - University of Oxford - University of Amsterdam - Université catholique de Louvain - University of Liège - Université de Montréal - American University of Paris - University of Granada - University of Santiago de Compostela - John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Selected bibliography . - A History of French Civilization ( with Robert Mandrou ) ( New York : Random House ) 1964 - The Making of the Christian West : 980–1140 ; The Europe of the Cathedrals : 1140–1280 ; Foundations of a New Humanism : 1280–1440 ( Geneva : Skira ) 1966–67 - Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West ( ( Columbia : University of South Carolina Press ) 1968 - The Early Growth of the European Economy : Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century ( Ithaca : Cornell ) University Press ) 1974 - La Société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise ( portions translated in The Chivalrous Society ( 1978 ; repr . 1981 ) ) - Le Dimanche de Bouvines ( 1973 ) ( Translated in English as The Legend of Bouvines ( 1990 ) ) - The Year 1000 ( 1974 ) . - The Early Growth of the European Economy : Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century ( Ithaca : Cornell University Press ) , 1974 . - The Age of the Cathedrals : Art and Society 980–1420 ( 1976 ) . - The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press ) 1981 . - Dialogues , with Guy Lardreau , Paris , Flammarion , 1981 , repr . Les petits Platons , 2013 . - The Knight , The Lady , and the Priest : The Making of Modern Marriage in Medieval France ( New York : Pantheon ) 1981 . - Guillaume le Maréchal ( Paris : Fayard ) , 1983 , tr . as William Marshal : The Flower of Chivalry ( 1984 ) . - Lhistoire continue ( 1991 ) External links . - George Duby profile ; accessed 19 June 2015 . - Catalogue des ouvrages : « Fonds Georges DUBY » - Dubys personal research library - Pour une révision du « mâle » Moyen Âge de Georges Duby ( États-Unis ) , books.google.com ; accessed 19 June 2015 .

easy

Which country did Vologda Governorate belong to from Dec 1796 to Nov 1917?

/wiki/Vologda_Governorate#P17#0

Vologda Governorate Vologda Governorate ( , Vologodskaya guberniya , Government of Vologda ) was an administrative division ( a guberniya ) of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR , which existed from 1796 until 1929 . Its administrative center was in the city of Vologda . The governorate was located in the north of Russian Empire . The area of the governorate is currently split between Arkhangelsk , Vologda , Kirov , and Kostroma Oblasts , and the Komi Republic . Vologda Governorate was officially created in 1796 from the disbanded Vologda Viceroyalty ( namestnichestvo ) which was split between Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty and Vologda Viceroyalty just before the new administrative reform . Administrative division . It was administered by 10 uyezds ( the administrative centers , which all had the town status , are given in parentheses ) , - Velsky Uyezd ( Velsk ) ; - Vologodsky Uyezd ( Vologda ) ; - Gryazovetsky Uyezd ( Gryazovets ) ; - Kadnikovsky Uyezd ( Kadnikov ) ; - Nikolsky Uyezd ( Nikolsk ) ; - Solvychegodsky Uyezd ( Solvychegodsk ) ; - Totemsky Uyezd ( Totma ) ; - Ust-Sysolsky Uyezd ( Ust-Sysolsk ) ; - Velikoustyuzhsky Uyezd ( Veliky Ustyug ) ; - Yarensky Uyezd ( Yarensk ) . Three towns had a special status : Krasnoborsk , Lalsk , and Verkhovazhskiy Posad . The Vologda Governorate covered a total area of , and had a population of 1,341,785 according to the 1897 Russian Empire census . The governorate bordered Arkhangelsk Governorate in the north , Tobolsk Governorate in the northeast , Perm and Vyatka Governorates in the southeast , Kostroma and Yaroslavl Governorates in the south , Novgorod Governorate in the west , and Olonets Governorate in the northwest . The two eastern uyezds , Ust-Sysolsky Uyezd ( 92% ) and Yarensky Uyezd , were predominantly populated by the Komi peoples ( Zyrian ) , while in the whole governorate the Komi accounted for less than 10% . History . Historically the region belonged to what is known as the Great Perm later being incorporated into the Novgorod Republic after the disintegration of the Kievan Rus . With the annexation of Novgorod , Vologda also became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Among the first monks who permanently established Christianity in the region was Saint Stephen of Perm , born in the city of Ustyug sometime in 1340/45 . In 1383 he became the first bishop of the newly established Perm Eparchy . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Archangelgorod Governorate . In 1780 , Archangelgorod Governorate , with the center in Arkhangelsk , was abolished and transformed to Vologda Viceroyalty . The viceroyalty was subdivided into three oblasts : Vologda , Veliky Ustyug , and Arkhangelsk . March 26 , 1784 Arkhangelsk Oblast was split off and established as Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty . In 1796 , Vologda Viceroyalty was transformed into Vologda Governorate with the seat in the city of Vologda . From 1872 to 1906 the construction of railroads connected the governorate with the rest of the Russian Empire . On July 24 , 1918 the Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic established Northern Dvina Governorate . The area of the governorate included five uyezds of Vologda Governorate : Nikolsky , Solvychegodsky , Ust-Sysolsky,Velikoustyuzhsky , and Yarensky Uyezds . In 1918 , Petrograd , Novgorod , Pskov , Olonets , Arkhangelsk , Cherepovets , and Northern Dvina Governorates decided to merge into the Union of Northern Oblast Communes . The union was , however , short-lived and was abolished in 1919 . On April 30 , 1919 Kargopolsky Uyezd , formerly of Olonets Governorate , was transferred to Vologda Governorate . In November 1923 , several volosts of Vologodsky Uyezd were merged into Sverdlovsky District which in 1924 was augmented with several volosts of neighboring Kadnikovsky Uyezd . On August 7 , 1924 Gryazovetsky Uyezd was disestablished and merged into Vologodsky Uyezd . In 1928 , Sverdlovsky District was reorganized into volosts and incorporated into Kadnikovsky Uyezd . Thus , in 1928 Vologda Governorate consisted of five uyezds : Kadnikovsky , Kargopolsky , Totemsky , Velsky , and Vologodsky . On January 14 , 1929 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee three governorates ( Arkhangelsk , Vologda , and Northern Dvina ) and the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast were merged into Northern Krai with the administrative center located in Arkhangelsk . Demographics . Principal towns . Russian Census of 1897 gave the following localities with population above 1,000 people ( In bold , towns with population above 10,000 are indicated ) , - Vologda – 27 705 ( of them Russian population – 26 798 ) ; - Veliky Ustyug – 11 137 ( Russian – 10 954 ) ; - Totma – 4 947 ( Russian – 4 902 ) ; - Ust-Sysolsk – 4 464 ( Komi – 3 699 , Russian – 731 ) ; - Gryazovets – 3 205 ( Russian – 3 188 ) ; - Nikolsk – 2 553 ( Russian – 2 509 ) ; - Kadnikov – 2 406 ( Russian – 2 385 ) ; - Velsk – 1 989 ( Russian – 1 954 ) ; - Solvychegodsk – 1 788 ( Russian – 1 762 ) ; - Lalsk – 1 124 ( Russian – 1 123 ) . Language . According to the Imperial census of 1897 , the following languages were spoken in Vologda Governorate . Religion . According to the Imperial census of 1897 , almost all the population were Eastern Orthodox with a small minority of Old Believers . Other religions in the governorate were much less common ( not exceeding 500 ) . Governors . The administration of the governorate was performed by a governor . The governors of Vologda Governorate were - 1798–1800 Fyodor Karlovich Norman , acting governor ; - 1800 Dmitry Borisovich Tolstoy , acting governor ; - 1800 Vasily Petrovich Putimtsev , acting governor ; - 1800 Vasily Ivanovich Lisanevich ( never took the office ) ; - 1800 – 1806 Alexey Alexeyevich Goryainov ; - 1806–1809 Karl Ivanovich Lineman ; - 1809–1810 Vasily Ivanovich Voyeykov ; - 1810–1814 Nikolay Ivanovich Barsh ; - 1814–1818 Ivan Ivanovich Vinter ( Winter ) ; - 1818–1821 Ivan Ivanovich Popov ; - 1821–1834 Nikolay Petrovich Brusilov ; - 1834–1836 Stepan Ivanovich Kuzmin ; - 1836–1840 Dmitry Nikolayevich Bologovsky ; - 1841–1850 Stepan Grigoryevich Volkhovsky ; - 1851–1854 Ivan Vasilyevich Romanus ; - 1854–1860 Filipp Semyonovich Stoinsky ; - 1860–1861 Vladimir Filipovich Pfeller ; - 1861–1878 Stanislav Fadeevich Khominsky ; - 1878–1879 Mikhail Petrovich Daragan ; - 1880–1882 Leonid Ivanovich Cherkasov ; - 1882 Alexander Nikolayevich Mosolov ; - 1882–1892 Mikhail Nikolayevich Kormilitsyn ; - 1892–1894 Vladimir Zakharovich Kolenko ; - 1894–1898 Iosif Yakovlevich Dunin-Barkovsky ; - 1898–1900 Alexander Alexandrovich Musin-Pushkin ; - 1901–1902 Leonid Mikhaylovich Knyazev ; - 1902–1906 Alexander Alexandrovich Lodyzhensky ; - 1906–1910 Alexey Nikolayevich Khvostov ; - 1910–1913 Mikhail Nikolayevich Shramchenko ; - 1913 Yakov Dmitrievich Bologovsky ; - 1914–1915 Viktor Alexandrovich Lopukhin ; - 1916 Vladimir Mikhaylovich Strakhov ; - 1916–1917 Alexander Viktorovich Arapov . External links . - Memorial book and address-calendar of Vologda Governorate ( 1899–1900 ) - Chelishchev , P.I . Adventures across the Russian North in 1791 . Sant-Petersburg , 1886 - List of populated places of Vologda Governorate in 1866–1881 ( .pdf ) - Newspaper Vologda Governorate Informerer - Tsarskoye Selo library , books on the history of the Vologda Governorate ( .pdf ) - encyclopediya.ru - Note about amendments to the administrative-territorial changes of the Vologda Oblast ( 1917–1991 ) - Administrative-territorial division of the Arkhangel Governorate in 18th–20th centuries

easy

Which country did Vologda Governorate belong to from Nov 1917 to Dec 1922?

/wiki/Vologda_Governorate#P17#1

Vologda Governorate Vologda Governorate ( , Vologodskaya guberniya , Government of Vologda ) was an administrative division ( a guberniya ) of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR , which existed from 1796 until 1929 . Its administrative center was in the city of Vologda . The governorate was located in the north of Russian Empire . The area of the governorate is currently split between Arkhangelsk , Vologda , Kirov , and Kostroma Oblasts , and the Komi Republic . Vologda Governorate was officially created in 1796 from the disbanded Vologda Viceroyalty ( namestnichestvo ) which was split between Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty and Vologda Viceroyalty just before the new administrative reform . Administrative division . It was administered by 10 uyezds ( the administrative centers , which all had the town status , are given in parentheses ) , - Velsky Uyezd ( Velsk ) ; - Vologodsky Uyezd ( Vologda ) ; - Gryazovetsky Uyezd ( Gryazovets ) ; - Kadnikovsky Uyezd ( Kadnikov ) ; - Nikolsky Uyezd ( Nikolsk ) ; - Solvychegodsky Uyezd ( Solvychegodsk ) ; - Totemsky Uyezd ( Totma ) ; - Ust-Sysolsky Uyezd ( Ust-Sysolsk ) ; - Velikoustyuzhsky Uyezd ( Veliky Ustyug ) ; - Yarensky Uyezd ( Yarensk ) . Three towns had a special status : Krasnoborsk , Lalsk , and Verkhovazhskiy Posad . The Vologda Governorate covered a total area of , and had a population of 1,341,785 according to the 1897 Russian Empire census . The governorate bordered Arkhangelsk Governorate in the north , Tobolsk Governorate in the northeast , Perm and Vyatka Governorates in the southeast , Kostroma and Yaroslavl Governorates in the south , Novgorod Governorate in the west , and Olonets Governorate in the northwest . The two eastern uyezds , Ust-Sysolsky Uyezd ( 92% ) and Yarensky Uyezd , were predominantly populated by the Komi peoples ( Zyrian ) , while in the whole governorate the Komi accounted for less than 10% . History . Historically the region belonged to what is known as the Great Perm later being incorporated into the Novgorod Republic after the disintegration of the Kievan Rus . With the annexation of Novgorod , Vologda also became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Among the first monks who permanently established Christianity in the region was Saint Stephen of Perm , born in the city of Ustyug sometime in 1340/45 . In 1383 he became the first bishop of the newly established Perm Eparchy . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Archangelgorod Governorate . In 1780 , Archangelgorod Governorate , with the center in Arkhangelsk , was abolished and transformed to Vologda Viceroyalty . The viceroyalty was subdivided into three oblasts : Vologda , Veliky Ustyug , and Arkhangelsk . March 26 , 1784 Arkhangelsk Oblast was split off and established as Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty . In 1796 , Vologda Viceroyalty was transformed into Vologda Governorate with the seat in the city of Vologda . From 1872 to 1906 the construction of railroads connected the governorate with the rest of the Russian Empire . On July 24 , 1918 the Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic established Northern Dvina Governorate . The area of the governorate included five uyezds of Vologda Governorate : Nikolsky , Solvychegodsky , Ust-Sysolsky,Velikoustyuzhsky , and Yarensky Uyezds . In 1918 , Petrograd , Novgorod , Pskov , Olonets , Arkhangelsk , Cherepovets , and Northern Dvina Governorates decided to merge into the Union of Northern Oblast Communes . The union was , however , short-lived and was abolished in 1919 . On April 30 , 1919 Kargopolsky Uyezd , formerly of Olonets Governorate , was transferred to Vologda Governorate . In November 1923 , several volosts of Vologodsky Uyezd were merged into Sverdlovsky District which in 1924 was augmented with several volosts of neighboring Kadnikovsky Uyezd . On August 7 , 1924 Gryazovetsky Uyezd was disestablished and merged into Vologodsky Uyezd . In 1928 , Sverdlovsky District was reorganized into volosts and incorporated into Kadnikovsky Uyezd . Thus , in 1928 Vologda Governorate consisted of five uyezds : Kadnikovsky , Kargopolsky , Totemsky , Velsky , and Vologodsky . On January 14 , 1929 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee three governorates ( Arkhangelsk , Vologda , and Northern Dvina ) and the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast were merged into Northern Krai with the administrative center located in Arkhangelsk . Demographics . Principal towns . Russian Census of 1897 gave the following localities with population above 1,000 people ( In bold , towns with population above 10,000 are indicated ) , - Vologda – 27 705 ( of them Russian population – 26 798 ) ; - Veliky Ustyug – 11 137 ( Russian – 10 954 ) ; - Totma – 4 947 ( Russian – 4 902 ) ; - Ust-Sysolsk – 4 464 ( Komi – 3 699 , Russian – 731 ) ; - Gryazovets – 3 205 ( Russian – 3 188 ) ; - Nikolsk – 2 553 ( Russian – 2 509 ) ; - Kadnikov – 2 406 ( Russian – 2 385 ) ; - Velsk – 1 989 ( Russian – 1 954 ) ; - Solvychegodsk – 1 788 ( Russian – 1 762 ) ; - Lalsk – 1 124 ( Russian – 1 123 ) . Language . According to the Imperial census of 1897 , the following languages were spoken in Vologda Governorate . Religion . According to the Imperial census of 1897 , almost all the population were Eastern Orthodox with a small minority of Old Believers . Other religions in the governorate were much less common ( not exceeding 500 ) . Governors . The administration of the governorate was performed by a governor . The governors of Vologda Governorate were - 1798–1800 Fyodor Karlovich Norman , acting governor ; - 1800 Dmitry Borisovich Tolstoy , acting governor ; - 1800 Vasily Petrovich Putimtsev , acting governor ; - 1800 Vasily Ivanovich Lisanevich ( never took the office ) ; - 1800 – 1806 Alexey Alexeyevich Goryainov ; - 1806–1809 Karl Ivanovich Lineman ; - 1809–1810 Vasily Ivanovich Voyeykov ; - 1810–1814 Nikolay Ivanovich Barsh ; - 1814–1818 Ivan Ivanovich Vinter ( Winter ) ; - 1818–1821 Ivan Ivanovich Popov ; - 1821–1834 Nikolay Petrovich Brusilov ; - 1834–1836 Stepan Ivanovich Kuzmin ; - 1836–1840 Dmitry Nikolayevich Bologovsky ; - 1841–1850 Stepan Grigoryevich Volkhovsky ; - 1851–1854 Ivan Vasilyevich Romanus ; - 1854–1860 Filipp Semyonovich Stoinsky ; - 1860–1861 Vladimir Filipovich Pfeller ; - 1861–1878 Stanislav Fadeevich Khominsky ; - 1878–1879 Mikhail Petrovich Daragan ; - 1880–1882 Leonid Ivanovich Cherkasov ; - 1882 Alexander Nikolayevich Mosolov ; - 1882–1892 Mikhail Nikolayevich Kormilitsyn ; - 1892–1894 Vladimir Zakharovich Kolenko ; - 1894–1898 Iosif Yakovlevich Dunin-Barkovsky ; - 1898–1900 Alexander Alexandrovich Musin-Pushkin ; - 1901–1902 Leonid Mikhaylovich Knyazev ; - 1902–1906 Alexander Alexandrovich Lodyzhensky ; - 1906–1910 Alexey Nikolayevich Khvostov ; - 1910–1913 Mikhail Nikolayevich Shramchenko ; - 1913 Yakov Dmitrievich Bologovsky ; - 1914–1915 Viktor Alexandrovich Lopukhin ; - 1916 Vladimir Mikhaylovich Strakhov ; - 1916–1917 Alexander Viktorovich Arapov . External links . - Memorial book and address-calendar of Vologda Governorate ( 1899–1900 ) - Chelishchev , P.I . Adventures across the Russian North in 1791 . Sant-Petersburg , 1886 - List of populated places of Vologda Governorate in 1866–1881 ( .pdf ) - Newspaper Vologda Governorate Informerer - Tsarskoye Selo library , books on the history of the Vologda Governorate ( .pdf ) - encyclopediya.ru - Note about amendments to the administrative-territorial changes of the Vologda Oblast ( 1917–1991 ) - Administrative-territorial division of the Arkhangel Governorate in 18th–20th centuries

easy

Which country did Vologda Governorate belong to from Dec 1922 to 1929?

/wiki/Vologda_Governorate#P17#2

Vologda Governorate Vologda Governorate ( , Vologodskaya guberniya , Government of Vologda ) was an administrative division ( a guberniya ) of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR , which existed from 1796 until 1929 . Its administrative center was in the city of Vologda . The governorate was located in the north of Russian Empire . The area of the governorate is currently split between Arkhangelsk , Vologda , Kirov , and Kostroma Oblasts , and the Komi Republic . Vologda Governorate was officially created in 1796 from the disbanded Vologda Viceroyalty ( namestnichestvo ) which was split between Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty and Vologda Viceroyalty just before the new administrative reform . Administrative division . It was administered by 10 uyezds ( the administrative centers , which all had the town status , are given in parentheses ) , - Velsky Uyezd ( Velsk ) ; - Vologodsky Uyezd ( Vologda ) ; - Gryazovetsky Uyezd ( Gryazovets ) ; - Kadnikovsky Uyezd ( Kadnikov ) ; - Nikolsky Uyezd ( Nikolsk ) ; - Solvychegodsky Uyezd ( Solvychegodsk ) ; - Totemsky Uyezd ( Totma ) ; - Ust-Sysolsky Uyezd ( Ust-Sysolsk ) ; - Velikoustyuzhsky Uyezd ( Veliky Ustyug ) ; - Yarensky Uyezd ( Yarensk ) . Three towns had a special status : Krasnoborsk , Lalsk , and Verkhovazhskiy Posad . The Vologda Governorate covered a total area of , and had a population of 1,341,785 according to the 1897 Russian Empire census . The governorate bordered Arkhangelsk Governorate in the north , Tobolsk Governorate in the northeast , Perm and Vyatka Governorates in the southeast , Kostroma and Yaroslavl Governorates in the south , Novgorod Governorate in the west , and Olonets Governorate in the northwest . The two eastern uyezds , Ust-Sysolsky Uyezd ( 92% ) and Yarensky Uyezd , were predominantly populated by the Komi peoples ( Zyrian ) , while in the whole governorate the Komi accounted for less than 10% . History . Historically the region belonged to what is known as the Great Perm later being incorporated into the Novgorod Republic after the disintegration of the Kievan Rus . With the annexation of Novgorod , Vologda also became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Among the first monks who permanently established Christianity in the region was Saint Stephen of Perm , born in the city of Ustyug sometime in 1340/45 . In 1383 he became the first bishop of the newly established Perm Eparchy . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Archangelgorod Governorate . In 1780 , Archangelgorod Governorate , with the center in Arkhangelsk , was abolished and transformed to Vologda Viceroyalty . The viceroyalty was subdivided into three oblasts : Vologda , Veliky Ustyug , and Arkhangelsk . March 26 , 1784 Arkhangelsk Oblast was split off and established as Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty . In 1796 , Vologda Viceroyalty was transformed into Vologda Governorate with the seat in the city of Vologda . From 1872 to 1906 the construction of railroads connected the governorate with the rest of the Russian Empire . On July 24 , 1918 the Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic established Northern Dvina Governorate . The area of the governorate included five uyezds of Vologda Governorate : Nikolsky , Solvychegodsky , Ust-Sysolsky,Velikoustyuzhsky , and Yarensky Uyezds . In 1918 , Petrograd , Novgorod , Pskov , Olonets , Arkhangelsk , Cherepovets , and Northern Dvina Governorates decided to merge into the Union of Northern Oblast Communes . The union was , however , short-lived and was abolished in 1919 . On April 30 , 1919 Kargopolsky Uyezd , formerly of Olonets Governorate , was transferred to Vologda Governorate . In November 1923 , several volosts of Vologodsky Uyezd were merged into Sverdlovsky District which in 1924 was augmented with several volosts of neighboring Kadnikovsky Uyezd . On August 7 , 1924 Gryazovetsky Uyezd was disestablished and merged into Vologodsky Uyezd . In 1928 , Sverdlovsky District was reorganized into volosts and incorporated into Kadnikovsky Uyezd . Thus , in 1928 Vologda Governorate consisted of five uyezds : Kadnikovsky , Kargopolsky , Totemsky , Velsky , and Vologodsky . On January 14 , 1929 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee three governorates ( Arkhangelsk , Vologda , and Northern Dvina ) and the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast were merged into Northern Krai with the administrative center located in Arkhangelsk . Demographics . Principal towns . Russian Census of 1897 gave the following localities with population above 1,000 people ( In bold , towns with population above 10,000 are indicated ) , - Vologda – 27 705 ( of them Russian population – 26 798 ) ; - Veliky Ustyug – 11 137 ( Russian – 10 954 ) ; - Totma – 4 947 ( Russian – 4 902 ) ; - Ust-Sysolsk – 4 464 ( Komi – 3 699 , Russian – 731 ) ; - Gryazovets – 3 205 ( Russian – 3 188 ) ; - Nikolsk – 2 553 ( Russian – 2 509 ) ; - Kadnikov – 2 406 ( Russian – 2 385 ) ; - Velsk – 1 989 ( Russian – 1 954 ) ; - Solvychegodsk – 1 788 ( Russian – 1 762 ) ; - Lalsk – 1 124 ( Russian – 1 123 ) . Language . According to the Imperial census of 1897 , the following languages were spoken in Vologda Governorate . Religion . According to the Imperial census of 1897 , almost all the population were Eastern Orthodox with a small minority of Old Believers . Other religions in the governorate were much less common ( not exceeding 500 ) . Governors . The administration of the governorate was performed by a governor . The governors of Vologda Governorate were - 1798–1800 Fyodor Karlovich Norman , acting governor ; - 1800 Dmitry Borisovich Tolstoy , acting governor ; - 1800 Vasily Petrovich Putimtsev , acting governor ; - 1800 Vasily Ivanovich Lisanevich ( never took the office ) ; - 1800 – 1806 Alexey Alexeyevich Goryainov ; - 1806–1809 Karl Ivanovich Lineman ; - 1809–1810 Vasily Ivanovich Voyeykov ; - 1810–1814 Nikolay Ivanovich Barsh ; - 1814–1818 Ivan Ivanovich Vinter ( Winter ) ; - 1818–1821 Ivan Ivanovich Popov ; - 1821–1834 Nikolay Petrovich Brusilov ; - 1834–1836 Stepan Ivanovich Kuzmin ; - 1836–1840 Dmitry Nikolayevich Bologovsky ; - 1841–1850 Stepan Grigoryevich Volkhovsky ; - 1851–1854 Ivan Vasilyevich Romanus ; - 1854–1860 Filipp Semyonovich Stoinsky ; - 1860–1861 Vladimir Filipovich Pfeller ; - 1861–1878 Stanislav Fadeevich Khominsky ; - 1878–1879 Mikhail Petrovich Daragan ; - 1880–1882 Leonid Ivanovich Cherkasov ; - 1882 Alexander Nikolayevich Mosolov ; - 1882–1892 Mikhail Nikolayevich Kormilitsyn ; - 1892–1894 Vladimir Zakharovich Kolenko ; - 1894–1898 Iosif Yakovlevich Dunin-Barkovsky ; - 1898–1900 Alexander Alexandrovich Musin-Pushkin ; - 1901–1902 Leonid Mikhaylovich Knyazev ; - 1902–1906 Alexander Alexandrovich Lodyzhensky ; - 1906–1910 Alexey Nikolayevich Khvostov ; - 1910–1913 Mikhail Nikolayevich Shramchenko ; - 1913 Yakov Dmitrievich Bologovsky ; - 1914–1915 Viktor Alexandrovich Lopukhin ; - 1916 Vladimir Mikhaylovich Strakhov ; - 1916–1917 Alexander Viktorovich Arapov . External links . - Memorial book and address-calendar of Vologda Governorate ( 1899–1900 ) - Chelishchev , P.I . Adventures across the Russian North in 1791 . Sant-Petersburg , 1886 - List of populated places of Vologda Governorate in 1866–1881 ( .pdf ) - Newspaper Vologda Governorate Informerer - Tsarskoye Selo library , books on the history of the Vologda Governorate ( .pdf ) - encyclopediya.ru - Note about amendments to the administrative-territorial changes of the Vologda Oblast ( 1917–1991 ) - Administrative-territorial division of the Arkhangel Governorate in 18th–20th centuries

easy

Which position did Kyriakos Mitsotakis hold from Jun 2013 to 2015?

/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis#P39#0

Kyriakos Mitsotakis Kyriakos Mitsotakis ( ; born 4 March 1968 ) is a Greek politician and the Prime Minister of Greece since 8 July 2019 . A member of New Democracy , he has been its president since 2016 . Mitsotakis previously was Leader of the Opposition from 2016 to 2019 , and Minister of Administrative Reform from 2013 to 2015 . He was first elected to the Hellenic Parliament for the Athens B constituency in 2004 . After New Democracy suffered two election defeats in 2015 , he was elected the partys leader in January 2016 . Three years later , he led his party to a majority in the 2019 election . He is the son of former Prime Minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis . Early life and education . Born in Athens , he is the son of the former Prime Minister of Greece and president of New Democracy , Konstantinos Mitsotakis , and his wife Marika ( née Giannoukou ) . At the time of his birth , his family had been placed under house arrest by the Greek military junta that had declared his father persona non grata and imprisoned him on the night of the coup . In 1968 , when he was only 1,2 year old , the family escaped to Turkey with the help of then Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil . After a while , they moved from Turkey to Paris and waited until 1974 to return to Greece after democracy had been restored . Later , Mitsotakis described the first six months of his life as political imprisonment . In 1986 , he graduated from Athens College . From 1986 to 1990 , he attended Harvard University and earned a bachelors degree in social studies , receiving the Hoopes Prize . From 1992 to 1993 he attended Stanford University , earning a Ford Dorsey Masters in International Policy . From 1993 to 1995 , he attended Harvard Business School , where he earned an MBA . Professional career . From 1990 to 1991 Kyriakos Mitsotakis worked as a financial analyst at the corporate finance division of Chase Bank in London . From 1991 to 1992 , Mitsotakis returned to Greece and joined the Hellenic Army to fulfil his mandatory national service obligations . From 1995 to 1997 , and following the completion of his post-graduate studies , he was employed by the consultancy McKinsey & Company in London , focusing primarily on the telecommunications and financial services industries . From 1997 to 1999 he worked for Alpha Ventures , a private equity subsidiary of Alpha Bank , as a senior investment officer , executing venture capital and private equity transactions . In 1999 he founded NBG Venture Capital , the private equity and venture capital subsidiary of the National Bank of Greece , and acted as its CEO , managing its portfolio and executing transactions in Greece and the Balkans , until April 2003 , when he resigned to pursue a career in politics . In January 2003 he was nominated by the World Economic Forum as a global leader of tomorrow . Political career . During the 2000 legislative election , Mitsotakis worked for New Democracys national campaign . In the 2004 legislative election , Mitsotakis ran in the Athens B constituency , receiving more votes than any other New Democracy candidate in the country and was elected to the Hellenic Parliament . Mitsotakis is honorary president of Konstantinos K . Mitsotakis Foundation , aiming at promoting the life and works of Konstantinos Mitsotakis and at reporting the modern political history of Greece . On 24 June 2013 , Mitsotakis was appointed as the Minister of Administrative Reform and e-Governance in Antonis Samaras cabinet , succeeding Antonis Manitakis . He served in this position until January 2015 . During this time , he pursued comprehensive national reforms by implementing a functional reorganization of institutions , structures and processes . He steadfastly supported the drastic downsizing of the Public Sector and the structural reform of the tax administration . In 2015 , Mitsotakis served as a parliamentary representative for New Democracy , representing the President of the party in Parliament , as well as the body of the partys Representatives . He was charged with expressing the positions of his party during Parliamentary procedures and discourse , as well as ensuring the proper function of Parliament through a process of checks and balances . In March 2015 , he claimed that then-Minister of Finance Yanis Varoufakis was undermining the Greek negotiations over the third bailout programme , saying : Every time he opens his mouth , he creates a problem for the country’s negotiating position . Mitsotakis was the first of four New Democracy members to announce their candidacy in the leadership election , declared following the resignation of Antonis Samaras as party leader and the failure of New Democracy in the September 2015 snap election . Amongst the other contestants was then-interim leader and former Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament Vangelis Meimarakis . According to the Financial Times , Mitsotakis was billed as an outsider in the leadership race due to the party establishments support of Meimarakis candidacy . Following the first round of voting with no clear winner , Mitsotakis came second , 11% behind Meimarakis . On 10 January 2016 , Mitsotakis was elected president of the New Democracy political party succeeding Ioannis Plakiotakis ( transitional president ) with almost 4% difference from opponent Vangelis Meimarakis . A week following Mitsotakis election as leader , two opinion polls were published that put New Democracy ahead of Syriza for the first time in a year . His party won 33% of the votes in the European elections in 2019 . He managed to win back votes from the Golden Dawn Party . Following the election results , the Hellenic Parliament was dissolved and a snap election was called . Prime Minister of Greece . New Democracy was victorious in the 2019 legislative election , scoring 39.85% of votes and securing 158 seats in the Hellenic Parliament . On 8 July 2019 , Greek President Prokopis Pavlopoulos accepted Tsipras resignation and tasked Mitsotakis with forming a new government . Mitsotakis was sworn in as Prime Minister the same day as well . On 9 July , the ministers in his government were sworn in . There is a long-standing dispute between Turkey and Greece over natural resources in the eastern Mediterranean . Mitsotakis said that Turkey remains stuck in the logic of using force and threats . He told NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg that Greece is contributing to NATO , we are an ally and have the expectation that when another NATO ally is behaving in a way that jeopardises our interests , NATO should not adopt this stance of equal distances and non-intervention in internal differences . It is deeply unfair to Greece . He awarded American actor Tom Hanks and Rita Wilson honorary Greek citizenship . COVID-19 response . Mitsotakis government has been praised for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as for its plans for spending a €31bn share of the EU’s Recovery Plan and for its orderly vaccination roll-out . Additionally , the common Covid-19 certificate was credited to Mitsotakis , and his idea has been taken up at a European level . Mitsotakis had criticized the initially slow pace of the EU’s COVID-19 vaccine rollout , and he had called for its acceleration . Measures were implemented from March 2020 to May 2020 and from November 2020 until May 2021 , when their gradual lifting started . The measures included the introduction of various movement restrictions , the suspension of operation of retail , catering and entertainment businesses , as well as of schools and churches . In May 2021 the Mitsotakis government was initially criticized because , despite announcing the countrys opening for tourism on 14 May 2021 , it kept for a few days some movement restrictions such as the obligation to send an SMS . Other measures still in place and after the opening of tourism in country are the daily curfew starting at 00:30 , the obligatory use of face masks indoors and outdoors , the ban on music in cafes and restaurants , and the ban on the operation of indoor restaurants throughout May , while casinos are allowed to operate adhering to a specific sanitary protocol . On May 27 , 2021 , Mitsotakis in an interview in the German newspaper Bild did not give a clear answer as to when and if the above measures will be lifted in the summer , Mitsotakis stated , among other things , that there is a roadmap for lifting the measures , which he did not describe , he also estimated that tourism in 2021 will be around 50% of the tourism that Greece had in 2019 . Despite criticism , Greece was awarded the “Global Champion Award for COVID-19 Crisis Management” by the World Travel and Tourism Council , which lauded the Greek Government as a global example for the safe opening of the tourism sector during the pandemic . Gloria Guevara , WTTCs president and CEO , praised the Greek government for its tremendous efforts and strategic steps taken to restart international travel from May 14 . Personal life . Mitsotakis is the younger brother of former Minister for Foreign Affairs and Mayor of Athens Dora Bakoyannis , making him the brother-in-law of the late Pavlos Bakoyannis , who was assassinated by the terrorist group 17 November in 1989 and the uncle of Kostas Bakoyannis , former Regional Governor of Central Greece and current Mayor of Athens . Mitsotakis is married to Mareva Grabowska , an investment banker with British , Greek , Polish and Egyptian roots . They have three children , Sophia , Constantine and Daphne . In addition to Greek , Mitsotakis speaks English , French and German . He is a Greek Orthodox Christian . Controversy . Siemens scandal allegations . In 2007 , it was reported that Mitsotakis was involved in the Siemens Greek bribery scandal . However , Mitsotakis has repeatedly denied any involvement and no indication of guilt has so far been proven . The Siemens trial , in which Mitsotakis is not involved , is still pending . Electronic office equipment , call centers , air conditioners etc . worth were received in the period preceding the 2007 elections ( June to September 2007 ) by Mitsotakis from Siemens and two of its subsidiaries . The invoices indicate payment period of up to 60 days , however no part of the amount was paid until February 2008 , when part of it was paid , just when the Siemens case was reopened by the courts , and an amount of €43,850 was paid by check from Mr . Mitsotakis on Monday June 2 . Earlier ( on 29 May ) testimonies had been made about donations and grants by Siemens to politicians and on 30 May 2008 the prosecutors investigation took place at the companys offices .

easy

Which position did Kyriakos Mitsotakis hold in Oct 2015?

/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis#P39#1

Kyriakos Mitsotakis Kyriakos Mitsotakis ( ; born 4 March 1968 ) is a Greek politician and the Prime Minister of Greece since 8 July 2019 . A member of New Democracy , he has been its president since 2016 . Mitsotakis previously was Leader of the Opposition from 2016 to 2019 , and Minister of Administrative Reform from 2013 to 2015 . He was first elected to the Hellenic Parliament for the Athens B constituency in 2004 . After New Democracy suffered two election defeats in 2015 , he was elected the partys leader in January 2016 . Three years later , he led his party to a majority in the 2019 election . He is the son of former Prime Minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis . Early life and education . Born in Athens , he is the son of the former Prime Minister of Greece and president of New Democracy , Konstantinos Mitsotakis , and his wife Marika ( née Giannoukou ) . At the time of his birth , his family had been placed under house arrest by the Greek military junta that had declared his father persona non grata and imprisoned him on the night of the coup . In 1968 , when he was only 1,2 year old , the family escaped to Turkey with the help of then Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil . After a while , they moved from Turkey to Paris and waited until 1974 to return to Greece after democracy had been restored . Later , Mitsotakis described the first six months of his life as political imprisonment . In 1986 , he graduated from Athens College . From 1986 to 1990 , he attended Harvard University and earned a bachelors degree in social studies , receiving the Hoopes Prize . From 1992 to 1993 he attended Stanford University , earning a Ford Dorsey Masters in International Policy . From 1993 to 1995 , he attended Harvard Business School , where he earned an MBA . Professional career . From 1990 to 1991 Kyriakos Mitsotakis worked as a financial analyst at the corporate finance division of Chase Bank in London . From 1991 to 1992 , Mitsotakis returned to Greece and joined the Hellenic Army to fulfil his mandatory national service obligations . From 1995 to 1997 , and following the completion of his post-graduate studies , he was employed by the consultancy McKinsey & Company in London , focusing primarily on the telecommunications and financial services industries . From 1997 to 1999 he worked for Alpha Ventures , a private equity subsidiary of Alpha Bank , as a senior investment officer , executing venture capital and private equity transactions . In 1999 he founded NBG Venture Capital , the private equity and venture capital subsidiary of the National Bank of Greece , and acted as its CEO , managing its portfolio and executing transactions in Greece and the Balkans , until April 2003 , when he resigned to pursue a career in politics . In January 2003 he was nominated by the World Economic Forum as a global leader of tomorrow . Political career . During the 2000 legislative election , Mitsotakis worked for New Democracys national campaign . In the 2004 legislative election , Mitsotakis ran in the Athens B constituency , receiving more votes than any other New Democracy candidate in the country and was elected to the Hellenic Parliament . Mitsotakis is honorary president of Konstantinos K . Mitsotakis Foundation , aiming at promoting the life and works of Konstantinos Mitsotakis and at reporting the modern political history of Greece . On 24 June 2013 , Mitsotakis was appointed as the Minister of Administrative Reform and e-Governance in Antonis Samaras cabinet , succeeding Antonis Manitakis . He served in this position until January 2015 . During this time , he pursued comprehensive national reforms by implementing a functional reorganization of institutions , structures and processes . He steadfastly supported the drastic downsizing of the Public Sector and the structural reform of the tax administration . In 2015 , Mitsotakis served as a parliamentary representative for New Democracy , representing the President of the party in Parliament , as well as the body of the partys Representatives . He was charged with expressing the positions of his party during Parliamentary procedures and discourse , as well as ensuring the proper function of Parliament through a process of checks and balances . In March 2015 , he claimed that then-Minister of Finance Yanis Varoufakis was undermining the Greek negotiations over the third bailout programme , saying : Every time he opens his mouth , he creates a problem for the country’s negotiating position . Mitsotakis was the first of four New Democracy members to announce their candidacy in the leadership election , declared following the resignation of Antonis Samaras as party leader and the failure of New Democracy in the September 2015 snap election . Amongst the other contestants was then-interim leader and former Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament Vangelis Meimarakis . According to the Financial Times , Mitsotakis was billed as an outsider in the leadership race due to the party establishments support of Meimarakis candidacy . Following the first round of voting with no clear winner , Mitsotakis came second , 11% behind Meimarakis . On 10 January 2016 , Mitsotakis was elected president of the New Democracy political party succeeding Ioannis Plakiotakis ( transitional president ) with almost 4% difference from opponent Vangelis Meimarakis . A week following Mitsotakis election as leader , two opinion polls were published that put New Democracy ahead of Syriza for the first time in a year . His party won 33% of the votes in the European elections in 2019 . He managed to win back votes from the Golden Dawn Party . Following the election results , the Hellenic Parliament was dissolved and a snap election was called . Prime Minister of Greece . New Democracy was victorious in the 2019 legislative election , scoring 39.85% of votes and securing 158 seats in the Hellenic Parliament . On 8 July 2019 , Greek President Prokopis Pavlopoulos accepted Tsipras resignation and tasked Mitsotakis with forming a new government . Mitsotakis was sworn in as Prime Minister the same day as well . On 9 July , the ministers in his government were sworn in . There is a long-standing dispute between Turkey and Greece over natural resources in the eastern Mediterranean . Mitsotakis said that Turkey remains stuck in the logic of using force and threats . He told NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg that Greece is contributing to NATO , we are an ally and have the expectation that when another NATO ally is behaving in a way that jeopardises our interests , NATO should not adopt this stance of equal distances and non-intervention in internal differences . It is deeply unfair to Greece . He awarded American actor Tom Hanks and Rita Wilson honorary Greek citizenship . COVID-19 response . Mitsotakis government has been praised for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as for its plans for spending a €31bn share of the EU’s Recovery Plan and for its orderly vaccination roll-out . Additionally , the common Covid-19 certificate was credited to Mitsotakis , and his idea has been taken up at a European level . Mitsotakis had criticized the initially slow pace of the EU’s COVID-19 vaccine rollout , and he had called for its acceleration . Measures were implemented from March 2020 to May 2020 and from November 2020 until May 2021 , when their gradual lifting started . The measures included the introduction of various movement restrictions , the suspension of operation of retail , catering and entertainment businesses , as well as of schools and churches . In May 2021 the Mitsotakis government was initially criticized because , despite announcing the countrys opening for tourism on 14 May 2021 , it kept for a few days some movement restrictions such as the obligation to send an SMS . Other measures still in place and after the opening of tourism in country are the daily curfew starting at 00:30 , the obligatory use of face masks indoors and outdoors , the ban on music in cafes and restaurants , and the ban on the operation of indoor restaurants throughout May , while casinos are allowed to operate adhering to a specific sanitary protocol . On May 27 , 2021 , Mitsotakis in an interview in the German newspaper Bild did not give a clear answer as to when and if the above measures will be lifted in the summer , Mitsotakis stated , among other things , that there is a roadmap for lifting the measures , which he did not describe , he also estimated that tourism in 2021 will be around 50% of the tourism that Greece had in 2019 . Despite criticism , Greece was awarded the “Global Champion Award for COVID-19 Crisis Management” by the World Travel and Tourism Council , which lauded the Greek Government as a global example for the safe opening of the tourism sector during the pandemic . Gloria Guevara , WTTCs president and CEO , praised the Greek government for its tremendous efforts and strategic steps taken to restart international travel from May 14 . Personal life . Mitsotakis is the younger brother of former Minister for Foreign Affairs and Mayor of Athens Dora Bakoyannis , making him the brother-in-law of the late Pavlos Bakoyannis , who was assassinated by the terrorist group 17 November in 1989 and the uncle of Kostas Bakoyannis , former Regional Governor of Central Greece and current Mayor of Athens . Mitsotakis is married to Mareva Grabowska , an investment banker with British , Greek , Polish and Egyptian roots . They have three children , Sophia , Constantine and Daphne . In addition to Greek , Mitsotakis speaks English , French and German . He is a Greek Orthodox Christian . Controversy . Siemens scandal allegations . In 2007 , it was reported that Mitsotakis was involved in the Siemens Greek bribery scandal . However , Mitsotakis has repeatedly denied any involvement and no indication of guilt has so far been proven . The Siemens trial , in which Mitsotakis is not involved , is still pending . Electronic office equipment , call centers , air conditioners etc . worth were received in the period preceding the 2007 elections ( June to September 2007 ) by Mitsotakis from Siemens and two of its subsidiaries . The invoices indicate payment period of up to 60 days , however no part of the amount was paid until February 2008 , when part of it was paid , just when the Siemens case was reopened by the courts , and an amount of €43,850 was paid by check from Mr . Mitsotakis on Monday June 2 . Earlier ( on 29 May ) testimonies had been made about donations and grants by Siemens to politicians and on 30 May 2008 the prosecutors investigation took place at the companys offices .

easy

What was the position of Kyriakos Mitsotakis from 2016 to Jul 2019?

/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis#P39#2

Kyriakos Mitsotakis Kyriakos Mitsotakis ( ; born 4 March 1968 ) is a Greek politician and the Prime Minister of Greece since 8 July 2019 . A member of New Democracy , he has been its president since 2016 . Mitsotakis previously was Leader of the Opposition from 2016 to 2019 , and Minister of Administrative Reform from 2013 to 2015 . He was first elected to the Hellenic Parliament for the Athens B constituency in 2004 . After New Democracy suffered two election defeats in 2015 , he was elected the partys leader in January 2016 . Three years later , he led his party to a majority in the 2019 election . He is the son of former Prime Minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis . Early life and education . Born in Athens , he is the son of the former Prime Minister of Greece and president of New Democracy , Konstantinos Mitsotakis , and his wife Marika ( née Giannoukou ) . At the time of his birth , his family had been placed under house arrest by the Greek military junta that had declared his father persona non grata and imprisoned him on the night of the coup . In 1968 , when he was only 1,2 year old , the family escaped to Turkey with the help of then Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil . After a while , they moved from Turkey to Paris and waited until 1974 to return to Greece after democracy had been restored . Later , Mitsotakis described the first six months of his life as political imprisonment . In 1986 , he graduated from Athens College . From 1986 to 1990 , he attended Harvard University and earned a bachelors degree in social studies , receiving the Hoopes Prize . From 1992 to 1993 he attended Stanford University , earning a Ford Dorsey Masters in International Policy . From 1993 to 1995 , he attended Harvard Business School , where he earned an MBA . Professional career . From 1990 to 1991 Kyriakos Mitsotakis worked as a financial analyst at the corporate finance division of Chase Bank in London . From 1991 to 1992 , Mitsotakis returned to Greece and joined the Hellenic Army to fulfil his mandatory national service obligations . From 1995 to 1997 , and following the completion of his post-graduate studies , he was employed by the consultancy McKinsey & Company in London , focusing primarily on the telecommunications and financial services industries . From 1997 to 1999 he worked for Alpha Ventures , a private equity subsidiary of Alpha Bank , as a senior investment officer , executing venture capital and private equity transactions . In 1999 he founded NBG Venture Capital , the private equity and venture capital subsidiary of the National Bank of Greece , and acted as its CEO , managing its portfolio and executing transactions in Greece and the Balkans , until April 2003 , when he resigned to pursue a career in politics . In January 2003 he was nominated by the World Economic Forum as a global leader of tomorrow . Political career . During the 2000 legislative election , Mitsotakis worked for New Democracys national campaign . In the 2004 legislative election , Mitsotakis ran in the Athens B constituency , receiving more votes than any other New Democracy candidate in the country and was elected to the Hellenic Parliament . Mitsotakis is honorary president of Konstantinos K . Mitsotakis Foundation , aiming at promoting the life and works of Konstantinos Mitsotakis and at reporting the modern political history of Greece . On 24 June 2013 , Mitsotakis was appointed as the Minister of Administrative Reform and e-Governance in Antonis Samaras cabinet , succeeding Antonis Manitakis . He served in this position until January 2015 . During this time , he pursued comprehensive national reforms by implementing a functional reorganization of institutions , structures and processes . He steadfastly supported the drastic downsizing of the Public Sector and the structural reform of the tax administration . In 2015 , Mitsotakis served as a parliamentary representative for New Democracy , representing the President of the party in Parliament , as well as the body of the partys Representatives . He was charged with expressing the positions of his party during Parliamentary procedures and discourse , as well as ensuring the proper function of Parliament through a process of checks and balances . In March 2015 , he claimed that then-Minister of Finance Yanis Varoufakis was undermining the Greek negotiations over the third bailout programme , saying : Every time he opens his mouth , he creates a problem for the country’s negotiating position . Mitsotakis was the first of four New Democracy members to announce their candidacy in the leadership election , declared following the resignation of Antonis Samaras as party leader and the failure of New Democracy in the September 2015 snap election . Amongst the other contestants was then-interim leader and former Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament Vangelis Meimarakis . According to the Financial Times , Mitsotakis was billed as an outsider in the leadership race due to the party establishments support of Meimarakis candidacy . Following the first round of voting with no clear winner , Mitsotakis came second , 11% behind Meimarakis . On 10 January 2016 , Mitsotakis was elected president of the New Democracy political party succeeding Ioannis Plakiotakis ( transitional president ) with almost 4% difference from opponent Vangelis Meimarakis . A week following Mitsotakis election as leader , two opinion polls were published that put New Democracy ahead of Syriza for the first time in a year . His party won 33% of the votes in the European elections in 2019 . He managed to win back votes from the Golden Dawn Party . Following the election results , the Hellenic Parliament was dissolved and a snap election was called . Prime Minister of Greece . New Democracy was victorious in the 2019 legislative election , scoring 39.85% of votes and securing 158 seats in the Hellenic Parliament . On 8 July 2019 , Greek President Prokopis Pavlopoulos accepted Tsipras resignation and tasked Mitsotakis with forming a new government . Mitsotakis was sworn in as Prime Minister the same day as well . On 9 July , the ministers in his government were sworn in . There is a long-standing dispute between Turkey and Greece over natural resources in the eastern Mediterranean . Mitsotakis said that Turkey remains stuck in the logic of using force and threats . He told NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg that Greece is contributing to NATO , we are an ally and have the expectation that when another NATO ally is behaving in a way that jeopardises our interests , NATO should not adopt this stance of equal distances and non-intervention in internal differences . It is deeply unfair to Greece . He awarded American actor Tom Hanks and Rita Wilson honorary Greek citizenship . COVID-19 response . Mitsotakis government has been praised for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as for its plans for spending a €31bn share of the EU’s Recovery Plan and for its orderly vaccination roll-out . Additionally , the common Covid-19 certificate was credited to Mitsotakis , and his idea has been taken up at a European level . Mitsotakis had criticized the initially slow pace of the EU’s COVID-19 vaccine rollout , and he had called for its acceleration . Measures were implemented from March 2020 to May 2020 and from November 2020 until May 2021 , when their gradual lifting started . The measures included the introduction of various movement restrictions , the suspension of operation of retail , catering and entertainment businesses , as well as of schools and churches . In May 2021 the Mitsotakis government was initially criticized because , despite announcing the countrys opening for tourism on 14 May 2021 , it kept for a few days some movement restrictions such as the obligation to send an SMS . Other measures still in place and after the opening of tourism in country are the daily curfew starting at 00:30 , the obligatory use of face masks indoors and outdoors , the ban on music in cafes and restaurants , and the ban on the operation of indoor restaurants throughout May , while casinos are allowed to operate adhering to a specific sanitary protocol . On May 27 , 2021 , Mitsotakis in an interview in the German newspaper Bild did not give a clear answer as to when and if the above measures will be lifted in the summer , Mitsotakis stated , among other things , that there is a roadmap for lifting the measures , which he did not describe , he also estimated that tourism in 2021 will be around 50% of the tourism that Greece had in 2019 . Despite criticism , Greece was awarded the “Global Champion Award for COVID-19 Crisis Management” by the World Travel and Tourism Council , which lauded the Greek Government as a global example for the safe opening of the tourism sector during the pandemic . Gloria Guevara , WTTCs president and CEO , praised the Greek government for its tremendous efforts and strategic steps taken to restart international travel from May 14 . Personal life . Mitsotakis is the younger brother of former Minister for Foreign Affairs and Mayor of Athens Dora Bakoyannis , making him the brother-in-law of the late Pavlos Bakoyannis , who was assassinated by the terrorist group 17 November in 1989 and the uncle of Kostas Bakoyannis , former Regional Governor of Central Greece and current Mayor of Athens . Mitsotakis is married to Mareva Grabowska , an investment banker with British , Greek , Polish and Egyptian roots . They have three children , Sophia , Constantine and Daphne . In addition to Greek , Mitsotakis speaks English , French and German . He is a Greek Orthodox Christian . Controversy . Siemens scandal allegations . In 2007 , it was reported that Mitsotakis was involved in the Siemens Greek bribery scandal . However , Mitsotakis has repeatedly denied any involvement and no indication of guilt has so far been proven . The Siemens trial , in which Mitsotakis is not involved , is still pending . Electronic office equipment , call centers , air conditioners etc . worth were received in the period preceding the 2007 elections ( June to September 2007 ) by Mitsotakis from Siemens and two of its subsidiaries . The invoices indicate payment period of up to 60 days , however no part of the amount was paid until February 2008 , when part of it was paid , just when the Siemens case was reopened by the courts , and an amount of €43,850 was paid by check from Mr . Mitsotakis on Monday June 2 . Earlier ( on 29 May ) testimonies had been made about donations and grants by Siemens to politicians and on 30 May 2008 the prosecutors investigation took place at the companys offices .

easy

Which position did Kyriakos Mitsotakis hold from Jul 2019 to Jul 2020?

/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis#P39#3

Kyriakos Mitsotakis Kyriakos Mitsotakis ( ; born 4 March 1968 ) is a Greek politician and the Prime Minister of Greece since 8 July 2019 . A member of New Democracy , he has been its president since 2016 . Mitsotakis previously was Leader of the Opposition from 2016 to 2019 , and Minister of Administrative Reform from 2013 to 2015 . He was first elected to the Hellenic Parliament for the Athens B constituency in 2004 . After New Democracy suffered two election defeats in 2015 , he was elected the partys leader in January 2016 . Three years later , he led his party to a majority in the 2019 election . He is the son of former Prime Minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis . Early life and education . Born in Athens , he is the son of the former Prime Minister of Greece and president of New Democracy , Konstantinos Mitsotakis , and his wife Marika ( née Giannoukou ) . At the time of his birth , his family had been placed under house arrest by the Greek military junta that had declared his father persona non grata and imprisoned him on the night of the coup . In 1968 , when he was only 1,2 year old , the family escaped to Turkey with the help of then Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil . After a while , they moved from Turkey to Paris and waited until 1974 to return to Greece after democracy had been restored . Later , Mitsotakis described the first six months of his life as political imprisonment . In 1986 , he graduated from Athens College . From 1986 to 1990 , he attended Harvard University and earned a bachelors degree in social studies , receiving the Hoopes Prize . From 1992 to 1993 he attended Stanford University , earning a Ford Dorsey Masters in International Policy . From 1993 to 1995 , he attended Harvard Business School , where he earned an MBA . Professional career . From 1990 to 1991 Kyriakos Mitsotakis worked as a financial analyst at the corporate finance division of Chase Bank in London . From 1991 to 1992 , Mitsotakis returned to Greece and joined the Hellenic Army to fulfil his mandatory national service obligations . From 1995 to 1997 , and following the completion of his post-graduate studies , he was employed by the consultancy McKinsey & Company in London , focusing primarily on the telecommunications and financial services industries . From 1997 to 1999 he worked for Alpha Ventures , a private equity subsidiary of Alpha Bank , as a senior investment officer , executing venture capital and private equity transactions . In 1999 he founded NBG Venture Capital , the private equity and venture capital subsidiary of the National Bank of Greece , and acted as its CEO , managing its portfolio and executing transactions in Greece and the Balkans , until April 2003 , when he resigned to pursue a career in politics . In January 2003 he was nominated by the World Economic Forum as a global leader of tomorrow . Political career . During the 2000 legislative election , Mitsotakis worked for New Democracys national campaign . In the 2004 legislative election , Mitsotakis ran in the Athens B constituency , receiving more votes than any other New Democracy candidate in the country and was elected to the Hellenic Parliament . Mitsotakis is honorary president of Konstantinos K . Mitsotakis Foundation , aiming at promoting the life and works of Konstantinos Mitsotakis and at reporting the modern political history of Greece . On 24 June 2013 , Mitsotakis was appointed as the Minister of Administrative Reform and e-Governance in Antonis Samaras cabinet , succeeding Antonis Manitakis . He served in this position until January 2015 . During this time , he pursued comprehensive national reforms by implementing a functional reorganization of institutions , structures and processes . He steadfastly supported the drastic downsizing of the Public Sector and the structural reform of the tax administration . In 2015 , Mitsotakis served as a parliamentary representative for New Democracy , representing the President of the party in Parliament , as well as the body of the partys Representatives . He was charged with expressing the positions of his party during Parliamentary procedures and discourse , as well as ensuring the proper function of Parliament through a process of checks and balances . In March 2015 , he claimed that then-Minister of Finance Yanis Varoufakis was undermining the Greek negotiations over the third bailout programme , saying : Every time he opens his mouth , he creates a problem for the country’s negotiating position . Mitsotakis was the first of four New Democracy members to announce their candidacy in the leadership election , declared following the resignation of Antonis Samaras as party leader and the failure of New Democracy in the September 2015 snap election . Amongst the other contestants was then-interim leader and former Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament Vangelis Meimarakis . According to the Financial Times , Mitsotakis was billed as an outsider in the leadership race due to the party establishments support of Meimarakis candidacy . Following the first round of voting with no clear winner , Mitsotakis came second , 11% behind Meimarakis . On 10 January 2016 , Mitsotakis was elected president of the New Democracy political party succeeding Ioannis Plakiotakis ( transitional president ) with almost 4% difference from opponent Vangelis Meimarakis . A week following Mitsotakis election as leader , two opinion polls were published that put New Democracy ahead of Syriza for the first time in a year . His party won 33% of the votes in the European elections in 2019 . He managed to win back votes from the Golden Dawn Party . Following the election results , the Hellenic Parliament was dissolved and a snap election was called . Prime Minister of Greece . New Democracy was victorious in the 2019 legislative election , scoring 39.85% of votes and securing 158 seats in the Hellenic Parliament . On 8 July 2019 , Greek President Prokopis Pavlopoulos accepted Tsipras resignation and tasked Mitsotakis with forming a new government . Mitsotakis was sworn in as Prime Minister the same day as well . On 9 July , the ministers in his government were sworn in . There is a long-standing dispute between Turkey and Greece over natural resources in the eastern Mediterranean . Mitsotakis said that Turkey remains stuck in the logic of using force and threats . He told NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg that Greece is contributing to NATO , we are an ally and have the expectation that when another NATO ally is behaving in a way that jeopardises our interests , NATO should not adopt this stance of equal distances and non-intervention in internal differences . It is deeply unfair to Greece . He awarded American actor Tom Hanks and Rita Wilson honorary Greek citizenship . COVID-19 response . Mitsotakis government has been praised for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as for its plans for spending a €31bn share of the EU’s Recovery Plan and for its orderly vaccination roll-out . Additionally , the common Covid-19 certificate was credited to Mitsotakis , and his idea has been taken up at a European level . Mitsotakis had criticized the initially slow pace of the EU’s COVID-19 vaccine rollout , and he had called for its acceleration . Measures were implemented from March 2020 to May 2020 and from November 2020 until May 2021 , when their gradual lifting started . The measures included the introduction of various movement restrictions , the suspension of operation of retail , catering and entertainment businesses , as well as of schools and churches . In May 2021 the Mitsotakis government was initially criticized because , despite announcing the countrys opening for tourism on 14 May 2021 , it kept for a few days some movement restrictions such as the obligation to send an SMS . Other measures still in place and after the opening of tourism in country are the daily curfew starting at 00:30 , the obligatory use of face masks indoors and outdoors , the ban on music in cafes and restaurants , and the ban on the operation of indoor restaurants throughout May , while casinos are allowed to operate adhering to a specific sanitary protocol . On May 27 , 2021 , Mitsotakis in an interview in the German newspaper Bild did not give a clear answer as to when and if the above measures will be lifted in the summer , Mitsotakis stated , among other things , that there is a roadmap for lifting the measures , which he did not describe , he also estimated that tourism in 2021 will be around 50% of the tourism that Greece had in 2019 . Despite criticism , Greece was awarded the “Global Champion Award for COVID-19 Crisis Management” by the World Travel and Tourism Council , which lauded the Greek Government as a global example for the safe opening of the tourism sector during the pandemic . Gloria Guevara , WTTCs president and CEO , praised the Greek government for its tremendous efforts and strategic steps taken to restart international travel from May 14 . Personal life . Mitsotakis is the younger brother of former Minister for Foreign Affairs and Mayor of Athens Dora Bakoyannis , making him the brother-in-law of the late Pavlos Bakoyannis , who was assassinated by the terrorist group 17 November in 1989 and the uncle of Kostas Bakoyannis , former Regional Governor of Central Greece and current Mayor of Athens . Mitsotakis is married to Mareva Grabowska , an investment banker with British , Greek , Polish and Egyptian roots . They have three children , Sophia , Constantine and Daphne . In addition to Greek , Mitsotakis speaks English , French and German . He is a Greek Orthodox Christian . Controversy . Siemens scandal allegations . In 2007 , it was reported that Mitsotakis was involved in the Siemens Greek bribery scandal . However , Mitsotakis has repeatedly denied any involvement and no indication of guilt has so far been proven . The Siemens trial , in which Mitsotakis is not involved , is still pending . Electronic office equipment , call centers , air conditioners etc . worth were received in the period preceding the 2007 elections ( June to September 2007 ) by Mitsotakis from Siemens and two of its subsidiaries . The invoices indicate payment period of up to 60 days , however no part of the amount was paid until February 2008 , when part of it was paid , just when the Siemens case was reopened by the courts , and an amount of €43,850 was paid by check from Mr . Mitsotakis on Monday June 2 . Earlier ( on 29 May ) testimonies had been made about donations and grants by Siemens to politicians and on 30 May 2008 the prosecutors investigation took place at the companys offices .

easy

What sport did Paul di Resta participate from 2003 to 2004?

/wiki/Paul_di_Resta#P641#0

Paul di Resta Paul di Resta ( born 16 April 1986 ) is a British racing driver from Scotland who currently drives in the FIA World Endurance Championship with United Autosports . He drove in Formula One for Force India from to , and became a reserve driver for the Williams F1 team in , driving a single race for them as a substitute driver in . A former Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) and Formula 3 Euroseries champion , di Resta did not secure a Formula One drive for 2014 , and rejoined Mercedes to race again in DTM . He is currently the reserve F1 driver for McLaren for the 2021 season . Personal life . Di Resta is of Italian descent and was born in Uphall , Scotland , and grew up in Bathgate , West Lothian . He is a former pupil of Bathgate Academy and supports Celtic Football Club . He now lives in Monaco , and is a cousin of racing drivers Dario and Marino Franchitti . His step-father was Scottish footballer Dougie McCracken . His younger brother , Stefan , has raced at an amateur level and his half-brother , Jon , is a goalkeeper for the Norwich City u23s . Di Resta and Laura Jordan became engaged in December 2013 and married on 28 August 2014 . Career . Karting . He started his career in karting , racing in various competitive series of karts from 1994 until 2002 . In 2001 he won the British JICA Championship . Formula Renault . He stepped up to single-seaters at the end of 2002 , when he competed in the British Formula Renault Winter Series . He raced in British Formula Renault full-time in 2003 with the Eurotek Motorsport team , finishing seventh in the standings with one race win . He switched to Manor Motorsport for 2004 , finishing third in the championship standings with four wins . He also entered some races of Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 with the Manor team . He also won the McLaren Autosport BRDC Young Driver of The Year Award in 2004 . The award had been won by his cousin Dario Franchitti in 1992 . Formula Three . Di Resta switched to the Formula Three Euroseries with Manor Motorsport in 2005 , finishing tenth in the standings . For 2006 he moved to the ASM Formule 3 team , winning the championship with five wins , beating teammate and future Formula One World Drivers Champion , Sebastian Vettel . Di Resta also won the 2006 BP Ultimate Masters at Circuit Park Zandvoort . DTM . In 2007 , di Resta switched from single-seaters to race in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) touring car racing series , for Mercedes . In the championship , he finished 5th overall behind drivers Mattias Ekstrom ( who won his second DTM title ) , Bruno Spengler , Martin Tomczyk and Jamie Green . Di Resta was the highest driver in the standings to drive a non-2007 car . His performances earned him a 2008 Mercedes C Klasse for the 2008 season , in which he won two races and finished second in the points , four points behind eventual champion Timo Scheider of Audi . In 2009 , he finished third overall behind Scheider and compatriot Gary Paffett . In 2010 , he won three races in a row on the way to winning the championship . Formula One . Di Resta tested for the McLaren Formula One team , and was in the frame for a drive with the Force India team for the 2009 season due to the teams shared engine supplier , Mercedes-Benz . However , Force India chose to retain Giancarlo Fisichella and Adrian Sutil , with Vitantonio Liuzzi as reserve driver . Force India ( 2010–2013 ) . 2010 . In December 2009 , with Fisichella having moved to Ferrari and Liuzzi being promoted to the race team , di Resta took part in a test with the team at the Jerez circuit alongside J . R . Hildebrand . At the Autosport International show in January 2010 , he was said to be close to a deal as the teams test and reserve driver for the 2010 season . The deal was announced on 2 February . Di Resta made his Formula One race meeting début at the 2010 Australian Grand Prix , where he took part in the first free practice session in place of Sutil and finished 11th . He drove in the first practice session of all the following races until the Monaco Grand Prix where he did not take part . He resumed driving for the team at the European Grand Prix and the following British Grand Prix . After sitting out the German Grand Prix he returned for the Hungarian Grand Prix . Di Resta subsequently sat out the Belgian Grand Prix as Tonio Liuzzi and Adrian Sutil needed as much track-time as possible to get the feeling of the new parts . He participated in practice for the Italian Grand Prix , but did not participate in the Singapore or Japanese Grands Prix . The team elected that di Resta should miss the Korean Grand Prix to allow Liuzzi and Sutil to get used to the new track for the race . 2011 . Di Resta joined Adrian Sutil in the Force India Formula One racing team for the season , replacing Vitantonio Liuzzi . He scored his first championship point at his first race , the , after both Saubers were disqualified . This was followed by another 10th place in Malaysia , 11th in China , and a retirement in Turkey , where he left the pits with a loose wheel . He was running fifth in Canada until a collision with Nick Heidfeld left him with a damaged car and a drive-through penalty , and later crashed out of the race on lap 67 . He qualified sixth at Silverstone but finished 15th after a long pitstop due to a tyre mix-up . His third points-scoring finish of the season came in Hungary , where he finished seventh in changeable conditions . In the he finished 8th . This was followed by a career-best sixth-place finish in Singapore , ahead of teammate Sutil , who finished eighth . He finished tenth in Korea , ninth in Abu Dhabi and eighth in Brazil . 2012 . On 16 December 2011 , it was announced that he was to be retained by Force India for the 2012 season , with Nico Hülkenberg taking the place of Sutil as his teammate . He qualified 15th for the season opener in Australia and finished 10th in the race , passing Jean-Éric Vergne and Nico Rosberg on the final lap . He qualified 14th for the , and finished seventh in the wet race . He was 12th in China . In Bahrain he qualified inside the top ten , having missed the second free practice session after several members of the team were caught up in a petrol bomb incident . Using a two-stop strategy he took sixth place in the race , which equalled his previous career-best result . He was 14th in Spain , a lap behind winner Pastor Maldonado ; seventh in Monaco having started 15th on the grid ; and 11th in Montreal . At the European Grand Prix he was the only driver on the grid who performed a one-stop strategy and came 7th whilst his teammate , Nico Hülkenberg , finished in 5th position . After failing to score a point in the next three races , di Resta finished tenth in Belgium . The following weekend , at the Italian Grand Prix , di Resta showed strong pace in qualifying , setting the fourth fastest time in Q3 , but took a five place grid penalty for a gearbox change to start the Grand Prix in ninth . He finished the race in eighth . At the Singapore Grand Prix , he qualified sixth and finished a career-best fourth , after the retirements of Maldonado and Hamilton . The final five races of the season resulted in only one further points-scoring finish – 9th place in Abu Dhabi . 2013 . On 31 January 2013 , Force India confirmed di Resta would race for the team for a third consecutive season in . After qualifying outside the top ten in Australia , di Resta managed to battle through into the points , finishing just behind his teammate , Adrian Sutil in eighth place . In Malaysia , however di Resta retired after his cars wheel nuts kept jamming , and the team was ultimately forced to retire both cars . Qualifying in 11th place for the Chinese Grand Prix , the race saw him finish in eighth place and he obtained four points . Di Resta matched his career best result in Bahrain with a fourth place , being overtaken close to the end by Lotuss Romain Grosjean , depriving the Scot of a maiden podium . He followed that up with a seventh in Spain . A disappointing qualifying session in the wet meant di Resta started from 17th in Monaco , however initially going for an aggressive two stop strategy ; luck played its part and due to a red flag he was able to use a new set of tyres , and made ground to ninth-place finish with some good overtakes . Another disappointing qualifying session at the next race in Canada saw di Resta starting in 17th position yet again . Starting on the harder medium compound tyre , di Resta was able to run the longest of all drivers on his first stint , going 56 laps before finally making his only pit stop . The strategy worked as di Resta finished the race in 7th . After six consecutive point finishes , di Resta struggled in the later part of the season as his team Force India struggled to cope with new Pirelli tyres and he recorded five consecutive retirements . On 12 December , it was announced that he would not be retained as a driver with Force India for the season . Williams ( 2016–2017 ) . 2016 . After a two-year absence from the sport , di Resta returned to Formula One as reserve driver for Williams . 2017 . Williams retained di Resta as their reserve driver for 2017 whilst he competed for Mercedes in DTM . He replaced lead driver Felipe Massa for qualifying and the race at the as the Brazilian recovered from an illness . This marked di Restas first F1 start in almost four years , whilst also becoming the first British driver for Williams since Jenson Button in and Scottish driver since David Coulthard in . His qualifying results were described as an unbelievable job by Mercedes F1 Director Toto Wolff , having competed without having driven the FW40 prior to the session . He ended the day in 19th place ahead of Marcus Ericsson and was 0.766s off his teammate Lance Stroll . He retired in the race after 60 laps . DTM return ( 2014–2019 ) . In 2014 di Resta returned to Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters series driving for Mercedes . Di Resta finished the season in 15th place having scored points only three times , all three being 4th-place finishes . Endurance Racing ( 2019-present ) . In 2018 , Paul di Resta raced in the Asian Le Mans Series for United Autosports , scoring one win and 4 podiums alongside Philip Hanson and eventually winning the 2018-19 Asian Le Mans Series championship . Following their Asian Le Mans Series win , Di Resta and United Autosport competed in the 2019-20 FIA World Endurance Championship going onto to win the 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans alongside Hanson and Filipe Albuquerque in the LMP2 Class and gaining 5th overall . Broadcasting career ( 2016–present ) . Sky Sports F1 ( 2016–present ) . Since 2016 , Di Resta has been a regular contributor to the Sky Sports F1 channel . He is a common presence as one of the insiders in Sky Race Control during practices , qualifying sessions and races , alongside Anthony Davidson , Damon Hill , Nico Rosberg , and Johnny Herbert . As of 2018 , he is also the backup analyst for races , filling in for Martin Brundle when Brundle is unavailable . Racing record . Career summary . – As di Resta was a guest driver , he was ineligible to score points . Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results . Driver did not finish , but was classified as he completed 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula One results . Driver failed to finish the race , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . External links . - Paul di Resta career statistics at Driver Database - Official website

easy

What sport did Paul di Resta participate from 2005 to 2006?

/wiki/Paul_di_Resta#P641#1

Paul di Resta Paul di Resta ( born 16 April 1986 ) is a British racing driver from Scotland who currently drives in the FIA World Endurance Championship with United Autosports . He drove in Formula One for Force India from to , and became a reserve driver for the Williams F1 team in , driving a single race for them as a substitute driver in . A former Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) and Formula 3 Euroseries champion , di Resta did not secure a Formula One drive for 2014 , and rejoined Mercedes to race again in DTM . He is currently the reserve F1 driver for McLaren for the 2021 season . Personal life . Di Resta is of Italian descent and was born in Uphall , Scotland , and grew up in Bathgate , West Lothian . He is a former pupil of Bathgate Academy and supports Celtic Football Club . He now lives in Monaco , and is a cousin of racing drivers Dario and Marino Franchitti . His step-father was Scottish footballer Dougie McCracken . His younger brother , Stefan , has raced at an amateur level and his half-brother , Jon , is a goalkeeper for the Norwich City u23s . Di Resta and Laura Jordan became engaged in December 2013 and married on 28 August 2014 . Career . Karting . He started his career in karting , racing in various competitive series of karts from 1994 until 2002 . In 2001 he won the British JICA Championship . Formula Renault . He stepped up to single-seaters at the end of 2002 , when he competed in the British Formula Renault Winter Series . He raced in British Formula Renault full-time in 2003 with the Eurotek Motorsport team , finishing seventh in the standings with one race win . He switched to Manor Motorsport for 2004 , finishing third in the championship standings with four wins . He also entered some races of Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 with the Manor team . He also won the McLaren Autosport BRDC Young Driver of The Year Award in 2004 . The award had been won by his cousin Dario Franchitti in 1992 . Formula Three . Di Resta switched to the Formula Three Euroseries with Manor Motorsport in 2005 , finishing tenth in the standings . For 2006 he moved to the ASM Formule 3 team , winning the championship with five wins , beating teammate and future Formula One World Drivers Champion , Sebastian Vettel . Di Resta also won the 2006 BP Ultimate Masters at Circuit Park Zandvoort . DTM . In 2007 , di Resta switched from single-seaters to race in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) touring car racing series , for Mercedes . In the championship , he finished 5th overall behind drivers Mattias Ekstrom ( who won his second DTM title ) , Bruno Spengler , Martin Tomczyk and Jamie Green . Di Resta was the highest driver in the standings to drive a non-2007 car . His performances earned him a 2008 Mercedes C Klasse for the 2008 season , in which he won two races and finished second in the points , four points behind eventual champion Timo Scheider of Audi . In 2009 , he finished third overall behind Scheider and compatriot Gary Paffett . In 2010 , he won three races in a row on the way to winning the championship . Formula One . Di Resta tested for the McLaren Formula One team , and was in the frame for a drive with the Force India team for the 2009 season due to the teams shared engine supplier , Mercedes-Benz . However , Force India chose to retain Giancarlo Fisichella and Adrian Sutil , with Vitantonio Liuzzi as reserve driver . Force India ( 2010–2013 ) . 2010 . In December 2009 , with Fisichella having moved to Ferrari and Liuzzi being promoted to the race team , di Resta took part in a test with the team at the Jerez circuit alongside J . R . Hildebrand . At the Autosport International show in January 2010 , he was said to be close to a deal as the teams test and reserve driver for the 2010 season . The deal was announced on 2 February . Di Resta made his Formula One race meeting début at the 2010 Australian Grand Prix , where he took part in the first free practice session in place of Sutil and finished 11th . He drove in the first practice session of all the following races until the Monaco Grand Prix where he did not take part . He resumed driving for the team at the European Grand Prix and the following British Grand Prix . After sitting out the German Grand Prix he returned for the Hungarian Grand Prix . Di Resta subsequently sat out the Belgian Grand Prix as Tonio Liuzzi and Adrian Sutil needed as much track-time as possible to get the feeling of the new parts . He participated in practice for the Italian Grand Prix , but did not participate in the Singapore or Japanese Grands Prix . The team elected that di Resta should miss the Korean Grand Prix to allow Liuzzi and Sutil to get used to the new track for the race . 2011 . Di Resta joined Adrian Sutil in the Force India Formula One racing team for the season , replacing Vitantonio Liuzzi . He scored his first championship point at his first race , the , after both Saubers were disqualified . This was followed by another 10th place in Malaysia , 11th in China , and a retirement in Turkey , where he left the pits with a loose wheel . He was running fifth in Canada until a collision with Nick Heidfeld left him with a damaged car and a drive-through penalty , and later crashed out of the race on lap 67 . He qualified sixth at Silverstone but finished 15th after a long pitstop due to a tyre mix-up . His third points-scoring finish of the season came in Hungary , where he finished seventh in changeable conditions . In the he finished 8th . This was followed by a career-best sixth-place finish in Singapore , ahead of teammate Sutil , who finished eighth . He finished tenth in Korea , ninth in Abu Dhabi and eighth in Brazil . 2012 . On 16 December 2011 , it was announced that he was to be retained by Force India for the 2012 season , with Nico Hülkenberg taking the place of Sutil as his teammate . He qualified 15th for the season opener in Australia and finished 10th in the race , passing Jean-Éric Vergne and Nico Rosberg on the final lap . He qualified 14th for the , and finished seventh in the wet race . He was 12th in China . In Bahrain he qualified inside the top ten , having missed the second free practice session after several members of the team were caught up in a petrol bomb incident . Using a two-stop strategy he took sixth place in the race , which equalled his previous career-best result . He was 14th in Spain , a lap behind winner Pastor Maldonado ; seventh in Monaco having started 15th on the grid ; and 11th in Montreal . At the European Grand Prix he was the only driver on the grid who performed a one-stop strategy and came 7th whilst his teammate , Nico Hülkenberg , finished in 5th position . After failing to score a point in the next three races , di Resta finished tenth in Belgium . The following weekend , at the Italian Grand Prix , di Resta showed strong pace in qualifying , setting the fourth fastest time in Q3 , but took a five place grid penalty for a gearbox change to start the Grand Prix in ninth . He finished the race in eighth . At the Singapore Grand Prix , he qualified sixth and finished a career-best fourth , after the retirements of Maldonado and Hamilton . The final five races of the season resulted in only one further points-scoring finish – 9th place in Abu Dhabi . 2013 . On 31 January 2013 , Force India confirmed di Resta would race for the team for a third consecutive season in . After qualifying outside the top ten in Australia , di Resta managed to battle through into the points , finishing just behind his teammate , Adrian Sutil in eighth place . In Malaysia , however di Resta retired after his cars wheel nuts kept jamming , and the team was ultimately forced to retire both cars . Qualifying in 11th place for the Chinese Grand Prix , the race saw him finish in eighth place and he obtained four points . Di Resta matched his career best result in Bahrain with a fourth place , being overtaken close to the end by Lotuss Romain Grosjean , depriving the Scot of a maiden podium . He followed that up with a seventh in Spain . A disappointing qualifying session in the wet meant di Resta started from 17th in Monaco , however initially going for an aggressive two stop strategy ; luck played its part and due to a red flag he was able to use a new set of tyres , and made ground to ninth-place finish with some good overtakes . Another disappointing qualifying session at the next race in Canada saw di Resta starting in 17th position yet again . Starting on the harder medium compound tyre , di Resta was able to run the longest of all drivers on his first stint , going 56 laps before finally making his only pit stop . The strategy worked as di Resta finished the race in 7th . After six consecutive point finishes , di Resta struggled in the later part of the season as his team Force India struggled to cope with new Pirelli tyres and he recorded five consecutive retirements . On 12 December , it was announced that he would not be retained as a driver with Force India for the season . Williams ( 2016–2017 ) . 2016 . After a two-year absence from the sport , di Resta returned to Formula One as reserve driver for Williams . 2017 . Williams retained di Resta as their reserve driver for 2017 whilst he competed for Mercedes in DTM . He replaced lead driver Felipe Massa for qualifying and the race at the as the Brazilian recovered from an illness . This marked di Restas first F1 start in almost four years , whilst also becoming the first British driver for Williams since Jenson Button in and Scottish driver since David Coulthard in . His qualifying results were described as an unbelievable job by Mercedes F1 Director Toto Wolff , having competed without having driven the FW40 prior to the session . He ended the day in 19th place ahead of Marcus Ericsson and was 0.766s off his teammate Lance Stroll . He retired in the race after 60 laps . DTM return ( 2014–2019 ) . In 2014 di Resta returned to Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters series driving for Mercedes . Di Resta finished the season in 15th place having scored points only three times , all three being 4th-place finishes . Endurance Racing ( 2019-present ) . In 2018 , Paul di Resta raced in the Asian Le Mans Series for United Autosports , scoring one win and 4 podiums alongside Philip Hanson and eventually winning the 2018-19 Asian Le Mans Series championship . Following their Asian Le Mans Series win , Di Resta and United Autosport competed in the 2019-20 FIA World Endurance Championship going onto to win the 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans alongside Hanson and Filipe Albuquerque in the LMP2 Class and gaining 5th overall . Broadcasting career ( 2016–present ) . Sky Sports F1 ( 2016–present ) . Since 2016 , Di Resta has been a regular contributor to the Sky Sports F1 channel . He is a common presence as one of the insiders in Sky Race Control during practices , qualifying sessions and races , alongside Anthony Davidson , Damon Hill , Nico Rosberg , and Johnny Herbert . As of 2018 , he is also the backup analyst for races , filling in for Martin Brundle when Brundle is unavailable . Racing record . Career summary . – As di Resta was a guest driver , he was ineligible to score points . Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results . Driver did not finish , but was classified as he completed 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula One results . Driver failed to finish the race , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . External links . - Paul di Resta career statistics at Driver Database - Official website

easy

What sport did Paul di Resta participate from 2007 to 2010?

/wiki/Paul_di_Resta#P641#2

Paul di Resta Paul di Resta ( born 16 April 1986 ) is a British racing driver from Scotland who currently drives in the FIA World Endurance Championship with United Autosports . He drove in Formula One for Force India from to , and became a reserve driver for the Williams F1 team in , driving a single race for them as a substitute driver in . A former Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) and Formula 3 Euroseries champion , di Resta did not secure a Formula One drive for 2014 , and rejoined Mercedes to race again in DTM . He is currently the reserve F1 driver for McLaren for the 2021 season . Personal life . Di Resta is of Italian descent and was born in Uphall , Scotland , and grew up in Bathgate , West Lothian . He is a former pupil of Bathgate Academy and supports Celtic Football Club . He now lives in Monaco , and is a cousin of racing drivers Dario and Marino Franchitti . His step-father was Scottish footballer Dougie McCracken . His younger brother , Stefan , has raced at an amateur level and his half-brother , Jon , is a goalkeeper for the Norwich City u23s . Di Resta and Laura Jordan became engaged in December 2013 and married on 28 August 2014 . Career . Karting . He started his career in karting , racing in various competitive series of karts from 1994 until 2002 . In 2001 he won the British JICA Championship . Formula Renault . He stepped up to single-seaters at the end of 2002 , when he competed in the British Formula Renault Winter Series . He raced in British Formula Renault full-time in 2003 with the Eurotek Motorsport team , finishing seventh in the standings with one race win . He switched to Manor Motorsport for 2004 , finishing third in the championship standings with four wins . He also entered some races of Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 with the Manor team . He also won the McLaren Autosport BRDC Young Driver of The Year Award in 2004 . The award had been won by his cousin Dario Franchitti in 1992 . Formula Three . Di Resta switched to the Formula Three Euroseries with Manor Motorsport in 2005 , finishing tenth in the standings . For 2006 he moved to the ASM Formule 3 team , winning the championship with five wins , beating teammate and future Formula One World Drivers Champion , Sebastian Vettel . Di Resta also won the 2006 BP Ultimate Masters at Circuit Park Zandvoort . DTM . In 2007 , di Resta switched from single-seaters to race in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) touring car racing series , for Mercedes . In the championship , he finished 5th overall behind drivers Mattias Ekstrom ( who won his second DTM title ) , Bruno Spengler , Martin Tomczyk and Jamie Green . Di Resta was the highest driver in the standings to drive a non-2007 car . His performances earned him a 2008 Mercedes C Klasse for the 2008 season , in which he won two races and finished second in the points , four points behind eventual champion Timo Scheider of Audi . In 2009 , he finished third overall behind Scheider and compatriot Gary Paffett . In 2010 , he won three races in a row on the way to winning the championship . Formula One . Di Resta tested for the McLaren Formula One team , and was in the frame for a drive with the Force India team for the 2009 season due to the teams shared engine supplier , Mercedes-Benz . However , Force India chose to retain Giancarlo Fisichella and Adrian Sutil , with Vitantonio Liuzzi as reserve driver . Force India ( 2010–2013 ) . 2010 . In December 2009 , with Fisichella having moved to Ferrari and Liuzzi being promoted to the race team , di Resta took part in a test with the team at the Jerez circuit alongside J . R . Hildebrand . At the Autosport International show in January 2010 , he was said to be close to a deal as the teams test and reserve driver for the 2010 season . The deal was announced on 2 February . Di Resta made his Formula One race meeting début at the 2010 Australian Grand Prix , where he took part in the first free practice session in place of Sutil and finished 11th . He drove in the first practice session of all the following races until the Monaco Grand Prix where he did not take part . He resumed driving for the team at the European Grand Prix and the following British Grand Prix . After sitting out the German Grand Prix he returned for the Hungarian Grand Prix . Di Resta subsequently sat out the Belgian Grand Prix as Tonio Liuzzi and Adrian Sutil needed as much track-time as possible to get the feeling of the new parts . He participated in practice for the Italian Grand Prix , but did not participate in the Singapore or Japanese Grands Prix . The team elected that di Resta should miss the Korean Grand Prix to allow Liuzzi and Sutil to get used to the new track for the race . 2011 . Di Resta joined Adrian Sutil in the Force India Formula One racing team for the season , replacing Vitantonio Liuzzi . He scored his first championship point at his first race , the , after both Saubers were disqualified . This was followed by another 10th place in Malaysia , 11th in China , and a retirement in Turkey , where he left the pits with a loose wheel . He was running fifth in Canada until a collision with Nick Heidfeld left him with a damaged car and a drive-through penalty , and later crashed out of the race on lap 67 . He qualified sixth at Silverstone but finished 15th after a long pitstop due to a tyre mix-up . His third points-scoring finish of the season came in Hungary , where he finished seventh in changeable conditions . In the he finished 8th . This was followed by a career-best sixth-place finish in Singapore , ahead of teammate Sutil , who finished eighth . He finished tenth in Korea , ninth in Abu Dhabi and eighth in Brazil . 2012 . On 16 December 2011 , it was announced that he was to be retained by Force India for the 2012 season , with Nico Hülkenberg taking the place of Sutil as his teammate . He qualified 15th for the season opener in Australia and finished 10th in the race , passing Jean-Éric Vergne and Nico Rosberg on the final lap . He qualified 14th for the , and finished seventh in the wet race . He was 12th in China . In Bahrain he qualified inside the top ten , having missed the second free practice session after several members of the team were caught up in a petrol bomb incident . Using a two-stop strategy he took sixth place in the race , which equalled his previous career-best result . He was 14th in Spain , a lap behind winner Pastor Maldonado ; seventh in Monaco having started 15th on the grid ; and 11th in Montreal . At the European Grand Prix he was the only driver on the grid who performed a one-stop strategy and came 7th whilst his teammate , Nico Hülkenberg , finished in 5th position . After failing to score a point in the next three races , di Resta finished tenth in Belgium . The following weekend , at the Italian Grand Prix , di Resta showed strong pace in qualifying , setting the fourth fastest time in Q3 , but took a five place grid penalty for a gearbox change to start the Grand Prix in ninth . He finished the race in eighth . At the Singapore Grand Prix , he qualified sixth and finished a career-best fourth , after the retirements of Maldonado and Hamilton . The final five races of the season resulted in only one further points-scoring finish – 9th place in Abu Dhabi . 2013 . On 31 January 2013 , Force India confirmed di Resta would race for the team for a third consecutive season in . After qualifying outside the top ten in Australia , di Resta managed to battle through into the points , finishing just behind his teammate , Adrian Sutil in eighth place . In Malaysia , however di Resta retired after his cars wheel nuts kept jamming , and the team was ultimately forced to retire both cars . Qualifying in 11th place for the Chinese Grand Prix , the race saw him finish in eighth place and he obtained four points . Di Resta matched his career best result in Bahrain with a fourth place , being overtaken close to the end by Lotuss Romain Grosjean , depriving the Scot of a maiden podium . He followed that up with a seventh in Spain . A disappointing qualifying session in the wet meant di Resta started from 17th in Monaco , however initially going for an aggressive two stop strategy ; luck played its part and due to a red flag he was able to use a new set of tyres , and made ground to ninth-place finish with some good overtakes . Another disappointing qualifying session at the next race in Canada saw di Resta starting in 17th position yet again . Starting on the harder medium compound tyre , di Resta was able to run the longest of all drivers on his first stint , going 56 laps before finally making his only pit stop . The strategy worked as di Resta finished the race in 7th . After six consecutive point finishes , di Resta struggled in the later part of the season as his team Force India struggled to cope with new Pirelli tyres and he recorded five consecutive retirements . On 12 December , it was announced that he would not be retained as a driver with Force India for the season . Williams ( 2016–2017 ) . 2016 . After a two-year absence from the sport , di Resta returned to Formula One as reserve driver for Williams . 2017 . Williams retained di Resta as their reserve driver for 2017 whilst he competed for Mercedes in DTM . He replaced lead driver Felipe Massa for qualifying and the race at the as the Brazilian recovered from an illness . This marked di Restas first F1 start in almost four years , whilst also becoming the first British driver for Williams since Jenson Button in and Scottish driver since David Coulthard in . His qualifying results were described as an unbelievable job by Mercedes F1 Director Toto Wolff , having competed without having driven the FW40 prior to the session . He ended the day in 19th place ahead of Marcus Ericsson and was 0.766s off his teammate Lance Stroll . He retired in the race after 60 laps . DTM return ( 2014–2019 ) . In 2014 di Resta returned to Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters series driving for Mercedes . Di Resta finished the season in 15th place having scored points only three times , all three being 4th-place finishes . Endurance Racing ( 2019-present ) . In 2018 , Paul di Resta raced in the Asian Le Mans Series for United Autosports , scoring one win and 4 podiums alongside Philip Hanson and eventually winning the 2018-19 Asian Le Mans Series championship . Following their Asian Le Mans Series win , Di Resta and United Autosport competed in the 2019-20 FIA World Endurance Championship going onto to win the 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans alongside Hanson and Filipe Albuquerque in the LMP2 Class and gaining 5th overall . Broadcasting career ( 2016–present ) . Sky Sports F1 ( 2016–present ) . Since 2016 , Di Resta has been a regular contributor to the Sky Sports F1 channel . He is a common presence as one of the insiders in Sky Race Control during practices , qualifying sessions and races , alongside Anthony Davidson , Damon Hill , Nico Rosberg , and Johnny Herbert . As of 2018 , he is also the backup analyst for races , filling in for Martin Brundle when Brundle is unavailable . Racing record . Career summary . – As di Resta was a guest driver , he was ineligible to score points . Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results . Driver did not finish , but was classified as he completed 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula One results . Driver failed to finish the race , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . External links . - Paul di Resta career statistics at Driver Database - Official website

easy

What sport did Paul di Resta participate from 2011 to 2013?

/wiki/Paul_di_Resta#P641#3

Paul di Resta Paul di Resta ( born 16 April 1986 ) is a British racing driver from Scotland who currently drives in the FIA World Endurance Championship with United Autosports . He drove in Formula One for Force India from to , and became a reserve driver for the Williams F1 team in , driving a single race for them as a substitute driver in . A former Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) and Formula 3 Euroseries champion , di Resta did not secure a Formula One drive for 2014 , and rejoined Mercedes to race again in DTM . He is currently the reserve F1 driver for McLaren for the 2021 season . Personal life . Di Resta is of Italian descent and was born in Uphall , Scotland , and grew up in Bathgate , West Lothian . He is a former pupil of Bathgate Academy and supports Celtic Football Club . He now lives in Monaco , and is a cousin of racing drivers Dario and Marino Franchitti . His step-father was Scottish footballer Dougie McCracken . His younger brother , Stefan , has raced at an amateur level and his half-brother , Jon , is a goalkeeper for the Norwich City u23s . Di Resta and Laura Jordan became engaged in December 2013 and married on 28 August 2014 . Career . Karting . He started his career in karting , racing in various competitive series of karts from 1994 until 2002 . In 2001 he won the British JICA Championship . Formula Renault . He stepped up to single-seaters at the end of 2002 , when he competed in the British Formula Renault Winter Series . He raced in British Formula Renault full-time in 2003 with the Eurotek Motorsport team , finishing seventh in the standings with one race win . He switched to Manor Motorsport for 2004 , finishing third in the championship standings with four wins . He also entered some races of Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 with the Manor team . He also won the McLaren Autosport BRDC Young Driver of The Year Award in 2004 . The award had been won by his cousin Dario Franchitti in 1992 . Formula Three . Di Resta switched to the Formula Three Euroseries with Manor Motorsport in 2005 , finishing tenth in the standings . For 2006 he moved to the ASM Formule 3 team , winning the championship with five wins , beating teammate and future Formula One World Drivers Champion , Sebastian Vettel . Di Resta also won the 2006 BP Ultimate Masters at Circuit Park Zandvoort . DTM . In 2007 , di Resta switched from single-seaters to race in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) touring car racing series , for Mercedes . In the championship , he finished 5th overall behind drivers Mattias Ekstrom ( who won his second DTM title ) , Bruno Spengler , Martin Tomczyk and Jamie Green . Di Resta was the highest driver in the standings to drive a non-2007 car . His performances earned him a 2008 Mercedes C Klasse for the 2008 season , in which he won two races and finished second in the points , four points behind eventual champion Timo Scheider of Audi . In 2009 , he finished third overall behind Scheider and compatriot Gary Paffett . In 2010 , he won three races in a row on the way to winning the championship . Formula One . Di Resta tested for the McLaren Formula One team , and was in the frame for a drive with the Force India team for the 2009 season due to the teams shared engine supplier , Mercedes-Benz . However , Force India chose to retain Giancarlo Fisichella and Adrian Sutil , with Vitantonio Liuzzi as reserve driver . Force India ( 2010–2013 ) . 2010 . In December 2009 , with Fisichella having moved to Ferrari and Liuzzi being promoted to the race team , di Resta took part in a test with the team at the Jerez circuit alongside J . R . Hildebrand . At the Autosport International show in January 2010 , he was said to be close to a deal as the teams test and reserve driver for the 2010 season . The deal was announced on 2 February . Di Resta made his Formula One race meeting début at the 2010 Australian Grand Prix , where he took part in the first free practice session in place of Sutil and finished 11th . He drove in the first practice session of all the following races until the Monaco Grand Prix where he did not take part . He resumed driving for the team at the European Grand Prix and the following British Grand Prix . After sitting out the German Grand Prix he returned for the Hungarian Grand Prix . Di Resta subsequently sat out the Belgian Grand Prix as Tonio Liuzzi and Adrian Sutil needed as much track-time as possible to get the feeling of the new parts . He participated in practice for the Italian Grand Prix , but did not participate in the Singapore or Japanese Grands Prix . The team elected that di Resta should miss the Korean Grand Prix to allow Liuzzi and Sutil to get used to the new track for the race . 2011 . Di Resta joined Adrian Sutil in the Force India Formula One racing team for the season , replacing Vitantonio Liuzzi . He scored his first championship point at his first race , the , after both Saubers were disqualified . This was followed by another 10th place in Malaysia , 11th in China , and a retirement in Turkey , where he left the pits with a loose wheel . He was running fifth in Canada until a collision with Nick Heidfeld left him with a damaged car and a drive-through penalty , and later crashed out of the race on lap 67 . He qualified sixth at Silverstone but finished 15th after a long pitstop due to a tyre mix-up . His third points-scoring finish of the season came in Hungary , where he finished seventh in changeable conditions . In the he finished 8th . This was followed by a career-best sixth-place finish in Singapore , ahead of teammate Sutil , who finished eighth . He finished tenth in Korea , ninth in Abu Dhabi and eighth in Brazil . 2012 . On 16 December 2011 , it was announced that he was to be retained by Force India for the 2012 season , with Nico Hülkenberg taking the place of Sutil as his teammate . He qualified 15th for the season opener in Australia and finished 10th in the race , passing Jean-Éric Vergne and Nico Rosberg on the final lap . He qualified 14th for the , and finished seventh in the wet race . He was 12th in China . In Bahrain he qualified inside the top ten , having missed the second free practice session after several members of the team were caught up in a petrol bomb incident . Using a two-stop strategy he took sixth place in the race , which equalled his previous career-best result . He was 14th in Spain , a lap behind winner Pastor Maldonado ; seventh in Monaco having started 15th on the grid ; and 11th in Montreal . At the European Grand Prix he was the only driver on the grid who performed a one-stop strategy and came 7th whilst his teammate , Nico Hülkenberg , finished in 5th position . After failing to score a point in the next three races , di Resta finished tenth in Belgium . The following weekend , at the Italian Grand Prix , di Resta showed strong pace in qualifying , setting the fourth fastest time in Q3 , but took a five place grid penalty for a gearbox change to start the Grand Prix in ninth . He finished the race in eighth . At the Singapore Grand Prix , he qualified sixth and finished a career-best fourth , after the retirements of Maldonado and Hamilton . The final five races of the season resulted in only one further points-scoring finish – 9th place in Abu Dhabi . 2013 . On 31 January 2013 , Force India confirmed di Resta would race for the team for a third consecutive season in . After qualifying outside the top ten in Australia , di Resta managed to battle through into the points , finishing just behind his teammate , Adrian Sutil in eighth place . In Malaysia , however di Resta retired after his cars wheel nuts kept jamming , and the team was ultimately forced to retire both cars . Qualifying in 11th place for the Chinese Grand Prix , the race saw him finish in eighth place and he obtained four points . Di Resta matched his career best result in Bahrain with a fourth place , being overtaken close to the end by Lotuss Romain Grosjean , depriving the Scot of a maiden podium . He followed that up with a seventh in Spain . A disappointing qualifying session in the wet meant di Resta started from 17th in Monaco , however initially going for an aggressive two stop strategy ; luck played its part and due to a red flag he was able to use a new set of tyres , and made ground to ninth-place finish with some good overtakes . Another disappointing qualifying session at the next race in Canada saw di Resta starting in 17th position yet again . Starting on the harder medium compound tyre , di Resta was able to run the longest of all drivers on his first stint , going 56 laps before finally making his only pit stop . The strategy worked as di Resta finished the race in 7th . After six consecutive point finishes , di Resta struggled in the later part of the season as his team Force India struggled to cope with new Pirelli tyres and he recorded five consecutive retirements . On 12 December , it was announced that he would not be retained as a driver with Force India for the season . Williams ( 2016–2017 ) . 2016 . After a two-year absence from the sport , di Resta returned to Formula One as reserve driver for Williams . 2017 . Williams retained di Resta as their reserve driver for 2017 whilst he competed for Mercedes in DTM . He replaced lead driver Felipe Massa for qualifying and the race at the as the Brazilian recovered from an illness . This marked di Restas first F1 start in almost four years , whilst also becoming the first British driver for Williams since Jenson Button in and Scottish driver since David Coulthard in . His qualifying results were described as an unbelievable job by Mercedes F1 Director Toto Wolff , having competed without having driven the FW40 prior to the session . He ended the day in 19th place ahead of Marcus Ericsson and was 0.766s off his teammate Lance Stroll . He retired in the race after 60 laps . DTM return ( 2014–2019 ) . In 2014 di Resta returned to Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters series driving for Mercedes . Di Resta finished the season in 15th place having scored points only three times , all three being 4th-place finishes . Endurance Racing ( 2019-present ) . In 2018 , Paul di Resta raced in the Asian Le Mans Series for United Autosports , scoring one win and 4 podiums alongside Philip Hanson and eventually winning the 2018-19 Asian Le Mans Series championship . Following their Asian Le Mans Series win , Di Resta and United Autosport competed in the 2019-20 FIA World Endurance Championship going onto to win the 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans alongside Hanson and Filipe Albuquerque in the LMP2 Class and gaining 5th overall . Broadcasting career ( 2016–present ) . Sky Sports F1 ( 2016–present ) . Since 2016 , Di Resta has been a regular contributor to the Sky Sports F1 channel . He is a common presence as one of the insiders in Sky Race Control during practices , qualifying sessions and races , alongside Anthony Davidson , Damon Hill , Nico Rosberg , and Johnny Herbert . As of 2018 , he is also the backup analyst for races , filling in for Martin Brundle when Brundle is unavailable . Racing record . Career summary . – As di Resta was a guest driver , he was ineligible to score points . Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results . Driver did not finish , but was classified as he completed 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula One results . Driver failed to finish the race , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . External links . - Paul di Resta career statistics at Driver Database - Official website

easy

What sport did Paul di Resta participate from 2014 to 2018?

/wiki/Paul_di_Resta#P641#4

Paul di Resta Paul di Resta ( born 16 April 1986 ) is a British racing driver from Scotland who currently drives in the FIA World Endurance Championship with United Autosports . He drove in Formula One for Force India from to , and became a reserve driver for the Williams F1 team in , driving a single race for them as a substitute driver in . A former Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) and Formula 3 Euroseries champion , di Resta did not secure a Formula One drive for 2014 , and rejoined Mercedes to race again in DTM . He is currently the reserve F1 driver for McLaren for the 2021 season . Personal life . Di Resta is of Italian descent and was born in Uphall , Scotland , and grew up in Bathgate , West Lothian . He is a former pupil of Bathgate Academy and supports Celtic Football Club . He now lives in Monaco , and is a cousin of racing drivers Dario and Marino Franchitti . His step-father was Scottish footballer Dougie McCracken . His younger brother , Stefan , has raced at an amateur level and his half-brother , Jon , is a goalkeeper for the Norwich City u23s . Di Resta and Laura Jordan became engaged in December 2013 and married on 28 August 2014 . Career . Karting . He started his career in karting , racing in various competitive series of karts from 1994 until 2002 . In 2001 he won the British JICA Championship . Formula Renault . He stepped up to single-seaters at the end of 2002 , when he competed in the British Formula Renault Winter Series . He raced in British Formula Renault full-time in 2003 with the Eurotek Motorsport team , finishing seventh in the standings with one race win . He switched to Manor Motorsport for 2004 , finishing third in the championship standings with four wins . He also entered some races of Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 with the Manor team . He also won the McLaren Autosport BRDC Young Driver of The Year Award in 2004 . The award had been won by his cousin Dario Franchitti in 1992 . Formula Three . Di Resta switched to the Formula Three Euroseries with Manor Motorsport in 2005 , finishing tenth in the standings . For 2006 he moved to the ASM Formule 3 team , winning the championship with five wins , beating teammate and future Formula One World Drivers Champion , Sebastian Vettel . Di Resta also won the 2006 BP Ultimate Masters at Circuit Park Zandvoort . DTM . In 2007 , di Resta switched from single-seaters to race in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) touring car racing series , for Mercedes . In the championship , he finished 5th overall behind drivers Mattias Ekstrom ( who won his second DTM title ) , Bruno Spengler , Martin Tomczyk and Jamie Green . Di Resta was the highest driver in the standings to drive a non-2007 car . His performances earned him a 2008 Mercedes C Klasse for the 2008 season , in which he won two races and finished second in the points , four points behind eventual champion Timo Scheider of Audi . In 2009 , he finished third overall behind Scheider and compatriot Gary Paffett . In 2010 , he won three races in a row on the way to winning the championship . Formula One . Di Resta tested for the McLaren Formula One team , and was in the frame for a drive with the Force India team for the 2009 season due to the teams shared engine supplier , Mercedes-Benz . However , Force India chose to retain Giancarlo Fisichella and Adrian Sutil , with Vitantonio Liuzzi as reserve driver . Force India ( 2010–2013 ) . 2010 . In December 2009 , with Fisichella having moved to Ferrari and Liuzzi being promoted to the race team , di Resta took part in a test with the team at the Jerez circuit alongside J . R . Hildebrand . At the Autosport International show in January 2010 , he was said to be close to a deal as the teams test and reserve driver for the 2010 season . The deal was announced on 2 February . Di Resta made his Formula One race meeting début at the 2010 Australian Grand Prix , where he took part in the first free practice session in place of Sutil and finished 11th . He drove in the first practice session of all the following races until the Monaco Grand Prix where he did not take part . He resumed driving for the team at the European Grand Prix and the following British Grand Prix . After sitting out the German Grand Prix he returned for the Hungarian Grand Prix . Di Resta subsequently sat out the Belgian Grand Prix as Tonio Liuzzi and Adrian Sutil needed as much track-time as possible to get the feeling of the new parts . He participated in practice for the Italian Grand Prix , but did not participate in the Singapore or Japanese Grands Prix . The team elected that di Resta should miss the Korean Grand Prix to allow Liuzzi and Sutil to get used to the new track for the race . 2011 . Di Resta joined Adrian Sutil in the Force India Formula One racing team for the season , replacing Vitantonio Liuzzi . He scored his first championship point at his first race , the , after both Saubers were disqualified . This was followed by another 10th place in Malaysia , 11th in China , and a retirement in Turkey , where he left the pits with a loose wheel . He was running fifth in Canada until a collision with Nick Heidfeld left him with a damaged car and a drive-through penalty , and later crashed out of the race on lap 67 . He qualified sixth at Silverstone but finished 15th after a long pitstop due to a tyre mix-up . His third points-scoring finish of the season came in Hungary , where he finished seventh in changeable conditions . In the he finished 8th . This was followed by a career-best sixth-place finish in Singapore , ahead of teammate Sutil , who finished eighth . He finished tenth in Korea , ninth in Abu Dhabi and eighth in Brazil . 2012 . On 16 December 2011 , it was announced that he was to be retained by Force India for the 2012 season , with Nico Hülkenberg taking the place of Sutil as his teammate . He qualified 15th for the season opener in Australia and finished 10th in the race , passing Jean-Éric Vergne and Nico Rosberg on the final lap . He qualified 14th for the , and finished seventh in the wet race . He was 12th in China . In Bahrain he qualified inside the top ten , having missed the second free practice session after several members of the team were caught up in a petrol bomb incident . Using a two-stop strategy he took sixth place in the race , which equalled his previous career-best result . He was 14th in Spain , a lap behind winner Pastor Maldonado ; seventh in Monaco having started 15th on the grid ; and 11th in Montreal . At the European Grand Prix he was the only driver on the grid who performed a one-stop strategy and came 7th whilst his teammate , Nico Hülkenberg , finished in 5th position . After failing to score a point in the next three races , di Resta finished tenth in Belgium . The following weekend , at the Italian Grand Prix , di Resta showed strong pace in qualifying , setting the fourth fastest time in Q3 , but took a five place grid penalty for a gearbox change to start the Grand Prix in ninth . He finished the race in eighth . At the Singapore Grand Prix , he qualified sixth and finished a career-best fourth , after the retirements of Maldonado and Hamilton . The final five races of the season resulted in only one further points-scoring finish – 9th place in Abu Dhabi . 2013 . On 31 January 2013 , Force India confirmed di Resta would race for the team for a third consecutive season in . After qualifying outside the top ten in Australia , di Resta managed to battle through into the points , finishing just behind his teammate , Adrian Sutil in eighth place . In Malaysia , however di Resta retired after his cars wheel nuts kept jamming , and the team was ultimately forced to retire both cars . Qualifying in 11th place for the Chinese Grand Prix , the race saw him finish in eighth place and he obtained four points . Di Resta matched his career best result in Bahrain with a fourth place , being overtaken close to the end by Lotuss Romain Grosjean , depriving the Scot of a maiden podium . He followed that up with a seventh in Spain . A disappointing qualifying session in the wet meant di Resta started from 17th in Monaco , however initially going for an aggressive two stop strategy ; luck played its part and due to a red flag he was able to use a new set of tyres , and made ground to ninth-place finish with some good overtakes . Another disappointing qualifying session at the next race in Canada saw di Resta starting in 17th position yet again . Starting on the harder medium compound tyre , di Resta was able to run the longest of all drivers on his first stint , going 56 laps before finally making his only pit stop . The strategy worked as di Resta finished the race in 7th . After six consecutive point finishes , di Resta struggled in the later part of the season as his team Force India struggled to cope with new Pirelli tyres and he recorded five consecutive retirements . On 12 December , it was announced that he would not be retained as a driver with Force India for the season . Williams ( 2016–2017 ) . 2016 . After a two-year absence from the sport , di Resta returned to Formula One as reserve driver for Williams . 2017 . Williams retained di Resta as their reserve driver for 2017 whilst he competed for Mercedes in DTM . He replaced lead driver Felipe Massa for qualifying and the race at the as the Brazilian recovered from an illness . This marked di Restas first F1 start in almost four years , whilst also becoming the first British driver for Williams since Jenson Button in and Scottish driver since David Coulthard in . His qualifying results were described as an unbelievable job by Mercedes F1 Director Toto Wolff , having competed without having driven the FW40 prior to the session . He ended the day in 19th place ahead of Marcus Ericsson and was 0.766s off his teammate Lance Stroll . He retired in the race after 60 laps . DTM return ( 2014–2019 ) . In 2014 di Resta returned to Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters series driving for Mercedes . Di Resta finished the season in 15th place having scored points only three times , all three being 4th-place finishes . Endurance Racing ( 2019-present ) . In 2018 , Paul di Resta raced in the Asian Le Mans Series for United Autosports , scoring one win and 4 podiums alongside Philip Hanson and eventually winning the 2018-19 Asian Le Mans Series championship . Following their Asian Le Mans Series win , Di Resta and United Autosport competed in the 2019-20 FIA World Endurance Championship going onto to win the 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans alongside Hanson and Filipe Albuquerque in the LMP2 Class and gaining 5th overall . Broadcasting career ( 2016–present ) . Sky Sports F1 ( 2016–present ) . Since 2016 , Di Resta has been a regular contributor to the Sky Sports F1 channel . He is a common presence as one of the insiders in Sky Race Control during practices , qualifying sessions and races , alongside Anthony Davidson , Damon Hill , Nico Rosberg , and Johnny Herbert . As of 2018 , he is also the backup analyst for races , filling in for Martin Brundle when Brundle is unavailable . Racing record . Career summary . – As di Resta was a guest driver , he was ineligible to score points . Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results . Driver did not finish , but was classified as he completed 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula One results . Driver failed to finish the race , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . External links . - Paul di Resta career statistics at Driver Database - Official website

easy

Which position did Erik Nielsen hold from Dec 1957 to Jun 1979?

/wiki/Erik_Nielsen#P39#0

Erik Nielsen Erik Hersholt Nielsen ( February 24 , 1924 – September 4 , 2008 ) was a Canadian lawyer and politician . He served as the longtime Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Yukon , and was Leader of the Opposition and the third deputy prime minister . He was the elder brother of actor Leslie Nielsen . Early life , family , and education . Nielsen was born in Regina , Saskatchewan , the eldest of three boys . His mother , Mabel Elizabeth ( née Davies ) , was an immigrant from Wales , and his father , Ingvard Eversen Nielsen ( 1900-1975 ) , was a Danish-born constable in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Nielsens family lived mainly in Alberta during his formative years , and he graduated from high school in Edmonton in 1942 . World War II . Nielsen joined the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1942 , just after graduation , and received his training mainly in Alberta . He flew 33 missions in No . 101 Squadron RAF in WWII , and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( United Kingdom ) for courage and devotion to duty, . He earned the rank of lieutenant . He rejoined the RCAF , 1946–51 , as a legal officer , while earning a law degree at Dalhousie . He established his law practice in Whitehorse , Yukon . Parliament . Nielsen was elected to parliament in late 1957 ( Nielsen lost in the 1957 federal election , but the result was controverted and Nielsen won the resulting byelection ) and remained an MP without interruption for 30 years . He was a backbench MP during the Diefenbaker government but became prominent during the Conservative Partys long period in Opposition during the 1960s and 1970s joining the shadow cabinet in 1964 . In 1978 , he ran for the leadership of the newly formed Yukon Progressive Conservative Party as it prepared for the territorys first partisan elections but was defeated by Hilda Watson by one vote . With the 1979 federal election , the Tories formed government for the first time in over 15 years and Nielsen was appointed Minister of Public Works in the short-lived minority government of Prime Minister Joe Clark . After the Tories were defeated in the 1980 election , he served as Opposition House Leader from 1981 until 1983 , and engineered the Bell Ringing Affair to protest the Liberal governments omnibus energy bill . The business of the House of Commons of Canada ground to a halt for three weeks because the Opposition refused to respond to the bell summoning Members of Parliament to come to the chamber to vote . Nielsen served as Leader of the Opposition in 1983 between the resignation of Joe Clark and the election of Brian Mulroney as PC leader , and continued to lead the party in the House until Mulroney won a seat in a by-election , at which point Nielsen returned to his previous position as House Leader . When Mulroney became prime minister , he made Nielsen his deputy prime minister from 1984 to 1986 , and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada from 1984 to 1985 . Nielsen was effectively the senior Government House Leader in all but name . He also served as Minister of National Defence from 1985 to 1986 . Nielsen has been called Yukon Erik , ( a reference to wrestler Yukon Eric of the 1950s ) but he has also been called Velcro lips for a tight-lipped reticence during his time in office . The tenaciousness and aggressiveness that made Nielsen a successful Opposition MP made him a liability as a Cabinet minister as he gave the impression of being secretive and disdainful of criticism by the Opposition and the media . His habit of stonewalling questions had the effect of prolonging the shelf life of political scandals in Parliament , and thus hurt the governments reputation . This became most apparent during the Sinclair Stevens conflict-of-interest scandal , in which Mulroney was out of Parliament for two weeks while the opposition barraged Nielsen with questions . Shortly after Mulroney returned in June 1986 , he forced both Nielsen and Stevens to resign from cabinet . Years afterward , future Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps would remark that the sacking of Nielsen made Mulroney look decisive , when pointing out the importance of a deputy prime minister in protecting the prime minister from political damage during question period . Nielsen resigned his seat in Parliament in January 1987 when he was given the position of chairman of the National Transportation Agency . He withdrew from the public service in 1992 to become president of Solar Engineering , Hawaii Inc . and Solar Electric Engineering Distributors Canada . One of Nielsens brothers was actor Leslie Nielsen . The relationship formed the premise of an HBO mockumentary titled The Canadian Conspiracy , comically alleging a Canadian subversion of the United States through its media . Nielsen was also a nephew of actor Jean Hersholt . Nielsen wrote a memoir , The House Is Not a Home ( 1989 , ) , noted for its bracing directness both about his colleagues and about his own personal life . He died at his home in Kelowna , British Columbia on September 4 , 2008 , from a massive heart attack . On December 15 , the government of Yukon renamed the main airport at Whitehorse , the capital of the territory , to Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport in Nielsens memory . External links . - Leslie and Erik Nielsen laugh it up ( audio ) 1991 Peter Gzowski interview with Leslie and Erik Nielsen

easy

Which position did Erik Nielsen hold from Jun 1979 to Mar 1980?

/wiki/Erik_Nielsen#P39#1

Erik Nielsen Erik Hersholt Nielsen ( February 24 , 1924 – September 4 , 2008 ) was a Canadian lawyer and politician . He served as the longtime Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Yukon , and was Leader of the Opposition and the third deputy prime minister . He was the elder brother of actor Leslie Nielsen . Early life , family , and education . Nielsen was born in Regina , Saskatchewan , the eldest of three boys . His mother , Mabel Elizabeth ( née Davies ) , was an immigrant from Wales , and his father , Ingvard Eversen Nielsen ( 1900-1975 ) , was a Danish-born constable in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Nielsens family lived mainly in Alberta during his formative years , and he graduated from high school in Edmonton in 1942 . World War II . Nielsen joined the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1942 , just after graduation , and received his training mainly in Alberta . He flew 33 missions in No . 101 Squadron RAF in WWII , and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( United Kingdom ) for courage and devotion to duty, . He earned the rank of lieutenant . He rejoined the RCAF , 1946–51 , as a legal officer , while earning a law degree at Dalhousie . He established his law practice in Whitehorse , Yukon . Parliament . Nielsen was elected to parliament in late 1957 ( Nielsen lost in the 1957 federal election , but the result was controverted and Nielsen won the resulting byelection ) and remained an MP without interruption for 30 years . He was a backbench MP during the Diefenbaker government but became prominent during the Conservative Partys long period in Opposition during the 1960s and 1970s joining the shadow cabinet in 1964 . In 1978 , he ran for the leadership of the newly formed Yukon Progressive Conservative Party as it prepared for the territorys first partisan elections but was defeated by Hilda Watson by one vote . With the 1979 federal election , the Tories formed government for the first time in over 15 years and Nielsen was appointed Minister of Public Works in the short-lived minority government of Prime Minister Joe Clark . After the Tories were defeated in the 1980 election , he served as Opposition House Leader from 1981 until 1983 , and engineered the Bell Ringing Affair to protest the Liberal governments omnibus energy bill . The business of the House of Commons of Canada ground to a halt for three weeks because the Opposition refused to respond to the bell summoning Members of Parliament to come to the chamber to vote . Nielsen served as Leader of the Opposition in 1983 between the resignation of Joe Clark and the election of Brian Mulroney as PC leader , and continued to lead the party in the House until Mulroney won a seat in a by-election , at which point Nielsen returned to his previous position as House Leader . When Mulroney became prime minister , he made Nielsen his deputy prime minister from 1984 to 1986 , and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada from 1984 to 1985 . Nielsen was effectively the senior Government House Leader in all but name . He also served as Minister of National Defence from 1985 to 1986 . Nielsen has been called Yukon Erik , ( a reference to wrestler Yukon Eric of the 1950s ) but he has also been called Velcro lips for a tight-lipped reticence during his time in office . The tenaciousness and aggressiveness that made Nielsen a successful Opposition MP made him a liability as a Cabinet minister as he gave the impression of being secretive and disdainful of criticism by the Opposition and the media . His habit of stonewalling questions had the effect of prolonging the shelf life of political scandals in Parliament , and thus hurt the governments reputation . This became most apparent during the Sinclair Stevens conflict-of-interest scandal , in which Mulroney was out of Parliament for two weeks while the opposition barraged Nielsen with questions . Shortly after Mulroney returned in June 1986 , he forced both Nielsen and Stevens to resign from cabinet . Years afterward , future Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps would remark that the sacking of Nielsen made Mulroney look decisive , when pointing out the importance of a deputy prime minister in protecting the prime minister from political damage during question period . Nielsen resigned his seat in Parliament in January 1987 when he was given the position of chairman of the National Transportation Agency . He withdrew from the public service in 1992 to become president of Solar Engineering , Hawaii Inc . and Solar Electric Engineering Distributors Canada . One of Nielsens brothers was actor Leslie Nielsen . The relationship formed the premise of an HBO mockumentary titled The Canadian Conspiracy , comically alleging a Canadian subversion of the United States through its media . Nielsen was also a nephew of actor Jean Hersholt . Nielsen wrote a memoir , The House Is Not a Home ( 1989 , ) , noted for its bracing directness both about his colleagues and about his own personal life . He died at his home in Kelowna , British Columbia on September 4 , 2008 , from a massive heart attack . On December 15 , the government of Yukon renamed the main airport at Whitehorse , the capital of the territory , to Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport in Nielsens memory . External links . - Leslie and Erik Nielsen laugh it up ( audio ) 1991 Peter Gzowski interview with Leslie and Erik Nielsen

easy

Erik Nielsen took which position from Feb 1983 to Aug 1983?

/wiki/Erik_Nielsen#P39#2

Erik Nielsen Erik Hersholt Nielsen ( February 24 , 1924 – September 4 , 2008 ) was a Canadian lawyer and politician . He served as the longtime Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Yukon , and was Leader of the Opposition and the third deputy prime minister . He was the elder brother of actor Leslie Nielsen . Early life , family , and education . Nielsen was born in Regina , Saskatchewan , the eldest of three boys . His mother , Mabel Elizabeth ( née Davies ) , was an immigrant from Wales , and his father , Ingvard Eversen Nielsen ( 1900-1975 ) , was a Danish-born constable in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Nielsens family lived mainly in Alberta during his formative years , and he graduated from high school in Edmonton in 1942 . World War II . Nielsen joined the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1942 , just after graduation , and received his training mainly in Alberta . He flew 33 missions in No . 101 Squadron RAF in WWII , and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( United Kingdom ) for courage and devotion to duty, . He earned the rank of lieutenant . He rejoined the RCAF , 1946–51 , as a legal officer , while earning a law degree at Dalhousie . He established his law practice in Whitehorse , Yukon . Parliament . Nielsen was elected to parliament in late 1957 ( Nielsen lost in the 1957 federal election , but the result was controverted and Nielsen won the resulting byelection ) and remained an MP without interruption for 30 years . He was a backbench MP during the Diefenbaker government but became prominent during the Conservative Partys long period in Opposition during the 1960s and 1970s joining the shadow cabinet in 1964 . In 1978 , he ran for the leadership of the newly formed Yukon Progressive Conservative Party as it prepared for the territorys first partisan elections but was defeated by Hilda Watson by one vote . With the 1979 federal election , the Tories formed government for the first time in over 15 years and Nielsen was appointed Minister of Public Works in the short-lived minority government of Prime Minister Joe Clark . After the Tories were defeated in the 1980 election , he served as Opposition House Leader from 1981 until 1983 , and engineered the Bell Ringing Affair to protest the Liberal governments omnibus energy bill . The business of the House of Commons of Canada ground to a halt for three weeks because the Opposition refused to respond to the bell summoning Members of Parliament to come to the chamber to vote . Nielsen served as Leader of the Opposition in 1983 between the resignation of Joe Clark and the election of Brian Mulroney as PC leader , and continued to lead the party in the House until Mulroney won a seat in a by-election , at which point Nielsen returned to his previous position as House Leader . When Mulroney became prime minister , he made Nielsen his deputy prime minister from 1984 to 1986 , and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada from 1984 to 1985 . Nielsen was effectively the senior Government House Leader in all but name . He also served as Minister of National Defence from 1985 to 1986 . Nielsen has been called Yukon Erik , ( a reference to wrestler Yukon Eric of the 1950s ) but he has also been called Velcro lips for a tight-lipped reticence during his time in office . The tenaciousness and aggressiveness that made Nielsen a successful Opposition MP made him a liability as a Cabinet minister as he gave the impression of being secretive and disdainful of criticism by the Opposition and the media . His habit of stonewalling questions had the effect of prolonging the shelf life of political scandals in Parliament , and thus hurt the governments reputation . This became most apparent during the Sinclair Stevens conflict-of-interest scandal , in which Mulroney was out of Parliament for two weeks while the opposition barraged Nielsen with questions . Shortly after Mulroney returned in June 1986 , he forced both Nielsen and Stevens to resign from cabinet . Years afterward , future Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps would remark that the sacking of Nielsen made Mulroney look decisive , when pointing out the importance of a deputy prime minister in protecting the prime minister from political damage during question period . Nielsen resigned his seat in Parliament in January 1987 when he was given the position of chairman of the National Transportation Agency . He withdrew from the public service in 1992 to become president of Solar Engineering , Hawaii Inc . and Solar Electric Engineering Distributors Canada . One of Nielsens brothers was actor Leslie Nielsen . The relationship formed the premise of an HBO mockumentary titled The Canadian Conspiracy , comically alleging a Canadian subversion of the United States through its media . Nielsen was also a nephew of actor Jean Hersholt . Nielsen wrote a memoir , The House Is Not a Home ( 1989 , ) , noted for its bracing directness both about his colleagues and about his own personal life . He died at his home in Kelowna , British Columbia on September 4 , 2008 , from a massive heart attack . On December 15 , the government of Yukon renamed the main airport at Whitehorse , the capital of the territory , to Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport in Nielsens memory . External links . - Leslie and Erik Nielsen laugh it up ( audio ) 1991 Peter Gzowski interview with Leslie and Erik Nielsen

easy

Which position did Erik Nielsen hold from Sep 1984 to Feb 1985?

/wiki/Erik_Nielsen#P39#3

Erik Nielsen Erik Hersholt Nielsen ( February 24 , 1924 – September 4 , 2008 ) was a Canadian lawyer and politician . He served as the longtime Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Yukon , and was Leader of the Opposition and the third deputy prime minister . He was the elder brother of actor Leslie Nielsen . Early life , family , and education . Nielsen was born in Regina , Saskatchewan , the eldest of three boys . His mother , Mabel Elizabeth ( née Davies ) , was an immigrant from Wales , and his father , Ingvard Eversen Nielsen ( 1900-1975 ) , was a Danish-born constable in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Nielsens family lived mainly in Alberta during his formative years , and he graduated from high school in Edmonton in 1942 . World War II . Nielsen joined the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1942 , just after graduation , and received his training mainly in Alberta . He flew 33 missions in No . 101 Squadron RAF in WWII , and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( United Kingdom ) for courage and devotion to duty, . He earned the rank of lieutenant . He rejoined the RCAF , 1946–51 , as a legal officer , while earning a law degree at Dalhousie . He established his law practice in Whitehorse , Yukon . Parliament . Nielsen was elected to parliament in late 1957 ( Nielsen lost in the 1957 federal election , but the result was controverted and Nielsen won the resulting byelection ) and remained an MP without interruption for 30 years . He was a backbench MP during the Diefenbaker government but became prominent during the Conservative Partys long period in Opposition during the 1960s and 1970s joining the shadow cabinet in 1964 . In 1978 , he ran for the leadership of the newly formed Yukon Progressive Conservative Party as it prepared for the territorys first partisan elections but was defeated by Hilda Watson by one vote . With the 1979 federal election , the Tories formed government for the first time in over 15 years and Nielsen was appointed Minister of Public Works in the short-lived minority government of Prime Minister Joe Clark . After the Tories were defeated in the 1980 election , he served as Opposition House Leader from 1981 until 1983 , and engineered the Bell Ringing Affair to protest the Liberal governments omnibus energy bill . The business of the House of Commons of Canada ground to a halt for three weeks because the Opposition refused to respond to the bell summoning Members of Parliament to come to the chamber to vote . Nielsen served as Leader of the Opposition in 1983 between the resignation of Joe Clark and the election of Brian Mulroney as PC leader , and continued to lead the party in the House until Mulroney won a seat in a by-election , at which point Nielsen returned to his previous position as House Leader . When Mulroney became prime minister , he made Nielsen his deputy prime minister from 1984 to 1986 , and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada from 1984 to 1985 . Nielsen was effectively the senior Government House Leader in all but name . He also served as Minister of National Defence from 1985 to 1986 . Nielsen has been called Yukon Erik , ( a reference to wrestler Yukon Eric of the 1950s ) but he has also been called Velcro lips for a tight-lipped reticence during his time in office . The tenaciousness and aggressiveness that made Nielsen a successful Opposition MP made him a liability as a Cabinet minister as he gave the impression of being secretive and disdainful of criticism by the Opposition and the media . His habit of stonewalling questions had the effect of prolonging the shelf life of political scandals in Parliament , and thus hurt the governments reputation . This became most apparent during the Sinclair Stevens conflict-of-interest scandal , in which Mulroney was out of Parliament for two weeks while the opposition barraged Nielsen with questions . Shortly after Mulroney returned in June 1986 , he forced both Nielsen and Stevens to resign from cabinet . Years afterward , future Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps would remark that the sacking of Nielsen made Mulroney look decisive , when pointing out the importance of a deputy prime minister in protecting the prime minister from political damage during question period . Nielsen resigned his seat in Parliament in January 1987 when he was given the position of chairman of the National Transportation Agency . He withdrew from the public service in 1992 to become president of Solar Engineering , Hawaii Inc . and Solar Electric Engineering Distributors Canada . One of Nielsens brothers was actor Leslie Nielsen . The relationship formed the premise of an HBO mockumentary titled The Canadian Conspiracy , comically alleging a Canadian subversion of the United States through its media . Nielsen was also a nephew of actor Jean Hersholt . Nielsen wrote a memoir , The House Is Not a Home ( 1989 , ) , noted for its bracing directness both about his colleagues and about his own personal life . He died at his home in Kelowna , British Columbia on September 4 , 2008 , from a massive heart attack . On December 15 , the government of Yukon renamed the main airport at Whitehorse , the capital of the territory , to Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport in Nielsens memory . External links . - Leslie and Erik Nielsen laugh it up ( audio ) 1991 Peter Gzowski interview with Leslie and Erik Nielsen

easy

Which position did Erik Nielsen hold in Feb 1985?

/wiki/Erik_Nielsen#P39#4

Erik Nielsen Erik Hersholt Nielsen ( February 24 , 1924 – September 4 , 2008 ) was a Canadian lawyer and politician . He served as the longtime Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Yukon , and was Leader of the Opposition and the third deputy prime minister . He was the elder brother of actor Leslie Nielsen . Early life , family , and education . Nielsen was born in Regina , Saskatchewan , the eldest of three boys . His mother , Mabel Elizabeth ( née Davies ) , was an immigrant from Wales , and his father , Ingvard Eversen Nielsen ( 1900-1975 ) , was a Danish-born constable in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Nielsens family lived mainly in Alberta during his formative years , and he graduated from high school in Edmonton in 1942 . World War II . Nielsen joined the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1942 , just after graduation , and received his training mainly in Alberta . He flew 33 missions in No . 101 Squadron RAF in WWII , and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( United Kingdom ) for courage and devotion to duty, . He earned the rank of lieutenant . He rejoined the RCAF , 1946–51 , as a legal officer , while earning a law degree at Dalhousie . He established his law practice in Whitehorse , Yukon . Parliament . Nielsen was elected to parliament in late 1957 ( Nielsen lost in the 1957 federal election , but the result was controverted and Nielsen won the resulting byelection ) and remained an MP without interruption for 30 years . He was a backbench MP during the Diefenbaker government but became prominent during the Conservative Partys long period in Opposition during the 1960s and 1970s joining the shadow cabinet in 1964 . In 1978 , he ran for the leadership of the newly formed Yukon Progressive Conservative Party as it prepared for the territorys first partisan elections but was defeated by Hilda Watson by one vote . With the 1979 federal election , the Tories formed government for the first time in over 15 years and Nielsen was appointed Minister of Public Works in the short-lived minority government of Prime Minister Joe Clark . After the Tories were defeated in the 1980 election , he served as Opposition House Leader from 1981 until 1983 , and engineered the Bell Ringing Affair to protest the Liberal governments omnibus energy bill . The business of the House of Commons of Canada ground to a halt for three weeks because the Opposition refused to respond to the bell summoning Members of Parliament to come to the chamber to vote . Nielsen served as Leader of the Opposition in 1983 between the resignation of Joe Clark and the election of Brian Mulroney as PC leader , and continued to lead the party in the House until Mulroney won a seat in a by-election , at which point Nielsen returned to his previous position as House Leader . When Mulroney became prime minister , he made Nielsen his deputy prime minister from 1984 to 1986 , and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada from 1984 to 1985 . Nielsen was effectively the senior Government House Leader in all but name . He also served as Minister of National Defence from 1985 to 1986 . Nielsen has been called Yukon Erik , ( a reference to wrestler Yukon Eric of the 1950s ) but he has also been called Velcro lips for a tight-lipped reticence during his time in office . The tenaciousness and aggressiveness that made Nielsen a successful Opposition MP made him a liability as a Cabinet minister as he gave the impression of being secretive and disdainful of criticism by the Opposition and the media . His habit of stonewalling questions had the effect of prolonging the shelf life of political scandals in Parliament , and thus hurt the governments reputation . This became most apparent during the Sinclair Stevens conflict-of-interest scandal , in which Mulroney was out of Parliament for two weeks while the opposition barraged Nielsen with questions . Shortly after Mulroney returned in June 1986 , he forced both Nielsen and Stevens to resign from cabinet . Years afterward , future Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps would remark that the sacking of Nielsen made Mulroney look decisive , when pointing out the importance of a deputy prime minister in protecting the prime minister from political damage during question period . Nielsen resigned his seat in Parliament in January 1987 when he was given the position of chairman of the National Transportation Agency . He withdrew from the public service in 1992 to become president of Solar Engineering , Hawaii Inc . and Solar Electric Engineering Distributors Canada . One of Nielsens brothers was actor Leslie Nielsen . The relationship formed the premise of an HBO mockumentary titled The Canadian Conspiracy , comically alleging a Canadian subversion of the United States through its media . Nielsen was also a nephew of actor Jean Hersholt . Nielsen wrote a memoir , The House Is Not a Home ( 1989 , ) , noted for its bracing directness both about his colleagues and about his own personal life . He died at his home in Kelowna , British Columbia on September 4 , 2008 , from a massive heart attack . On December 15 , the government of Yukon renamed the main airport at Whitehorse , the capital of the territory , to Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport in Nielsens memory . External links . - Leslie and Erik Nielsen laugh it up ( audio ) 1991 Peter Gzowski interview with Leslie and Erik Nielsen

easy

What position did Erik Nielsen take from Feb 1985 to Jun 1986?

/wiki/Erik_Nielsen#P39#5

Erik Nielsen Erik Hersholt Nielsen ( February 24 , 1924 – September 4 , 2008 ) was a Canadian lawyer and politician . He served as the longtime Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Yukon , and was Leader of the Opposition and the third deputy prime minister . He was the elder brother of actor Leslie Nielsen . Early life , family , and education . Nielsen was born in Regina , Saskatchewan , the eldest of three boys . His mother , Mabel Elizabeth ( née Davies ) , was an immigrant from Wales , and his father , Ingvard Eversen Nielsen ( 1900-1975 ) , was a Danish-born constable in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Nielsens family lived mainly in Alberta during his formative years , and he graduated from high school in Edmonton in 1942 . World War II . Nielsen joined the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1942 , just after graduation , and received his training mainly in Alberta . He flew 33 missions in No . 101 Squadron RAF in WWII , and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( United Kingdom ) for courage and devotion to duty, . He earned the rank of lieutenant . He rejoined the RCAF , 1946–51 , as a legal officer , while earning a law degree at Dalhousie . He established his law practice in Whitehorse , Yukon . Parliament . Nielsen was elected to parliament in late 1957 ( Nielsen lost in the 1957 federal election , but the result was controverted and Nielsen won the resulting byelection ) and remained an MP without interruption for 30 years . He was a backbench MP during the Diefenbaker government but became prominent during the Conservative Partys long period in Opposition during the 1960s and 1970s joining the shadow cabinet in 1964 . In 1978 , he ran for the leadership of the newly formed Yukon Progressive Conservative Party as it prepared for the territorys first partisan elections but was defeated by Hilda Watson by one vote . With the 1979 federal election , the Tories formed government for the first time in over 15 years and Nielsen was appointed Minister of Public Works in the short-lived minority government of Prime Minister Joe Clark . After the Tories were defeated in the 1980 election , he served as Opposition House Leader from 1981 until 1983 , and engineered the Bell Ringing Affair to protest the Liberal governments omnibus energy bill . The business of the House of Commons of Canada ground to a halt for three weeks because the Opposition refused to respond to the bell summoning Members of Parliament to come to the chamber to vote . Nielsen served as Leader of the Opposition in 1983 between the resignation of Joe Clark and the election of Brian Mulroney as PC leader , and continued to lead the party in the House until Mulroney won a seat in a by-election , at which point Nielsen returned to his previous position as House Leader . When Mulroney became prime minister , he made Nielsen his deputy prime minister from 1984 to 1986 , and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada from 1984 to 1985 . Nielsen was effectively the senior Government House Leader in all but name . He also served as Minister of National Defence from 1985 to 1986 . Nielsen has been called Yukon Erik , ( a reference to wrestler Yukon Eric of the 1950s ) but he has also been called Velcro lips for a tight-lipped reticence during his time in office . The tenaciousness and aggressiveness that made Nielsen a successful Opposition MP made him a liability as a Cabinet minister as he gave the impression of being secretive and disdainful of criticism by the Opposition and the media . His habit of stonewalling questions had the effect of prolonging the shelf life of political scandals in Parliament , and thus hurt the governments reputation . This became most apparent during the Sinclair Stevens conflict-of-interest scandal , in which Mulroney was out of Parliament for two weeks while the opposition barraged Nielsen with questions . Shortly after Mulroney returned in June 1986 , he forced both Nielsen and Stevens to resign from cabinet . Years afterward , future Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps would remark that the sacking of Nielsen made Mulroney look decisive , when pointing out the importance of a deputy prime minister in protecting the prime minister from political damage during question period . Nielsen resigned his seat in Parliament in January 1987 when he was given the position of chairman of the National Transportation Agency . He withdrew from the public service in 1992 to become president of Solar Engineering , Hawaii Inc . and Solar Electric Engineering Distributors Canada . One of Nielsens brothers was actor Leslie Nielsen . The relationship formed the premise of an HBO mockumentary titled The Canadian Conspiracy , comically alleging a Canadian subversion of the United States through its media . Nielsen was also a nephew of actor Jean Hersholt . Nielsen wrote a memoir , The House Is Not a Home ( 1989 , ) , noted for its bracing directness both about his colleagues and about his own personal life . He died at his home in Kelowna , British Columbia on September 4 , 2008 , from a massive heart attack . On December 15 , the government of Yukon renamed the main airport at Whitehorse , the capital of the territory , to Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport in Nielsens memory . External links . - Leslie and Erik Nielsen laugh it up ( audio ) 1991 Peter Gzowski interview with Leslie and Erik Nielsen

easy

What was the position of Erik Nielsen from Jun 1986 to 1987?

/wiki/Erik_Nielsen#P39#6

Erik Nielsen Erik Hersholt Nielsen ( February 24 , 1924 – September 4 , 2008 ) was a Canadian lawyer and politician . He served as the longtime Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Yukon , and was Leader of the Opposition and the third deputy prime minister . He was the elder brother of actor Leslie Nielsen . Early life , family , and education . Nielsen was born in Regina , Saskatchewan , the eldest of three boys . His mother , Mabel Elizabeth ( née Davies ) , was an immigrant from Wales , and his father , Ingvard Eversen Nielsen ( 1900-1975 ) , was a Danish-born constable in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Nielsens family lived mainly in Alberta during his formative years , and he graduated from high school in Edmonton in 1942 . World War II . Nielsen joined the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1942 , just after graduation , and received his training mainly in Alberta . He flew 33 missions in No . 101 Squadron RAF in WWII , and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( United Kingdom ) for courage and devotion to duty, . He earned the rank of lieutenant . He rejoined the RCAF , 1946–51 , as a legal officer , while earning a law degree at Dalhousie . He established his law practice in Whitehorse , Yukon . Parliament . Nielsen was elected to parliament in late 1957 ( Nielsen lost in the 1957 federal election , but the result was controverted and Nielsen won the resulting byelection ) and remained an MP without interruption for 30 years . He was a backbench MP during the Diefenbaker government but became prominent during the Conservative Partys long period in Opposition during the 1960s and 1970s joining the shadow cabinet in 1964 . In 1978 , he ran for the leadership of the newly formed Yukon Progressive Conservative Party as it prepared for the territorys first partisan elections but was defeated by Hilda Watson by one vote . With the 1979 federal election , the Tories formed government for the first time in over 15 years and Nielsen was appointed Minister of Public Works in the short-lived minority government of Prime Minister Joe Clark . After the Tories were defeated in the 1980 election , he served as Opposition House Leader from 1981 until 1983 , and engineered the Bell Ringing Affair to protest the Liberal governments omnibus energy bill . The business of the House of Commons of Canada ground to a halt for three weeks because the Opposition refused to respond to the bell summoning Members of Parliament to come to the chamber to vote . Nielsen served as Leader of the Opposition in 1983 between the resignation of Joe Clark and the election of Brian Mulroney as PC leader , and continued to lead the party in the House until Mulroney won a seat in a by-election , at which point Nielsen returned to his previous position as House Leader . When Mulroney became prime minister , he made Nielsen his deputy prime minister from 1984 to 1986 , and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada from 1984 to 1985 . Nielsen was effectively the senior Government House Leader in all but name . He also served as Minister of National Defence from 1985 to 1986 . Nielsen has been called Yukon Erik , ( a reference to wrestler Yukon Eric of the 1950s ) but he has also been called Velcro lips for a tight-lipped reticence during his time in office . The tenaciousness and aggressiveness that made Nielsen a successful Opposition MP made him a liability as a Cabinet minister as he gave the impression of being secretive and disdainful of criticism by the Opposition and the media . His habit of stonewalling questions had the effect of prolonging the shelf life of political scandals in Parliament , and thus hurt the governments reputation . This became most apparent during the Sinclair Stevens conflict-of-interest scandal , in which Mulroney was out of Parliament for two weeks while the opposition barraged Nielsen with questions . Shortly after Mulroney returned in June 1986 , he forced both Nielsen and Stevens to resign from cabinet . Years afterward , future Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps would remark that the sacking of Nielsen made Mulroney look decisive , when pointing out the importance of a deputy prime minister in protecting the prime minister from political damage during question period . Nielsen resigned his seat in Parliament in January 1987 when he was given the position of chairman of the National Transportation Agency . He withdrew from the public service in 1992 to become president of Solar Engineering , Hawaii Inc . and Solar Electric Engineering Distributors Canada . One of Nielsens brothers was actor Leslie Nielsen . The relationship formed the premise of an HBO mockumentary titled The Canadian Conspiracy , comically alleging a Canadian subversion of the United States through its media . Nielsen was also a nephew of actor Jean Hersholt . Nielsen wrote a memoir , The House Is Not a Home ( 1989 , ) , noted for its bracing directness both about his colleagues and about his own personal life . He died at his home in Kelowna , British Columbia on September 4 , 2008 , from a massive heart attack . On December 15 , the government of Yukon renamed the main airport at Whitehorse , the capital of the territory , to Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport in Nielsens memory . External links . - Leslie and Erik Nielsen laugh it up ( audio ) 1991 Peter Gzowski interview with Leslie and Erik Nielsen

easy

Who was Dennis Quaid 's spouse from 1978 to 1983?

/wiki/Dennis_Quaid#P26#0

Dennis Quaid Early life . Dennis William Quaid was born in Houston , Texas , the son of Juanita B . Nita Quaid , a real estate agent , and William Rudy Quaid , an electrician . Quaid has English , Irish , Scots-Irish , and Cajun ( French ) ancestry . He attended Paul W . Horn Elementary School in Bellaire , and Pershing Middle School in Houston . He studied Mandarin and dance at Bellaire High School in Bellaire , Texas , and later in college , at the University of Houston , under drama coach Cecil Pickett , who had previously taught at Bellaire High and whose daughter is actress Cindy Pickett . He was raised in the Baptist faith . He is the younger brother of actor Randy Quaid . Career . Quaid dropped out of the University of Houston before graduating and moved to Hollywood to pursue an acting career . He initially had trouble finding work but began to gain notice when he appeared in Breaking Away ( 1979 ) and earned good reviews for his role as astronaut Gordon Cooper in The Right Stuff ( 1983 ) . Known for his grin , Quaid has appeared in both comedic and dramatic roles . Quaid had starring roles in the films The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia ( 1981 ) , Jaws 3-D ( 1983 ) , Dreamscape ( 1984 ) , Enemy Mine ( 1985 ) , Innerspace ( 1987 ) and The Big Easy ( 1987 ) . He also achieved acclaim for his portrayal of Jerry Lee Lewis in Great Balls of Fire ! ( 1989 ) . In 1989 , he also appeared throughout the Bonnie Raitt music video for the song Thing Called Love . Quaids career lost steam in the early 1990s , after he fought anorexia nervosa brought on when he lost 40 pounds to play the tuberculosis-afflicted Doc Holliday in Wyatt Earp and recovered from a cocaine addiction . He continued to garner positive reviews in a variety of films , however . Quaid was also the guest star of a season 2 episode of Muppets Tonight ( 1997 ) . He starred in the lead role in the 1996 adventure film Dragonheart , the remake of The Parent Trap ( 1998 ) , playing the part of the twins father , and as an aging pro football quarterback in Oliver Stones Any Given Sunday ( 1999 ) . In 1998 , he made his debut as a film director with Everything That Rises a television movie western in which he also starred . Some of Quaids film credits include Frequency ( 2000 ) , The Rookie ( 2002 ) , Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) , Cold Creek Manor ( 2003 ) , Flight of the Phoenix ( 2004 ) , The Alamo ( 2004 ) , In Good Company ( 2004 ) , The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , Yours , Mine and Ours ( 2005 ) , Vantage Point ( 2008 ) , ( 2009 ) , and Pandorum ( 2009 ) . In 2009 , Quaid guest starred in an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants , playing Mr . Krabs grandfather , Captain Redbeard . He portrayed U.S . President Bill Clinton , alongside Michael Sheen as Tony Blair and Hope Davis as Hillary Clinton , in the 2010 film The Special Relationship . In 2012 and 2013 , Quaid played Sheriff Ralph Lamb in the CBS TV drama series Vegas . In 2017 , he starred in A Dogs Purpose as Ethan Montgomery , billed as a celebration of the special connection between humans and their dogs . In 2018 , Quaid starred in I Can Only Imagine , where he played Arthur Millard , the father of singer and songwriter Bart Millard , and Kin , where he plays Hal , the father of the films two protagonists . In March 2018 , it was confirmed by director Sean McNamara that Quaid would portray President Ronald Reagan in an upcoming biopic , titled Reagan , this would be the second time Quaid portrayed a U.S . president . The film was slated to have a summer 2019 release , however it is still in pre-production and was scheduled to begin filming in May 2020 , but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Personal life . Relationships and children . Quaid has been married four times and has three children . Quaid and his first wife , actress P . J . Soles , were married on November 25 , 1978 . The couple divorced in 1983 . On February 14 , 1991 , Quaid married actress Meg Ryan . Quaid and Ryan fell in love during the shooting of their second film together , D.O.A . Quaid and Ryan have a son , Jack Henry Quaid ( born April 24 , 1992 ) . Quaid and Ryan announced their separation on June 28 , 2000 , saying they had been separated six weeks by then . Their divorce was finalized July 16 , 2001 . Quaid dated model Shanna Moakler from February 2001 to October 2001 . Quaid married Texas real-estate agent Kimberly Buffington , on July 4 , 2004 , at his ranch in Paradise Valley , Montana . They have fraternal twins who were born via a surrogate on November 8 , 2007 , in Santa Monica , California . On November 18 , 2007 , hospital staff mistakenly gave Quaids ten-day-old twins a dosage of heparin ( a blood thinner ) that was 1,000 times the common dosage for infants . The babies recovered , but Quaid filed a lawsuit against the drug manufacturer , Baxter Healthcare , claiming that packaging for the two doses of heparin are not different enough . In May 2008 , the Quaids testified before the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform , asking U.S . Congress not to preempt the right to sue drug manufacturers for negligence under state law . This incident led Quaid to become a patient-safety advocate , producing a series of documentaries on preventable medical errors that aired on the Discovery Channel as well as co-authoring a medical journal article addressing the positive influence of patient stories in motivating change in healthcare . The first documentary , , aired on the Discovery Channel in 2010 , and the second documentary , Surfing the Healthcare Tsunami : Bring Your Best Board , aired on the Discovery Channel in 2012 . Buffington filed for divorce from Quaid in March 2012 . Buffingtons attorney then withdrew the divorce papers on April 26 , 2012 . In the summer of 2012 , Quaid and Buffington moved to California . In October 2012 , Quaid and Buffington again decided to separate , and Buffington filed for legal separation , seeking joint legal and sole physical custody of the twins . After waiting to establish the required six months of residency in California , Quaid filed for divorce on November 30 , 2012 , asking for joint legal and physical custody of the children and offering to pay spousal support to Buffington . They then reconciled and the divorce was dismissed by September 2013 . On June 28 , 2016 , the couple announced in a joint statement that they were divorcing , with Kimberly asking for full physical custody and joint legal custody . The divorce was finalized on April 27 , 2018 . Following his separation from Buffington , Quaid dated model Santa Auzina from July 2016 to 2019 . On October 21 , 2019 , Quaid confirmed his engagement to Laura Savoie . They were scheduled to marry on April 4 , 2020 , but that date was pushed back due to the COVID-19 pandemic . They were married on June 2 , 2020 , in Santa Barbara . Religion . Quaid is a Christian , writing the Christian song On My Way to Heaven dedicated to his mother and included in the film I Can Only Imagine , in which he starred . Interests . In addition to acting , Quaid is a musician and plays with his band , the Sharks . He wrote and performed the song Closer to You in the film The Big Easy ( 1987 ) . Quaid also had a pilots license and owned a Cessna Citation . He is also a one-handicap golfer , and in 2005 , he was named as the top golfer among the Hollywood set by Golf Digest magazine . Quaid is a fan of the Houston Astros , and after the teams 2005 National League Championship-winning season , he narrated their commemorative DVD release . After the filming of , Quaid went to Cleveland Browns Stadium to dedicate Daviss jersey . Quaid began podcasting during 2020 . He started The Pet Show with Dennis Quaid and Jimmy Jellinek . Its first episode premiered on July 10 , 2020 . During that podcast , he learned of a cat in Lynchburg , Virginia also named Dennis Quaid . He adopted the cat and flew it out to California to live at his recording studio . Substance use . There have been extensive stories about Quaids past abuse of cocaine . In a candid 2002 interview with Larry King on his talk show , after King asked about his motives for using drugs , Quaid responded , Well , you got to put it in context . Back in the late 1960s , early 1970s . That was back during the time where , you know , drugs were going to expand our minds and everybody was experimenting and everything . We were really getting high , we didnt know it . And cocaine at that time was considered harmless . You know . I remember magazine articles in People Magazine of doctors saying it is not addicting . It is just—alcohol is worse . So I think we all fell into that . But thats not the way it was . When asked if he believed he had ever been addicted to the drugs , he responded , It was a gradual thing . But it got to the point where I couldnt have any fun unless I had it . Which is a bad place to be . Later in the interview he said , But I saw myself being dead in about five years if I didnt stop . Political views . In a 2018 interview with The New York Post , Quaid stated he was a registered independent and has voted for both Democratic and Republican candidates , saying that he did not consider himself an adherent to any particular ideology ; though he did opine that Ronald Reagan was his favorite U.S . president of his lifetime . In April 2020 , during the COVID-19 pandemic , Quaid stated that President Donald Trump was handling the pandemic well , calling him involved . He subsequently recorded an interview with infectious disease expert Anthony Fauci as part of an advertising campaign by the Department of Health and Human Services to defeat despair surrounding COVID-19 . Quaid later denied the ad was political in nature . Philanthropy . Quaid lent his name to the annual Dennis Quaid Charity Weekend ( formerly the Jiffy Lube/Dennis Quaid Charity Classic ) , held in Austin from 2002 until 2007 . The golf tournament attracted numerous celebrities with the proceeds split among local childrens charities . Quaid worked with the International Hospital for Children in New Orleans . He made several trips to Central America in the nineties to help build medical clinics and transport sick children back to the U.S . for treatment they cannot get locally . Filmography . Viewpoint with Dennis Quaid . Viewpoint with Dennis Quaid is a series of short films focused on public-interest topics that is hosted by Dennis Quaid . Since 2012 it has been airing through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and other outlets . Accolades . For his role in Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) he won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor , the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor , the Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male . He received nominations for Best Supporting Actor from the Golden Globe Awards , the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards and the Screen Actors Guild Awards . Quaid was also honored with a Distinguished Alumni Award from his alma mater , the University of Houston , in April 2012 . Further reading . - Author describes Quaids participation in the film Great Balls of Fire . External links . - Dennis Quaid at Emmys.com - Interview with Dennis Quaid at Everybodys All American press junket at Texas Archive of the Moving Image

easy

Who was the spouse of Dennis Quaid from 1991 to 2001?

/wiki/Dennis_Quaid#P26#1

Dennis Quaid Early life . Dennis William Quaid was born in Houston , Texas , the son of Juanita B . Nita Quaid , a real estate agent , and William Rudy Quaid , an electrician . Quaid has English , Irish , Scots-Irish , and Cajun ( French ) ancestry . He attended Paul W . Horn Elementary School in Bellaire , and Pershing Middle School in Houston . He studied Mandarin and dance at Bellaire High School in Bellaire , Texas , and later in college , at the University of Houston , under drama coach Cecil Pickett , who had previously taught at Bellaire High and whose daughter is actress Cindy Pickett . He was raised in the Baptist faith . He is the younger brother of actor Randy Quaid . Career . Quaid dropped out of the University of Houston before graduating and moved to Hollywood to pursue an acting career . He initially had trouble finding work but began to gain notice when he appeared in Breaking Away ( 1979 ) and earned good reviews for his role as astronaut Gordon Cooper in The Right Stuff ( 1983 ) . Known for his grin , Quaid has appeared in both comedic and dramatic roles . Quaid had starring roles in the films The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia ( 1981 ) , Jaws 3-D ( 1983 ) , Dreamscape ( 1984 ) , Enemy Mine ( 1985 ) , Innerspace ( 1987 ) and The Big Easy ( 1987 ) . He also achieved acclaim for his portrayal of Jerry Lee Lewis in Great Balls of Fire ! ( 1989 ) . In 1989 , he also appeared throughout the Bonnie Raitt music video for the song Thing Called Love . Quaids career lost steam in the early 1990s , after he fought anorexia nervosa brought on when he lost 40 pounds to play the tuberculosis-afflicted Doc Holliday in Wyatt Earp and recovered from a cocaine addiction . He continued to garner positive reviews in a variety of films , however . Quaid was also the guest star of a season 2 episode of Muppets Tonight ( 1997 ) . He starred in the lead role in the 1996 adventure film Dragonheart , the remake of The Parent Trap ( 1998 ) , playing the part of the twins father , and as an aging pro football quarterback in Oliver Stones Any Given Sunday ( 1999 ) . In 1998 , he made his debut as a film director with Everything That Rises a television movie western in which he also starred . Some of Quaids film credits include Frequency ( 2000 ) , The Rookie ( 2002 ) , Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) , Cold Creek Manor ( 2003 ) , Flight of the Phoenix ( 2004 ) , The Alamo ( 2004 ) , In Good Company ( 2004 ) , The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , Yours , Mine and Ours ( 2005 ) , Vantage Point ( 2008 ) , ( 2009 ) , and Pandorum ( 2009 ) . In 2009 , Quaid guest starred in an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants , playing Mr . Krabs grandfather , Captain Redbeard . He portrayed U.S . President Bill Clinton , alongside Michael Sheen as Tony Blair and Hope Davis as Hillary Clinton , in the 2010 film The Special Relationship . In 2012 and 2013 , Quaid played Sheriff Ralph Lamb in the CBS TV drama series Vegas . In 2017 , he starred in A Dogs Purpose as Ethan Montgomery , billed as a celebration of the special connection between humans and their dogs . In 2018 , Quaid starred in I Can Only Imagine , where he played Arthur Millard , the father of singer and songwriter Bart Millard , and Kin , where he plays Hal , the father of the films two protagonists . In March 2018 , it was confirmed by director Sean McNamara that Quaid would portray President Ronald Reagan in an upcoming biopic , titled Reagan , this would be the second time Quaid portrayed a U.S . president . The film was slated to have a summer 2019 release , however it is still in pre-production and was scheduled to begin filming in May 2020 , but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Personal life . Relationships and children . Quaid has been married four times and has three children . Quaid and his first wife , actress P . J . Soles , were married on November 25 , 1978 . The couple divorced in 1983 . On February 14 , 1991 , Quaid married actress Meg Ryan . Quaid and Ryan fell in love during the shooting of their second film together , D.O.A . Quaid and Ryan have a son , Jack Henry Quaid ( born April 24 , 1992 ) . Quaid and Ryan announced their separation on June 28 , 2000 , saying they had been separated six weeks by then . Their divorce was finalized July 16 , 2001 . Quaid dated model Shanna Moakler from February 2001 to October 2001 . Quaid married Texas real-estate agent Kimberly Buffington , on July 4 , 2004 , at his ranch in Paradise Valley , Montana . They have fraternal twins who were born via a surrogate on November 8 , 2007 , in Santa Monica , California . On November 18 , 2007 , hospital staff mistakenly gave Quaids ten-day-old twins a dosage of heparin ( a blood thinner ) that was 1,000 times the common dosage for infants . The babies recovered , but Quaid filed a lawsuit against the drug manufacturer , Baxter Healthcare , claiming that packaging for the two doses of heparin are not different enough . In May 2008 , the Quaids testified before the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform , asking U.S . Congress not to preempt the right to sue drug manufacturers for negligence under state law . This incident led Quaid to become a patient-safety advocate , producing a series of documentaries on preventable medical errors that aired on the Discovery Channel as well as co-authoring a medical journal article addressing the positive influence of patient stories in motivating change in healthcare . The first documentary , , aired on the Discovery Channel in 2010 , and the second documentary , Surfing the Healthcare Tsunami : Bring Your Best Board , aired on the Discovery Channel in 2012 . Buffington filed for divorce from Quaid in March 2012 . Buffingtons attorney then withdrew the divorce papers on April 26 , 2012 . In the summer of 2012 , Quaid and Buffington moved to California . In October 2012 , Quaid and Buffington again decided to separate , and Buffington filed for legal separation , seeking joint legal and sole physical custody of the twins . After waiting to establish the required six months of residency in California , Quaid filed for divorce on November 30 , 2012 , asking for joint legal and physical custody of the children and offering to pay spousal support to Buffington . They then reconciled and the divorce was dismissed by September 2013 . On June 28 , 2016 , the couple announced in a joint statement that they were divorcing , with Kimberly asking for full physical custody and joint legal custody . The divorce was finalized on April 27 , 2018 . Following his separation from Buffington , Quaid dated model Santa Auzina from July 2016 to 2019 . On October 21 , 2019 , Quaid confirmed his engagement to Laura Savoie . They were scheduled to marry on April 4 , 2020 , but that date was pushed back due to the COVID-19 pandemic . They were married on June 2 , 2020 , in Santa Barbara . Religion . Quaid is a Christian , writing the Christian song On My Way to Heaven dedicated to his mother and included in the film I Can Only Imagine , in which he starred . Interests . In addition to acting , Quaid is a musician and plays with his band , the Sharks . He wrote and performed the song Closer to You in the film The Big Easy ( 1987 ) . Quaid also had a pilots license and owned a Cessna Citation . He is also a one-handicap golfer , and in 2005 , he was named as the top golfer among the Hollywood set by Golf Digest magazine . Quaid is a fan of the Houston Astros , and after the teams 2005 National League Championship-winning season , he narrated their commemorative DVD release . After the filming of , Quaid went to Cleveland Browns Stadium to dedicate Daviss jersey . Quaid began podcasting during 2020 . He started The Pet Show with Dennis Quaid and Jimmy Jellinek . Its first episode premiered on July 10 , 2020 . During that podcast , he learned of a cat in Lynchburg , Virginia also named Dennis Quaid . He adopted the cat and flew it out to California to live at his recording studio . Substance use . There have been extensive stories about Quaids past abuse of cocaine . In a candid 2002 interview with Larry King on his talk show , after King asked about his motives for using drugs , Quaid responded , Well , you got to put it in context . Back in the late 1960s , early 1970s . That was back during the time where , you know , drugs were going to expand our minds and everybody was experimenting and everything . We were really getting high , we didnt know it . And cocaine at that time was considered harmless . You know . I remember magazine articles in People Magazine of doctors saying it is not addicting . It is just—alcohol is worse . So I think we all fell into that . But thats not the way it was . When asked if he believed he had ever been addicted to the drugs , he responded , It was a gradual thing . But it got to the point where I couldnt have any fun unless I had it . Which is a bad place to be . Later in the interview he said , But I saw myself being dead in about five years if I didnt stop . Political views . In a 2018 interview with The New York Post , Quaid stated he was a registered independent and has voted for both Democratic and Republican candidates , saying that he did not consider himself an adherent to any particular ideology ; though he did opine that Ronald Reagan was his favorite U.S . president of his lifetime . In April 2020 , during the COVID-19 pandemic , Quaid stated that President Donald Trump was handling the pandemic well , calling him involved . He subsequently recorded an interview with infectious disease expert Anthony Fauci as part of an advertising campaign by the Department of Health and Human Services to defeat despair surrounding COVID-19 . Quaid later denied the ad was political in nature . Philanthropy . Quaid lent his name to the annual Dennis Quaid Charity Weekend ( formerly the Jiffy Lube/Dennis Quaid Charity Classic ) , held in Austin from 2002 until 2007 . The golf tournament attracted numerous celebrities with the proceeds split among local childrens charities . Quaid worked with the International Hospital for Children in New Orleans . He made several trips to Central America in the nineties to help build medical clinics and transport sick children back to the U.S . for treatment they cannot get locally . Filmography . Viewpoint with Dennis Quaid . Viewpoint with Dennis Quaid is a series of short films focused on public-interest topics that is hosted by Dennis Quaid . Since 2012 it has been airing through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and other outlets . Accolades . For his role in Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) he won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor , the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor , the Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male . He received nominations for Best Supporting Actor from the Golden Globe Awards , the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards and the Screen Actors Guild Awards . Quaid was also honored with a Distinguished Alumni Award from his alma mater , the University of Houston , in April 2012 . Further reading . - Author describes Quaids participation in the film Great Balls of Fire . External links . - Dennis Quaid at Emmys.com - Interview with Dennis Quaid at Everybodys All American press junket at Texas Archive of the Moving Image

easy

Who was the spouse of Dennis Quaid from 2004 to 2016?

/wiki/Dennis_Quaid#P26#2

Dennis Quaid Early life . Dennis William Quaid was born in Houston , Texas , the son of Juanita B . Nita Quaid , a real estate agent , and William Rudy Quaid , an electrician . Quaid has English , Irish , Scots-Irish , and Cajun ( French ) ancestry . He attended Paul W . Horn Elementary School in Bellaire , and Pershing Middle School in Houston . He studied Mandarin and dance at Bellaire High School in Bellaire , Texas , and later in college , at the University of Houston , under drama coach Cecil Pickett , who had previously taught at Bellaire High and whose daughter is actress Cindy Pickett . He was raised in the Baptist faith . He is the younger brother of actor Randy Quaid . Career . Quaid dropped out of the University of Houston before graduating and moved to Hollywood to pursue an acting career . He initially had trouble finding work but began to gain notice when he appeared in Breaking Away ( 1979 ) and earned good reviews for his role as astronaut Gordon Cooper in The Right Stuff ( 1983 ) . Known for his grin , Quaid has appeared in both comedic and dramatic roles . Quaid had starring roles in the films The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia ( 1981 ) , Jaws 3-D ( 1983 ) , Dreamscape ( 1984 ) , Enemy Mine ( 1985 ) , Innerspace ( 1987 ) and The Big Easy ( 1987 ) . He also achieved acclaim for his portrayal of Jerry Lee Lewis in Great Balls of Fire ! ( 1989 ) . In 1989 , he also appeared throughout the Bonnie Raitt music video for the song Thing Called Love . Quaids career lost steam in the early 1990s , after he fought anorexia nervosa brought on when he lost 40 pounds to play the tuberculosis-afflicted Doc Holliday in Wyatt Earp and recovered from a cocaine addiction . He continued to garner positive reviews in a variety of films , however . Quaid was also the guest star of a season 2 episode of Muppets Tonight ( 1997 ) . He starred in the lead role in the 1996 adventure film Dragonheart , the remake of The Parent Trap ( 1998 ) , playing the part of the twins father , and as an aging pro football quarterback in Oliver Stones Any Given Sunday ( 1999 ) . In 1998 , he made his debut as a film director with Everything That Rises a television movie western in which he also starred . Some of Quaids film credits include Frequency ( 2000 ) , The Rookie ( 2002 ) , Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) , Cold Creek Manor ( 2003 ) , Flight of the Phoenix ( 2004 ) , The Alamo ( 2004 ) , In Good Company ( 2004 ) , The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , Yours , Mine and Ours ( 2005 ) , Vantage Point ( 2008 ) , ( 2009 ) , and Pandorum ( 2009 ) . In 2009 , Quaid guest starred in an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants , playing Mr . Krabs grandfather , Captain Redbeard . He portrayed U.S . President Bill Clinton , alongside Michael Sheen as Tony Blair and Hope Davis as Hillary Clinton , in the 2010 film The Special Relationship . In 2012 and 2013 , Quaid played Sheriff Ralph Lamb in the CBS TV drama series Vegas . In 2017 , he starred in A Dogs Purpose as Ethan Montgomery , billed as a celebration of the special connection between humans and their dogs . In 2018 , Quaid starred in I Can Only Imagine , where he played Arthur Millard , the father of singer and songwriter Bart Millard , and Kin , where he plays Hal , the father of the films two protagonists . In March 2018 , it was confirmed by director Sean McNamara that Quaid would portray President Ronald Reagan in an upcoming biopic , titled Reagan , this would be the second time Quaid portrayed a U.S . president . The film was slated to have a summer 2019 release , however it is still in pre-production and was scheduled to begin filming in May 2020 , but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Personal life . Relationships and children . Quaid has been married four times and has three children . Quaid and his first wife , actress P . J . Soles , were married on November 25 , 1978 . The couple divorced in 1983 . On February 14 , 1991 , Quaid married actress Meg Ryan . Quaid and Ryan fell in love during the shooting of their second film together , D.O.A . Quaid and Ryan have a son , Jack Henry Quaid ( born April 24 , 1992 ) . Quaid and Ryan announced their separation on June 28 , 2000 , saying they had been separated six weeks by then . Their divorce was finalized July 16 , 2001 . Quaid dated model Shanna Moakler from February 2001 to October 2001 . Quaid married Texas real-estate agent Kimberly Buffington , on July 4 , 2004 , at his ranch in Paradise Valley , Montana . They have fraternal twins who were born via a surrogate on November 8 , 2007 , in Santa Monica , California . On November 18 , 2007 , hospital staff mistakenly gave Quaids ten-day-old twins a dosage of heparin ( a blood thinner ) that was 1,000 times the common dosage for infants . The babies recovered , but Quaid filed a lawsuit against the drug manufacturer , Baxter Healthcare , claiming that packaging for the two doses of heparin are not different enough . In May 2008 , the Quaids testified before the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform , asking U.S . Congress not to preempt the right to sue drug manufacturers for negligence under state law . This incident led Quaid to become a patient-safety advocate , producing a series of documentaries on preventable medical errors that aired on the Discovery Channel as well as co-authoring a medical journal article addressing the positive influence of patient stories in motivating change in healthcare . The first documentary , , aired on the Discovery Channel in 2010 , and the second documentary , Surfing the Healthcare Tsunami : Bring Your Best Board , aired on the Discovery Channel in 2012 . Buffington filed for divorce from Quaid in March 2012 . Buffingtons attorney then withdrew the divorce papers on April 26 , 2012 . In the summer of 2012 , Quaid and Buffington moved to California . In October 2012 , Quaid and Buffington again decided to separate , and Buffington filed for legal separation , seeking joint legal and sole physical custody of the twins . After waiting to establish the required six months of residency in California , Quaid filed for divorce on November 30 , 2012 , asking for joint legal and physical custody of the children and offering to pay spousal support to Buffington . They then reconciled and the divorce was dismissed by September 2013 . On June 28 , 2016 , the couple announced in a joint statement that they were divorcing , with Kimberly asking for full physical custody and joint legal custody . The divorce was finalized on April 27 , 2018 . Following his separation from Buffington , Quaid dated model Santa Auzina from July 2016 to 2019 . On October 21 , 2019 , Quaid confirmed his engagement to Laura Savoie . They were scheduled to marry on April 4 , 2020 , but that date was pushed back due to the COVID-19 pandemic . They were married on June 2 , 2020 , in Santa Barbara . Religion . Quaid is a Christian , writing the Christian song On My Way to Heaven dedicated to his mother and included in the film I Can Only Imagine , in which he starred . Interests . In addition to acting , Quaid is a musician and plays with his band , the Sharks . He wrote and performed the song Closer to You in the film The Big Easy ( 1987 ) . Quaid also had a pilots license and owned a Cessna Citation . He is also a one-handicap golfer , and in 2005 , he was named as the top golfer among the Hollywood set by Golf Digest magazine . Quaid is a fan of the Houston Astros , and after the teams 2005 National League Championship-winning season , he narrated their commemorative DVD release . After the filming of , Quaid went to Cleveland Browns Stadium to dedicate Daviss jersey . Quaid began podcasting during 2020 . He started The Pet Show with Dennis Quaid and Jimmy Jellinek . Its first episode premiered on July 10 , 2020 . During that podcast , he learned of a cat in Lynchburg , Virginia also named Dennis Quaid . He adopted the cat and flew it out to California to live at his recording studio . Substance use . There have been extensive stories about Quaids past abuse of cocaine . In a candid 2002 interview with Larry King on his talk show , after King asked about his motives for using drugs , Quaid responded , Well , you got to put it in context . Back in the late 1960s , early 1970s . That was back during the time where , you know , drugs were going to expand our minds and everybody was experimenting and everything . We were really getting high , we didnt know it . And cocaine at that time was considered harmless . You know . I remember magazine articles in People Magazine of doctors saying it is not addicting . It is just—alcohol is worse . So I think we all fell into that . But thats not the way it was . When asked if he believed he had ever been addicted to the drugs , he responded , It was a gradual thing . But it got to the point where I couldnt have any fun unless I had it . Which is a bad place to be . Later in the interview he said , But I saw myself being dead in about five years if I didnt stop . Political views . In a 2018 interview with The New York Post , Quaid stated he was a registered independent and has voted for both Democratic and Republican candidates , saying that he did not consider himself an adherent to any particular ideology ; though he did opine that Ronald Reagan was his favorite U.S . president of his lifetime . In April 2020 , during the COVID-19 pandemic , Quaid stated that President Donald Trump was handling the pandemic well , calling him involved . He subsequently recorded an interview with infectious disease expert Anthony Fauci as part of an advertising campaign by the Department of Health and Human Services to defeat despair surrounding COVID-19 . Quaid later denied the ad was political in nature . Philanthropy . Quaid lent his name to the annual Dennis Quaid Charity Weekend ( formerly the Jiffy Lube/Dennis Quaid Charity Classic ) , held in Austin from 2002 until 2007 . The golf tournament attracted numerous celebrities with the proceeds split among local childrens charities . Quaid worked with the International Hospital for Children in New Orleans . He made several trips to Central America in the nineties to help build medical clinics and transport sick children back to the U.S . for treatment they cannot get locally . Filmography . Viewpoint with Dennis Quaid . Viewpoint with Dennis Quaid is a series of short films focused on public-interest topics that is hosted by Dennis Quaid . Since 2012 it has been airing through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and other outlets . Accolades . For his role in Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) he won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor , the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor , the Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male . He received nominations for Best Supporting Actor from the Golden Globe Awards , the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards and the Screen Actors Guild Awards . Quaid was also honored with a Distinguished Alumni Award from his alma mater , the University of Houston , in April 2012 . Further reading . - Author describes Quaids participation in the film Great Balls of Fire . External links . - Dennis Quaid at Emmys.com - Interview with Dennis Quaid at Everybodys All American press junket at Texas Archive of the Moving Image

easy

Which party was Eleni Theocharous a member of from 1997 to Nov 2015?

/wiki/Eleni_Theocharous#P102#0

Eleni Theocharous Eleni Theocharous ( ; born 24 June 1953 ) is a Cypriot paediatric surgeon and politician who leads the political party Solidarity Movement . She was elected to the European Parliament in 2009 , re-elected in 2014 and served until 2019 . Between 2001 and 2009 , Theocharous was a member House of Representatives of Cyprus for the Limassol constituency . Early life and education . Theocharous was born in Amiantos on 24 June 1953 . Politics . At the parliamentary elections of 27 May 2001 she was elected Member of the House of Representatives standing as a DISY candidate in Limassol and was re-elected at the parliamentary elections of 21 May 2006 . She was deputy chairwoman of the House Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and of the House Standing Committee on Health Affairs . She is currently a chairwoman of the House Standing Committee on Health Affairs and a member of the House Standing Committee on the Environment , of the House Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and of the House Standing Committee on Human Rights . She is also a member of the delegation of the House to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association . In 2003 she was appointed by the House as observer to the European Parliament , where she was a member of the Political Group of the European Peoples Party . Mere months before the 2016 legislative election , Theocharous launched a splinter party , in opposition to President Anastasiades approach to the Cyprus issue . She advocated for tighter co-operation with other Greek-Cypriot nationalist groups , particularly DIKO and EDEK . The new party was dubbed the Solidarity Movement . As of March 8 2016 , she is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists . On 11 March 2016 , it was announced that EVROKO would merge into the new party , placing its candidates on its lists in the 2016 election . On 26 May 2019 , Theocharous lost her seat as MEP in the 2019 European Parliament election . Social and humanitarian activities . Theocharous was a member of the High Directorate of the “Médecins du Monde” international organisation and director of medical , environmental and provisionary projects of the International Aid Fund in Brussels . She is honorary president of the “Médecins du Monde - Cyprus” organization and a member of the Permanent Committee of the United Nations for the Promotion of Co-operation between Palestinian and Israeli Doctors . She is also a member of the Executive Committee of the International Union of Parliamentarians for the Defence of the Palestinian Cause . Literary work . Theocharous has published in literary magazines . Her first collection of poems , “Poetic Act and Political Co-Act” ( 1991 ) earned her the award of the First State Prize for Poetry . In 1995 , she published her second collection of poems : “Proxenos Thanatos Angele Mou” ( ) . The third collection of short stories was «Tempelokalokairo» ( ) ( Indian summer ) . Her fourth collection of poems «Ellinosyron Magon» ( ) . Many of her published poems and short stories have been translated in Armenian , Turkish , Russian and English . In September 1992 she represented Cyprus at the 18th World Biennial of Poetry in Liège , Belgium . In 1999 she published her third collection of poems “Oi Megaloi Tritoi” ( , The Big Thirds ) for which she was awarded , for the second time , with the First State Prize for Poetry . Honorary awards . Theocharous has been awarded the Gold Medal of Honour of Nagorno-Karabakh , the Gold Medal of the Democritus University of Thrace and the All Balkan Award of the Vardinoyiannis Foundation . She has received the First State Award for Poetry twice ( 1991 and 2000 ) . The University of Minsk and the University of Syktyvkar have awarded her honorary doctorates . She has also received the “Margarette Golding” award of the Lions International and the “Paul Harris Fellow” title of the Rotary International , as well as various other awards .

easy

Which party was Eleni Theocharous a member of from Nov 2015 to Nov 2016?

/wiki/Eleni_Theocharous#P102#1

Eleni Theocharous Eleni Theocharous ( ; born 24 June 1953 ) is a Cypriot paediatric surgeon and politician who leads the political party Solidarity Movement . She was elected to the European Parliament in 2009 , re-elected in 2014 and served until 2019 . Between 2001 and 2009 , Theocharous was a member House of Representatives of Cyprus for the Limassol constituency . Early life and education . Theocharous was born in Amiantos on 24 June 1953 . Politics . At the parliamentary elections of 27 May 2001 she was elected Member of the House of Representatives standing as a DISY candidate in Limassol and was re-elected at the parliamentary elections of 21 May 2006 . She was deputy chairwoman of the House Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and of the House Standing Committee on Health Affairs . She is currently a chairwoman of the House Standing Committee on Health Affairs and a member of the House Standing Committee on the Environment , of the House Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and of the House Standing Committee on Human Rights . She is also a member of the delegation of the House to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association . In 2003 she was appointed by the House as observer to the European Parliament , where she was a member of the Political Group of the European Peoples Party . Mere months before the 2016 legislative election , Theocharous launched a splinter party , in opposition to President Anastasiades approach to the Cyprus issue . She advocated for tighter co-operation with other Greek-Cypriot nationalist groups , particularly DIKO and EDEK . The new party was dubbed the Solidarity Movement . As of March 8 2016 , she is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists . On 11 March 2016 , it was announced that EVROKO would merge into the new party , placing its candidates on its lists in the 2016 election . On 26 May 2019 , Theocharous lost her seat as MEP in the 2019 European Parliament election . Social and humanitarian activities . Theocharous was a member of the High Directorate of the “Médecins du Monde” international organisation and director of medical , environmental and provisionary projects of the International Aid Fund in Brussels . She is honorary president of the “Médecins du Monde - Cyprus” organization and a member of the Permanent Committee of the United Nations for the Promotion of Co-operation between Palestinian and Israeli Doctors . She is also a member of the Executive Committee of the International Union of Parliamentarians for the Defence of the Palestinian Cause . Literary work . Theocharous has published in literary magazines . Her first collection of poems , “Poetic Act and Political Co-Act” ( 1991 ) earned her the award of the First State Prize for Poetry . In 1995 , she published her second collection of poems : “Proxenos Thanatos Angele Mou” ( ) . The third collection of short stories was «Tempelokalokairo» ( ) ( Indian summer ) . Her fourth collection of poems «Ellinosyron Magon» ( ) . Many of her published poems and short stories have been translated in Armenian , Turkish , Russian and English . In September 1992 she represented Cyprus at the 18th World Biennial of Poetry in Liège , Belgium . In 1999 she published her third collection of poems “Oi Megaloi Tritoi” ( , The Big Thirds ) for which she was awarded , for the second time , with the First State Prize for Poetry . Honorary awards . Theocharous has been awarded the Gold Medal of Honour of Nagorno-Karabakh , the Gold Medal of the Democritus University of Thrace and the All Balkan Award of the Vardinoyiannis Foundation . She has received the First State Award for Poetry twice ( 1991 and 2000 ) . The University of Minsk and the University of Syktyvkar have awarded her honorary doctorates . She has also received the “Margarette Golding” award of the Lions International and the “Paul Harris Fellow” title of the Rotary International , as well as various other awards .

easy

Frank Justus Miller was an employee for whom from 1880 to 1881?

/wiki/Frank_Justus_Miller#P108#0

Frank Justus Miller Frank Justus Miller was a leading American classicist , translator , and university administrator in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . He authored the Loeb Classical Library translations of Seneca and of Ovids Metamorphoses , and was president of the American Classical League for more than a decade , from 1922 to 1934 . In addition , Miller served as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Chicago from 1911 to 1923 , and was the first interim president of Shimer College in 1896–1897 . Education and early career . Miller was born on November 26 , 1858 , in Clinton , Tennessee . His father was a Baptist minister , James W . Miller . He obtained his bachelors degree from Denison University in 1879 , and took up the career of a Latin instructor , teaching at Clinton College for a year while continuing his studies . He completed his masters degree in 1882 . From 1881 to 1887 , he served as the vice principal of the Plainfield High School in Plainfield , New Jersey . During this period , on July 10 , 1883 , he married Lida Willett , who later became a co-founder of the University of Chicago Settlement . After leaving his high school position , Miller worked as a Latin instructor at the Worcester Academy in Worcester , Massachusetts , from 1887 to 1890 . Miller received his Ph.D . at Yale in 1892 . His dissertation was on The Latinity of the Younger Pliny . University career . While completing his Ph.D . at Yale , Miller became acquainted with William Rainey Harper , then a professor of Semitic languages . Harper left Yale in 1891 to become the first president of the University of Chicago , and subsequently offered Miller a job at the new University of Chicago . Miller accepted the offer , becoming an instructor of Latin and assistant examiner , and worked at the U of C until his retirement . He was remembered as one of the most versatile and influential of the members of the original U of C faculty who spent their careers at the university . Miller published influential translations of Ovid , Virgil and Seneca . Millers approach to Ovid for the Loeb Classical Library edition of the Metamorphoses was considered regressive even in its time , but inspired later translators in the same mold , such as A.E . Watts . In 1908 , Miller published two theatrical adaptations of passages in Virgils Aeneid , Dido : The Phoenician Queen and The Fall of Troy . For much of his time at the University of Chicago , Miller was charged with special responsibility for the universitys affiliations program . He served as examiner for affiliations from 1892 to 1898 and dean of affiliations from 1898 to 1904 . In this capacity , he served as non-resident principal of the Frances Shimer Academy , which later became Shimer College , for the 1896-1897 academic year , between the presidencies of Frances Shimer and William Parker McKee . Accordingly , he has traditionally been considered the first interim president of Shimer . As the affiliations program originally envisioned by Harper was gradually scaled back , Millers title changed from Dean of Affiliations to Examiner for Secondary Schools , a position he held from 1904 to 1911 . Miller became Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences in 1911 , holding that position until 1923 . He retired from the university in 1925 , but continued to hold visiting professorships at universities throughout the Midwest until his death . Miller held leadership positions outside the University as well , serving as president of the American Classical League from 1922 to 1934 . He was also assistant chief editor of the Standard American Encyclopedia , although this was not published until 1940 , after his death . Millers translations and writings on Virgil led to a chairmanship of a planning committee for the 1930 Bimillenarium Vergilianum , which was sponsored by the American Classical League , of which he was serving as president . His work for the Bimillenarium earned him the Order of the Crown of Italy . In retirement , Miller moved to Denver , Colorado . He died on April 23 , 1938 , while visiting his daughter in Norwalk , Connecticut . Writings . - Studies in the Poetry of Italy ; I . Roman ( 1901 ) - A Second Latin Book ( 1902 ) ( with Charles Beeson ) - Two Dramatizations from Vergil ( 1908 ) Translations : - Selected Works of Vergil ( 1892 ) - Selected Works of Ovid ( 1900 ) - Dido , An Epic Tragedy ( 1900 ) - The Tragedies of Seneca ( 1907 ) - ( Loeb Classical Library ) ( 1916–1917 ) - Seneca : Tragedies ( Loeb Classical Library ) ( 1917 )

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Who did Frank Justus Miller work for from 1887 to 1890?

/wiki/Frank_Justus_Miller#P108#1

Frank Justus Miller Frank Justus Miller was a leading American classicist , translator , and university administrator in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . He authored the Loeb Classical Library translations of Seneca and of Ovids Metamorphoses , and was president of the American Classical League for more than a decade , from 1922 to 1934 . In addition , Miller served as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Chicago from 1911 to 1923 , and was the first interim president of Shimer College in 1896–1897 . Education and early career . Miller was born on November 26 , 1858 , in Clinton , Tennessee . His father was a Baptist minister , James W . Miller . He obtained his bachelors degree from Denison University in 1879 , and took up the career of a Latin instructor , teaching at Clinton College for a year while continuing his studies . He completed his masters degree in 1882 . From 1881 to 1887 , he served as the vice principal of the Plainfield High School in Plainfield , New Jersey . During this period , on July 10 , 1883 , he married Lida Willett , who later became a co-founder of the University of Chicago Settlement . After leaving his high school position , Miller worked as a Latin instructor at the Worcester Academy in Worcester , Massachusetts , from 1887 to 1890 . Miller received his Ph.D . at Yale in 1892 . His dissertation was on The Latinity of the Younger Pliny . University career . While completing his Ph.D . at Yale , Miller became acquainted with William Rainey Harper , then a professor of Semitic languages . Harper left Yale in 1891 to become the first president of the University of Chicago , and subsequently offered Miller a job at the new University of Chicago . Miller accepted the offer , becoming an instructor of Latin and assistant examiner , and worked at the U of C until his retirement . He was remembered as one of the most versatile and influential of the members of the original U of C faculty who spent their careers at the university . Miller published influential translations of Ovid , Virgil and Seneca . Millers approach to Ovid for the Loeb Classical Library edition of the Metamorphoses was considered regressive even in its time , but inspired later translators in the same mold , such as A.E . Watts . In 1908 , Miller published two theatrical adaptations of passages in Virgils Aeneid , Dido : The Phoenician Queen and The Fall of Troy . For much of his time at the University of Chicago , Miller was charged with special responsibility for the universitys affiliations program . He served as examiner for affiliations from 1892 to 1898 and dean of affiliations from 1898 to 1904 . In this capacity , he served as non-resident principal of the Frances Shimer Academy , which later became Shimer College , for the 1896-1897 academic year , between the presidencies of Frances Shimer and William Parker McKee . Accordingly , he has traditionally been considered the first interim president of Shimer . As the affiliations program originally envisioned by Harper was gradually scaled back , Millers title changed from Dean of Affiliations to Examiner for Secondary Schools , a position he held from 1904 to 1911 . Miller became Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences in 1911 , holding that position until 1923 . He retired from the university in 1925 , but continued to hold visiting professorships at universities throughout the Midwest until his death . Miller held leadership positions outside the University as well , serving as president of the American Classical League from 1922 to 1934 . He was also assistant chief editor of the Standard American Encyclopedia , although this was not published until 1940 , after his death . Millers translations and writings on Virgil led to a chairmanship of a planning committee for the 1930 Bimillenarium Vergilianum , which was sponsored by the American Classical League , of which he was serving as president . His work for the Bimillenarium earned him the Order of the Crown of Italy . In retirement , Miller moved to Denver , Colorado . He died on April 23 , 1938 , while visiting his daughter in Norwalk , Connecticut . Writings . - Studies in the Poetry of Italy ; I . Roman ( 1901 ) - A Second Latin Book ( 1902 ) ( with Charles Beeson ) - Two Dramatizations from Vergil ( 1908 ) Translations : - Selected Works of Vergil ( 1892 ) - Selected Works of Ovid ( 1900 ) - Dido , An Epic Tragedy ( 1900 ) - The Tragedies of Seneca ( 1907 ) - ( Loeb Classical Library ) ( 1916–1917 ) - Seneca : Tragedies ( Loeb Classical Library ) ( 1917 )

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What was the name of the employer Frank Justus Miller work for from 1892 to 1925?

/wiki/Frank_Justus_Miller#P108#2

Frank Justus Miller Frank Justus Miller was a leading American classicist , translator , and university administrator in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . He authored the Loeb Classical Library translations of Seneca and of Ovids Metamorphoses , and was president of the American Classical League for more than a decade , from 1922 to 1934 . In addition , Miller served as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Chicago from 1911 to 1923 , and was the first interim president of Shimer College in 1896–1897 . Education and early career . Miller was born on November 26 , 1858 , in Clinton , Tennessee . His father was a Baptist minister , James W . Miller . He obtained his bachelors degree from Denison University in 1879 , and took up the career of a Latin instructor , teaching at Clinton College for a year while continuing his studies . He completed his masters degree in 1882 . From 1881 to 1887 , he served as the vice principal of the Plainfield High School in Plainfield , New Jersey . During this period , on July 10 , 1883 , he married Lida Willett , who later became a co-founder of the University of Chicago Settlement . After leaving his high school position , Miller worked as a Latin instructor at the Worcester Academy in Worcester , Massachusetts , from 1887 to 1890 . Miller received his Ph.D . at Yale in 1892 . His dissertation was on The Latinity of the Younger Pliny . University career . While completing his Ph.D . at Yale , Miller became acquainted with William Rainey Harper , then a professor of Semitic languages . Harper left Yale in 1891 to become the first president of the University of Chicago , and subsequently offered Miller a job at the new University of Chicago . Miller accepted the offer , becoming an instructor of Latin and assistant examiner , and worked at the U of C until his retirement . He was remembered as one of the most versatile and influential of the members of the original U of C faculty who spent their careers at the university . Miller published influential translations of Ovid , Virgil and Seneca . Millers approach to Ovid for the Loeb Classical Library edition of the Metamorphoses was considered regressive even in its time , but inspired later translators in the same mold , such as A.E . Watts . In 1908 , Miller published two theatrical adaptations of passages in Virgils Aeneid , Dido : The Phoenician Queen and The Fall of Troy . For much of his time at the University of Chicago , Miller was charged with special responsibility for the universitys affiliations program . He served as examiner for affiliations from 1892 to 1898 and dean of affiliations from 1898 to 1904 . In this capacity , he served as non-resident principal of the Frances Shimer Academy , which later became Shimer College , for the 1896-1897 academic year , between the presidencies of Frances Shimer and William Parker McKee . Accordingly , he has traditionally been considered the first interim president of Shimer . As the affiliations program originally envisioned by Harper was gradually scaled back , Millers title changed from Dean of Affiliations to Examiner for Secondary Schools , a position he held from 1904 to 1911 . Miller became Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences in 1911 , holding that position until 1923 . He retired from the university in 1925 , but continued to hold visiting professorships at universities throughout the Midwest until his death . Miller held leadership positions outside the University as well , serving as president of the American Classical League from 1922 to 1934 . He was also assistant chief editor of the Standard American Encyclopedia , although this was not published until 1940 , after his death . Millers translations and writings on Virgil led to a chairmanship of a planning committee for the 1930 Bimillenarium Vergilianum , which was sponsored by the American Classical League , of which he was serving as president . His work for the Bimillenarium earned him the Order of the Crown of Italy . In retirement , Miller moved to Denver , Colorado . He died on April 23 , 1938 , while visiting his daughter in Norwalk , Connecticut . Writings . - Studies in the Poetry of Italy ; I . Roman ( 1901 ) - A Second Latin Book ( 1902 ) ( with Charles Beeson ) - Two Dramatizations from Vergil ( 1908 ) Translations : - Selected Works of Vergil ( 1892 ) - Selected Works of Ovid ( 1900 ) - Dido , An Epic Tragedy ( 1900 ) - The Tragedies of Seneca ( 1907 ) - ( Loeb Classical Library ) ( 1916–1917 ) - Seneca : Tragedies ( Loeb Classical Library ) ( 1917 )

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Sidney W. Bijou was an employee for whom from 1946 to 1948?

/wiki/Sidney_W._Bijou#P108#0

Sidney W . Bijou Sidney William Bijou ( November 12 , 1908 – June 11 , 2009 ) was an American developmental psychologist who developed an approach of treating childhood disorders using behavioral therapy , in which positive actions were rewarded and negative behaviors were largely ignored , rather than punished . Early life . Bijou was born in the Arlington neighborhood of Baltimore , Maryland . He moved to Brooklyn , New York with his family when he was 10 years old . He earned a degree in business administration at the University of Florida in 1933 . He was awarded a masters degree in psychology at Columbia University in 1937 and earned his Ph.D . in the field at the University of Iowa in 1941 . Together with Joseph Jastak , he developed the Wide Range Achievement Test , a comprehensive assessment of an individuals ability in reading , comprehension , spelling , and mathematics . During World War II , he served in the U.S . Army Air Corps . Career in psychology . He was hired by Indiana University in 1946 , where he spent two years under pioneering behaviorist B . F . Skinner . While other child psychologists had focused on use of techniques such as play therapy to identify the motives and causes of problematic behavior , Bijou used Skinners behavioral techniques to encourage positive behaviors through such rewards as praise , hugs and pieces of candy . Children who were defiant would be given a time-out and separated from a group activity , with the expectation that the bad behavior would be its own punishment , and that any additional sanctions would not have a positive effect . A child isolated from a group would strive to behave appropriately in order to have the opportunity to rejoin the group . He relocated to the University of Washington in 1948 , where he applied Skinners techniques on children at the Institute of Child Development , and wrote several textbooks in the field together with Donald Baer . Studies he performed there showed that encouragement of good behavior would elicit more good behavior even from unruly children . Ole Ivar Lovaas of the University of California , Los Angeles , one of the developers of applied behavior analysis therapy for autism , adapted Bijous techniques to develop one of the most commonly used techniques of using rewards to enhance social skills of autistic children . In 1968 , together with Donald Baer , Todd Risley , James Sherman , and Montrose Wolf , he established the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , as a peer-reviewed journal publishing research about experimental analysis of behavior and its practical applications . He relocated over the years to the University of Illinois , the University of Arizona ( from 1975 to 1993 ) and the University of Nevada , Reno ( from 1993 to 2001 ) , where he established similar behavioral programs . Personal life . Bijou died at age 100 on June 11 , 2009 , after collapsing at his home in Santa Barbara , California . He had moved there to live with his daughter Jude Bijou following his wifes death . He was survived by Jude and a son . His wife died in 2000 ; they had been married for 67 years . His son recalled taking the family car for a joyride when he was 15 years old and being arrested by the police . At the police station , the officers offered several ideas for punishments for the misdeed , but Dr . Bijou rejected them all , stating that hes already had punishment enough . His son recalled the incident , stating that sometimes it can pay off to have a psychologist for a father . Books by Bijou . - Behavior Analysis of Child Development ( 1993 ) - New Directions in Behavior Development by Sidney W . Bijou and Emilio Ribes ( c1996 ) - Behavior Modification : Contributions to education by Sidney W . Bijou and Emilio Ribes-Inesta - New developments in behavioral research : theory , method , and application : In honor of Sidney Bijou - Child development : the basic stage of early childhood by Sidney Bijou ( 1976 ) - The exceptional child : conditioned learning and teaching ideas . Papers by Sidney Bijou [ et al. ] ( 1971 )

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Which employer did Sidney W. Bijou work for from 1948 to 1993?

/wiki/Sidney_W._Bijou#P108#1

Sidney W . Bijou Sidney William Bijou ( November 12 , 1908 – June 11 , 2009 ) was an American developmental psychologist who developed an approach of treating childhood disorders using behavioral therapy , in which positive actions were rewarded and negative behaviors were largely ignored , rather than punished . Early life . Bijou was born in the Arlington neighborhood of Baltimore , Maryland . He moved to Brooklyn , New York with his family when he was 10 years old . He earned a degree in business administration at the University of Florida in 1933 . He was awarded a masters degree in psychology at Columbia University in 1937 and earned his Ph.D . in the field at the University of Iowa in 1941 . Together with Joseph Jastak , he developed the Wide Range Achievement Test , a comprehensive assessment of an individuals ability in reading , comprehension , spelling , and mathematics . During World War II , he served in the U.S . Army Air Corps . Career in psychology . He was hired by Indiana University in 1946 , where he spent two years under pioneering behaviorist B . F . Skinner . While other child psychologists had focused on use of techniques such as play therapy to identify the motives and causes of problematic behavior , Bijou used Skinners behavioral techniques to encourage positive behaviors through such rewards as praise , hugs and pieces of candy . Children who were defiant would be given a time-out and separated from a group activity , with the expectation that the bad behavior would be its own punishment , and that any additional sanctions would not have a positive effect . A child isolated from a group would strive to behave appropriately in order to have the opportunity to rejoin the group . He relocated to the University of Washington in 1948 , where he applied Skinners techniques on children at the Institute of Child Development , and wrote several textbooks in the field together with Donald Baer . Studies he performed there showed that encouragement of good behavior would elicit more good behavior even from unruly children . Ole Ivar Lovaas of the University of California , Los Angeles , one of the developers of applied behavior analysis therapy for autism , adapted Bijous techniques to develop one of the most commonly used techniques of using rewards to enhance social skills of autistic children . In 1968 , together with Donald Baer , Todd Risley , James Sherman , and Montrose Wolf , he established the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , as a peer-reviewed journal publishing research about experimental analysis of behavior and its practical applications . He relocated over the years to the University of Illinois , the University of Arizona ( from 1975 to 1993 ) and the University of Nevada , Reno ( from 1993 to 2001 ) , where he established similar behavioral programs . Personal life . Bijou died at age 100 on June 11 , 2009 , after collapsing at his home in Santa Barbara , California . He had moved there to live with his daughter Jude Bijou following his wifes death . He was survived by Jude and a son . His wife died in 2000 ; they had been married for 67 years . His son recalled taking the family car for a joyride when he was 15 years old and being arrested by the police . At the police station , the officers offered several ideas for punishments for the misdeed , but Dr . Bijou rejected them all , stating that hes already had punishment enough . His son recalled the incident , stating that sometimes it can pay off to have a psychologist for a father . Books by Bijou . - Behavior Analysis of Child Development ( 1993 ) - New Directions in Behavior Development by Sidney W . Bijou and Emilio Ribes ( c1996 ) - Behavior Modification : Contributions to education by Sidney W . Bijou and Emilio Ribes-Inesta - New developments in behavioral research : theory , method , and application : In honor of Sidney Bijou - Child development : the basic stage of early childhood by Sidney Bijou ( 1976 ) - The exceptional child : conditioned learning and teaching ideas . Papers by Sidney Bijou [ et al. ] ( 1971 )

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What was the name of the employer Sidney W. Bijou work for from 1993 to 2001?

/wiki/Sidney_W._Bijou#P108#2

Sidney W . Bijou Sidney William Bijou ( November 12 , 1908 – June 11 , 2009 ) was an American developmental psychologist who developed an approach of treating childhood disorders using behavioral therapy , in which positive actions were rewarded and negative behaviors were largely ignored , rather than punished . Early life . Bijou was born in the Arlington neighborhood of Baltimore , Maryland . He moved to Brooklyn , New York with his family when he was 10 years old . He earned a degree in business administration at the University of Florida in 1933 . He was awarded a masters degree in psychology at Columbia University in 1937 and earned his Ph.D . in the field at the University of Iowa in 1941 . Together with Joseph Jastak , he developed the Wide Range Achievement Test , a comprehensive assessment of an individuals ability in reading , comprehension , spelling , and mathematics . During World War II , he served in the U.S . Army Air Corps . Career in psychology . He was hired by Indiana University in 1946 , where he spent two years under pioneering behaviorist B . F . Skinner . While other child psychologists had focused on use of techniques such as play therapy to identify the motives and causes of problematic behavior , Bijou used Skinners behavioral techniques to encourage positive behaviors through such rewards as praise , hugs and pieces of candy . Children who were defiant would be given a time-out and separated from a group activity , with the expectation that the bad behavior would be its own punishment , and that any additional sanctions would not have a positive effect . A child isolated from a group would strive to behave appropriately in order to have the opportunity to rejoin the group . He relocated to the University of Washington in 1948 , where he applied Skinners techniques on children at the Institute of Child Development , and wrote several textbooks in the field together with Donald Baer . Studies he performed there showed that encouragement of good behavior would elicit more good behavior even from unruly children . Ole Ivar Lovaas of the University of California , Los Angeles , one of the developers of applied behavior analysis therapy for autism , adapted Bijous techniques to develop one of the most commonly used techniques of using rewards to enhance social skills of autistic children . In 1968 , together with Donald Baer , Todd Risley , James Sherman , and Montrose Wolf , he established the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , as a peer-reviewed journal publishing research about experimental analysis of behavior and its practical applications . He relocated over the years to the University of Illinois , the University of Arizona ( from 1975 to 1993 ) and the University of Nevada , Reno ( from 1993 to 2001 ) , where he established similar behavioral programs . Personal life . Bijou died at age 100 on June 11 , 2009 , after collapsing at his home in Santa Barbara , California . He had moved there to live with his daughter Jude Bijou following his wifes death . He was survived by Jude and a son . His wife died in 2000 ; they had been married for 67 years . His son recalled taking the family car for a joyride when he was 15 years old and being arrested by the police . At the police station , the officers offered several ideas for punishments for the misdeed , but Dr . Bijou rejected them all , stating that hes already had punishment enough . His son recalled the incident , stating that sometimes it can pay off to have a psychologist for a father . Books by Bijou . - Behavior Analysis of Child Development ( 1993 ) - New Directions in Behavior Development by Sidney W . Bijou and Emilio Ribes ( c1996 ) - Behavior Modification : Contributions to education by Sidney W . Bijou and Emilio Ribes-Inesta - New developments in behavioral research : theory , method , and application : In honor of Sidney Bijou - Child development : the basic stage of early childhood by Sidney Bijou ( 1976 ) - The exceptional child : conditioned learning and teaching ideas . Papers by Sidney Bijou [ et al. ] ( 1971 )

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Who was the owner of Villa del Balbianello from 1787 to 1796?

/wiki/Villa_del_Balbianello#P127#0

Villa del Balbianello The Villa del Balbianello is a villa in the comune of Lenno ( province of Como ) , a province in the north of the Lombardy region of Italy , overlooking Lake Como . It is located on the tip of the small wooded peninsula of Dosso dAvedo on the western shore of the south-west branch of Lake Como , not far from the Isola Comacina and is famous for its elaborate terraced gardens . History . A Franciscan monastery had existed on the tip of the peninsula of Dosso dAvedo since the 13th century . The two towers which remain on the property are the remnants of the campanili of the monasterys church . After failing in his attempts to buy the nearby Isola Comacina , Cardinal Angelo Maria Durini purchased this property in 1785 . In 1787 , he converted the monastery structure into a villa for use during the summer and added a loggia , which allowed viewers to obtain two different panoramas of the lake . After the cardinal’s death in 1796 , the villa passed to his nephew , Luigi Porro Lambertenghi . During his ownership , the villa became a center for republican activity and meetings , where Italian patriots and Carbonari met . Among Lambertenghis guests at the villa was the writer Silvio Pellico , who tutored Lambertenghis sons . In 1820 , Pellico was arrested at the villa by the Austrian government and Lambertenghi was forced to move to Belgium , where he was supported by the Arconati-Visconti family . Lambertenghi subsequently sold the villa to his friend , Giuseppe Arconati Visconti , grandfather of Luchino Visconti . Visconti made improvements to its gardens and the loggia . To this day the balustrade in front of the church bears the Visconti emblem of a serpent with a man in its mouth . During the period of Visconti ownership , the villa hosted politicians and writers Giovanni Berchet , Alessandro Manzoni , Giuseppe Giusti , as well as the artist Arnold Böcklin . The gradual decline of the family resulted in a neglect of the villa for more than 30 years . Just prior to World War I American businessman Butler Ames saw the villa for the first time . He made an offer to purchase it from the Arconati Visconti family and was initially rejected . He kept returning with ever-larger cash offers , until in 1919 he was successful in obtaining ownership . Ames renovated the villa and its garden . In 1974 , Amess heirs sold the villa to businessman and explorer Count Guido Monzino ( leader of the first Italian expedition to climb Mount Everest ) . While Monzino left the exterior essentially unchanged he had the interior of the villa completely re-decorated , installing artifacts acquired on his expeditions as well as important pieces of English Georgian and French antique furniture from the 18th and 19th centuries , Beauvais tapestries , French boiseries and Oriental carpets . After the assassination of Aldo Moro in 1978 by the Red Brigade , Monzino became worried about his safety , and added a system of hidden passages , linking parts of the property . Monzino died in 1988 and left the villa along with most of the Dosso dAvedo and an endowment to pay for maintenance , to the Fondo Ambiente Italiano ( FAI ) , the National Trust of Italy . Its grounds now form part of the Grandi Giardini Italiani . Today , the Villa del Balbianello is the most visited among the 52 FAI properties with over 135,000 visitors in 2019 . In 2016 the Fondo per lAmbiente Italiano commenced a €413,000 project to restore and improve the villa’s jetty , install new signage , new security , emergency lighting and fire prevention systems . The villas existing diesel fuel system will be replaced with a modern heating system , new visitors bathrooms and drainage systems , and improvements to the bookshop and ticket office space . In November 2018 Indian movie star and Bollywoods famous couple Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukones wedding took place at the villa . Film appearances . A number of feature films have used the villa for location shooting , including A Month by the Lake ( 1995 ) , His Demise starring Paul Zukowski ( 2016 disaster movie ) , Casino Royale ( 2006 ) . The villa was also used for the lake retreat scenes in ( 2002 ) , with computer-generated imagery used in place of the buildings true exterior . External links . - Villa del Balbianello at the Italian National Trust

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Who was the owner of Villa del Balbianello from 1974 to 1988?

/wiki/Villa_del_Balbianello#P127#1

Villa del Balbianello The Villa del Balbianello is a villa in the comune of Lenno ( province of Como ) , a province in the north of the Lombardy region of Italy , overlooking Lake Como . It is located on the tip of the small wooded peninsula of Dosso dAvedo on the western shore of the south-west branch of Lake Como , not far from the Isola Comacina and is famous for its elaborate terraced gardens . History . A Franciscan monastery had existed on the tip of the peninsula of Dosso dAvedo since the 13th century . The two towers which remain on the property are the remnants of the campanili of the monasterys church . After failing in his attempts to buy the nearby Isola Comacina , Cardinal Angelo Maria Durini purchased this property in 1785 . In 1787 , he converted the monastery structure into a villa for use during the summer and added a loggia , which allowed viewers to obtain two different panoramas of the lake . After the cardinal’s death in 1796 , the villa passed to his nephew , Luigi Porro Lambertenghi . During his ownership , the villa became a center for republican activity and meetings , where Italian patriots and Carbonari met . Among Lambertenghis guests at the villa was the writer Silvio Pellico , who tutored Lambertenghis sons . In 1820 , Pellico was arrested at the villa by the Austrian government and Lambertenghi was forced to move to Belgium , where he was supported by the Arconati-Visconti family . Lambertenghi subsequently sold the villa to his friend , Giuseppe Arconati Visconti , grandfather of Luchino Visconti . Visconti made improvements to its gardens and the loggia . To this day the balustrade in front of the church bears the Visconti emblem of a serpent with a man in its mouth . During the period of Visconti ownership , the villa hosted politicians and writers Giovanni Berchet , Alessandro Manzoni , Giuseppe Giusti , as well as the artist Arnold Böcklin . The gradual decline of the family resulted in a neglect of the villa for more than 30 years . Just prior to World War I American businessman Butler Ames saw the villa for the first time . He made an offer to purchase it from the Arconati Visconti family and was initially rejected . He kept returning with ever-larger cash offers , until in 1919 he was successful in obtaining ownership . Ames renovated the villa and its garden . In 1974 , Amess heirs sold the villa to businessman and explorer Count Guido Monzino ( leader of the first Italian expedition to climb Mount Everest ) . While Monzino left the exterior essentially unchanged he had the interior of the villa completely re-decorated , installing artifacts acquired on his expeditions as well as important pieces of English Georgian and French antique furniture from the 18th and 19th centuries , Beauvais tapestries , French boiseries and Oriental carpets . After the assassination of Aldo Moro in 1978 by the Red Brigade , Monzino became worried about his safety , and added a system of hidden passages , linking parts of the property . Monzino died in 1988 and left the villa along with most of the Dosso dAvedo and an endowment to pay for maintenance , to the Fondo Ambiente Italiano ( FAI ) , the National Trust of Italy . Its grounds now form part of the Grandi Giardini Italiani . Today , the Villa del Balbianello is the most visited among the 52 FAI properties with over 135,000 visitors in 2019 . In 2016 the Fondo per lAmbiente Italiano commenced a €413,000 project to restore and improve the villa’s jetty , install new signage , new security , emergency lighting and fire prevention systems . The villas existing diesel fuel system will be replaced with a modern heating system , new visitors bathrooms and drainage systems , and improvements to the bookshop and ticket office space . In November 2018 Indian movie star and Bollywoods famous couple Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukones wedding took place at the villa . Film appearances . A number of feature films have used the villa for location shooting , including A Month by the Lake ( 1995 ) , His Demise starring Paul Zukowski ( 2016 disaster movie ) , Casino Royale ( 2006 ) . The villa was also used for the lake retreat scenes in ( 2002 ) , with computer-generated imagery used in place of the buildings true exterior . External links . - Villa del Balbianello at the Italian National Trust

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Who owned Villa del Balbianello from 1988 to 1989?

/wiki/Villa_del_Balbianello#P127#2

Villa del Balbianello The Villa del Balbianello is a villa in the comune of Lenno ( province of Como ) , a province in the north of the Lombardy region of Italy , overlooking Lake Como . It is located on the tip of the small wooded peninsula of Dosso dAvedo on the western shore of the south-west branch of Lake Como , not far from the Isola Comacina and is famous for its elaborate terraced gardens . History . A Franciscan monastery had existed on the tip of the peninsula of Dosso dAvedo since the 13th century . The two towers which remain on the property are the remnants of the campanili of the monasterys church . After failing in his attempts to buy the nearby Isola Comacina , Cardinal Angelo Maria Durini purchased this property in 1785 . In 1787 , he converted the monastery structure into a villa for use during the summer and added a loggia , which allowed viewers to obtain two different panoramas of the lake . After the cardinal’s death in 1796 , the villa passed to his nephew , Luigi Porro Lambertenghi . During his ownership , the villa became a center for republican activity and meetings , where Italian patriots and Carbonari met . Among Lambertenghis guests at the villa was the writer Silvio Pellico , who tutored Lambertenghis sons . In 1820 , Pellico was arrested at the villa by the Austrian government and Lambertenghi was forced to move to Belgium , where he was supported by the Arconati-Visconti family . Lambertenghi subsequently sold the villa to his friend , Giuseppe Arconati Visconti , grandfather of Luchino Visconti . Visconti made improvements to its gardens and the loggia . To this day the balustrade in front of the church bears the Visconti emblem of a serpent with a man in its mouth . During the period of Visconti ownership , the villa hosted politicians and writers Giovanni Berchet , Alessandro Manzoni , Giuseppe Giusti , as well as the artist Arnold Böcklin . The gradual decline of the family resulted in a neglect of the villa for more than 30 years . Just prior to World War I American businessman Butler Ames saw the villa for the first time . He made an offer to purchase it from the Arconati Visconti family and was initially rejected . He kept returning with ever-larger cash offers , until in 1919 he was successful in obtaining ownership . Ames renovated the villa and its garden . In 1974 , Amess heirs sold the villa to businessman and explorer Count Guido Monzino ( leader of the first Italian expedition to climb Mount Everest ) . While Monzino left the exterior essentially unchanged he had the interior of the villa completely re-decorated , installing artifacts acquired on his expeditions as well as important pieces of English Georgian and French antique furniture from the 18th and 19th centuries , Beauvais tapestries , French boiseries and Oriental carpets . After the assassination of Aldo Moro in 1978 by the Red Brigade , Monzino became worried about his safety , and added a system of hidden passages , linking parts of the property . Monzino died in 1988 and left the villa along with most of the Dosso dAvedo and an endowment to pay for maintenance , to the Fondo Ambiente Italiano ( FAI ) , the National Trust of Italy . Its grounds now form part of the Grandi Giardini Italiani . Today , the Villa del Balbianello is the most visited among the 52 FAI properties with over 135,000 visitors in 2019 . In 2016 the Fondo per lAmbiente Italiano commenced a €413,000 project to restore and improve the villa’s jetty , install new signage , new security , emergency lighting and fire prevention systems . The villas existing diesel fuel system will be replaced with a modern heating system , new visitors bathrooms and drainage systems , and improvements to the bookshop and ticket office space . In November 2018 Indian movie star and Bollywoods famous couple Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukones wedding took place at the villa . Film appearances . A number of feature films have used the villa for location shooting , including A Month by the Lake ( 1995 ) , His Demise starring Paul Zukowski ( 2016 disaster movie ) , Casino Royale ( 2006 ) . The villa was also used for the lake retreat scenes in ( 2002 ) , with computer-generated imagery used in place of the buildings true exterior . External links . - Villa del Balbianello at the Italian National Trust

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Which political party did Matthias Platzeck belong to from 1989 to 1990?

/wiki/Matthias_Platzeck#P102#0

Matthias Platzeck Matthias Platzeck ( born 29 December 1953 ) is a German politician . He was Minister President of Brandenburg from 2002 to 2013 and party chairman of the SPD from November 2005 to April 2006 . On 29 July 2013 Platzeck announced his resignation from his office in August for health reasons . Early life and education . Platzeck was born in Potsdam , the son of a physician and a medical-technical assistant . After attending Polytechnic Secondary School in Potsdam from 1960 to 1966 , he went through Extended Secondary School in Kleinmachnow . Following his Abitur in 1972 and military service he studied biomedical cybernetics at the Technische Universität Ilmenau from 1974 onward . After his diploma in 1979 , Platzeck worked at the institute for hygiene in Karl-Marx-Stadt ( today Chemnitz ) in 1979–1980 and the general hospital in Bad Freienwalde from 1980 to 1982 . From 1982 to 1990 he was head of the department for environmental hygiene at the agency for hygiene in Potsdam . Political career . Platzeck co-founded ARGUS , a Potsdam environmental organization , with and at the initiative of Carola Stabe in April 1988 . In April 1989 , he joined the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany but left it shortly thereafter . He represented ARGUS at the founding of the Grüne Liga association of local environmental organizations in East Germany in November 1989 . During the political Wende of 1989–1990 that led to German Reunification he was their speaker at the East German Round Table talks . From February to April 1990 he represented the oppositional radical Green Party as Minister without Portfolio in the last non-elected but legitimate government of the GDR . Platzeck was elected member of the Volkskammer in 1990 for the Green Party and was parliamentary secretary of the joined faction of Greens and Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . In October 1990 Platzeck became a member of the Landtag of Brandenburg for Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . He was Minister for the Environment in a coalition government with the SPD and FDP from 1990 to 1994 , when the coalition broke up . Rejecting the merger of his party with the West German Green Party he did not join the new party Bündnis 90/Die Grünen in 1993 . Instead , he became a member of the SPD on 6 June 1995 . After the break of the Brandenburg coalition in 1994 Platzeck left his faction and remained Minister for the Environment under Minister-president Manfred Stolpe . He became popular nationwide for organizing public support for the affected population during a flood of the Oder river in 1997 . In 1998 he was elected mayor of Brandenburgs capital Potsdam and rejected the offer of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to join the federal cabinet . In 2000 Platzeck was elected chairman of the SPD in Brandenburg and in 2002 he succeeded Manfred Stolpe as Minister-president . He was re-elected to the Landtag ( state parliament ) in 2004 . With the SPD as strongest political force he could continue his coalition with the CDU . He served as President of the Bundesrat in 2004/05 . When Franz Müntefering resigned as party chairman of the SPD because of internal conflicts , Platzeck was elected party chairman on 15 November 2005 with an overwhelming majority of 99.8 percent . In January , February and April 2006 Platzeck suffered three severe hearing losses . Due to his ill health he resigned from his post as chairman on 10 April 2006 , only five months after becoming chairman . Life after politics . Both in 2015 and 2016 , Platzeck and Bodo Ramelow were appointed as unpaid arbitrators for negotiations between Deutsche Bahn and the German Train Drivers Union ( GDL ) . In 2016 , he also served as unpaid arbitrator for negotiations between German airline Lufthansa and its flight attendants union . From 2018 until 2019 , Platzeck co-chaired the German governments so-called coal commission , which is tasked to develop a masterplan before the end of the year on how to phase-out coal and create a new economic perspective for the countrys coal-mining regions . In 2019 , Platzeck was appointed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior , Building and Community to chair the committee that oversaw the preparations for the 30th anniversary of German reunification . In addition , Platzeck holds a variety of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - LEIPA Georg Leinfelder GmbH , chairman of the supervisory board ( since 2015 ) - German-Russian Forum , Chairman - Foundation for the Reconstruction of the Garrison Church , member of the board of trustees - Internationales Bildungs- und Begegnungswerk ( IBB ) , member of the board of trustees - Jewish Film Festival Berlin & Brandenburg ( JFBB ) , member of the advisory board - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , member of the board - Schloss Neuhardenberg Foundation , member of the board of trustees Political positions and controversy . Platzeck caused controversy in August 2010 when he called the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 an Anschluss , the word used by Adolf Hitler to defend the Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938 . In response , Chancellor Angela Merkel rejected Platzecks choice of words and argued that reunification was precisely what east Germans had wanted , not a process forced upon them . On 18 November 2014 , Platzeck called for the international legitimization of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , drawing criticism . His comparison of the deployment of the Bundeswehr to Lithuania as part of the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence with Operation Barbarossa was also criticized . Personal life . From 1978 to 1984 , Platzeck was married to Ute Bankwitz with whom he has three daughters . In 2007 , he married Jeanette Jesorka . The ceremony took place one year later in Temmen-Ringenwalde , with guests including Frank-Walter Steinmeier , Günther Jauch and Andreas Dresen . Book . Matthias Platzeck : Zukunft braucht Herkunft . Deutsche Fragen , ostdeutsche Antworten . Hoffmann und Campe , Hamburg 2009 , References . - Matthias Platzeck löst mit seiner historischen These zur Integration der Linken Irritationen aus , Märkische Allgemeine , 1 . November 2009 - Thorsten Metzner : In zwei Wochen soll klar sein , ob Dreher geht . In : Der Tagesspiegel , 25 . November 1998 External links . - Official biography ( German ) - Short official biography - Homepage

easy

Which party was Matthias Platzeck a member of from 1990 to 1993?

/wiki/Matthias_Platzeck#P102#1

Matthias Platzeck Matthias Platzeck ( born 29 December 1953 ) is a German politician . He was Minister President of Brandenburg from 2002 to 2013 and party chairman of the SPD from November 2005 to April 2006 . On 29 July 2013 Platzeck announced his resignation from his office in August for health reasons . Early life and education . Platzeck was born in Potsdam , the son of a physician and a medical-technical assistant . After attending Polytechnic Secondary School in Potsdam from 1960 to 1966 , he went through Extended Secondary School in Kleinmachnow . Following his Abitur in 1972 and military service he studied biomedical cybernetics at the Technische Universität Ilmenau from 1974 onward . After his diploma in 1979 , Platzeck worked at the institute for hygiene in Karl-Marx-Stadt ( today Chemnitz ) in 1979–1980 and the general hospital in Bad Freienwalde from 1980 to 1982 . From 1982 to 1990 he was head of the department for environmental hygiene at the agency for hygiene in Potsdam . Political career . Platzeck co-founded ARGUS , a Potsdam environmental organization , with and at the initiative of Carola Stabe in April 1988 . In April 1989 , he joined the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany but left it shortly thereafter . He represented ARGUS at the founding of the Grüne Liga association of local environmental organizations in East Germany in November 1989 . During the political Wende of 1989–1990 that led to German Reunification he was their speaker at the East German Round Table talks . From February to April 1990 he represented the oppositional radical Green Party as Minister without Portfolio in the last non-elected but legitimate government of the GDR . Platzeck was elected member of the Volkskammer in 1990 for the Green Party and was parliamentary secretary of the joined faction of Greens and Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . In October 1990 Platzeck became a member of the Landtag of Brandenburg for Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . He was Minister for the Environment in a coalition government with the SPD and FDP from 1990 to 1994 , when the coalition broke up . Rejecting the merger of his party with the West German Green Party he did not join the new party Bündnis 90/Die Grünen in 1993 . Instead , he became a member of the SPD on 6 June 1995 . After the break of the Brandenburg coalition in 1994 Platzeck left his faction and remained Minister for the Environment under Minister-president Manfred Stolpe . He became popular nationwide for organizing public support for the affected population during a flood of the Oder river in 1997 . In 1998 he was elected mayor of Brandenburgs capital Potsdam and rejected the offer of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to join the federal cabinet . In 2000 Platzeck was elected chairman of the SPD in Brandenburg and in 2002 he succeeded Manfred Stolpe as Minister-president . He was re-elected to the Landtag ( state parliament ) in 2004 . With the SPD as strongest political force he could continue his coalition with the CDU . He served as President of the Bundesrat in 2004/05 . When Franz Müntefering resigned as party chairman of the SPD because of internal conflicts , Platzeck was elected party chairman on 15 November 2005 with an overwhelming majority of 99.8 percent . In January , February and April 2006 Platzeck suffered three severe hearing losses . Due to his ill health he resigned from his post as chairman on 10 April 2006 , only five months after becoming chairman . Life after politics . Both in 2015 and 2016 , Platzeck and Bodo Ramelow were appointed as unpaid arbitrators for negotiations between Deutsche Bahn and the German Train Drivers Union ( GDL ) . In 2016 , he also served as unpaid arbitrator for negotiations between German airline Lufthansa and its flight attendants union . From 2018 until 2019 , Platzeck co-chaired the German governments so-called coal commission , which is tasked to develop a masterplan before the end of the year on how to phase-out coal and create a new economic perspective for the countrys coal-mining regions . In 2019 , Platzeck was appointed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior , Building and Community to chair the committee that oversaw the preparations for the 30th anniversary of German reunification . In addition , Platzeck holds a variety of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - LEIPA Georg Leinfelder GmbH , chairman of the supervisory board ( since 2015 ) - German-Russian Forum , Chairman - Foundation for the Reconstruction of the Garrison Church , member of the board of trustees - Internationales Bildungs- und Begegnungswerk ( IBB ) , member of the board of trustees - Jewish Film Festival Berlin & Brandenburg ( JFBB ) , member of the advisory board - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , member of the board - Schloss Neuhardenberg Foundation , member of the board of trustees Political positions and controversy . Platzeck caused controversy in August 2010 when he called the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 an Anschluss , the word used by Adolf Hitler to defend the Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938 . In response , Chancellor Angela Merkel rejected Platzecks choice of words and argued that reunification was precisely what east Germans had wanted , not a process forced upon them . On 18 November 2014 , Platzeck called for the international legitimization of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , drawing criticism . His comparison of the deployment of the Bundeswehr to Lithuania as part of the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence with Operation Barbarossa was also criticized . Personal life . From 1978 to 1984 , Platzeck was married to Ute Bankwitz with whom he has three daughters . In 2007 , he married Jeanette Jesorka . The ceremony took place one year later in Temmen-Ringenwalde , with guests including Frank-Walter Steinmeier , Günther Jauch and Andreas Dresen . Book . Matthias Platzeck : Zukunft braucht Herkunft . Deutsche Fragen , ostdeutsche Antworten . Hoffmann und Campe , Hamburg 2009 , References . - Matthias Platzeck löst mit seiner historischen These zur Integration der Linken Irritationen aus , Märkische Allgemeine , 1 . November 2009 - Thorsten Metzner : In zwei Wochen soll klar sein , ob Dreher geht . In : Der Tagesspiegel , 25 . November 1998 External links . - Official biography ( German ) - Short official biography - Homepage

easy

Which party was Matthias Platzeck a member of in 1993?

/wiki/Matthias_Platzeck#P102#2

Matthias Platzeck Matthias Platzeck ( born 29 December 1953 ) is a German politician . He was Minister President of Brandenburg from 2002 to 2013 and party chairman of the SPD from November 2005 to April 2006 . On 29 July 2013 Platzeck announced his resignation from his office in August for health reasons . Early life and education . Platzeck was born in Potsdam , the son of a physician and a medical-technical assistant . After attending Polytechnic Secondary School in Potsdam from 1960 to 1966 , he went through Extended Secondary School in Kleinmachnow . Following his Abitur in 1972 and military service he studied biomedical cybernetics at the Technische Universität Ilmenau from 1974 onward . After his diploma in 1979 , Platzeck worked at the institute for hygiene in Karl-Marx-Stadt ( today Chemnitz ) in 1979–1980 and the general hospital in Bad Freienwalde from 1980 to 1982 . From 1982 to 1990 he was head of the department for environmental hygiene at the agency for hygiene in Potsdam . Political career . Platzeck co-founded ARGUS , a Potsdam environmental organization , with and at the initiative of Carola Stabe in April 1988 . In April 1989 , he joined the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany but left it shortly thereafter . He represented ARGUS at the founding of the Grüne Liga association of local environmental organizations in East Germany in November 1989 . During the political Wende of 1989–1990 that led to German Reunification he was their speaker at the East German Round Table talks . From February to April 1990 he represented the oppositional radical Green Party as Minister without Portfolio in the last non-elected but legitimate government of the GDR . Platzeck was elected member of the Volkskammer in 1990 for the Green Party and was parliamentary secretary of the joined faction of Greens and Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . In October 1990 Platzeck became a member of the Landtag of Brandenburg for Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . He was Minister for the Environment in a coalition government with the SPD and FDP from 1990 to 1994 , when the coalition broke up . Rejecting the merger of his party with the West German Green Party he did not join the new party Bündnis 90/Die Grünen in 1993 . Instead , he became a member of the SPD on 6 June 1995 . After the break of the Brandenburg coalition in 1994 Platzeck left his faction and remained Minister for the Environment under Minister-president Manfred Stolpe . He became popular nationwide for organizing public support for the affected population during a flood of the Oder river in 1997 . In 1998 he was elected mayor of Brandenburgs capital Potsdam and rejected the offer of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to join the federal cabinet . In 2000 Platzeck was elected chairman of the SPD in Brandenburg and in 2002 he succeeded Manfred Stolpe as Minister-president . He was re-elected to the Landtag ( state parliament ) in 2004 . With the SPD as strongest political force he could continue his coalition with the CDU . He served as President of the Bundesrat in 2004/05 . When Franz Müntefering resigned as party chairman of the SPD because of internal conflicts , Platzeck was elected party chairman on 15 November 2005 with an overwhelming majority of 99.8 percent . In January , February and April 2006 Platzeck suffered three severe hearing losses . Due to his ill health he resigned from his post as chairman on 10 April 2006 , only five months after becoming chairman . Life after politics . Both in 2015 and 2016 , Platzeck and Bodo Ramelow were appointed as unpaid arbitrators for negotiations between Deutsche Bahn and the German Train Drivers Union ( GDL ) . In 2016 , he also served as unpaid arbitrator for negotiations between German airline Lufthansa and its flight attendants union . From 2018 until 2019 , Platzeck co-chaired the German governments so-called coal commission , which is tasked to develop a masterplan before the end of the year on how to phase-out coal and create a new economic perspective for the countrys coal-mining regions . In 2019 , Platzeck was appointed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior , Building and Community to chair the committee that oversaw the preparations for the 30th anniversary of German reunification . In addition , Platzeck holds a variety of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - LEIPA Georg Leinfelder GmbH , chairman of the supervisory board ( since 2015 ) - German-Russian Forum , Chairman - Foundation for the Reconstruction of the Garrison Church , member of the board of trustees - Internationales Bildungs- und Begegnungswerk ( IBB ) , member of the board of trustees - Jewish Film Festival Berlin & Brandenburg ( JFBB ) , member of the advisory board - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , member of the board - Schloss Neuhardenberg Foundation , member of the board of trustees Political positions and controversy . Platzeck caused controversy in August 2010 when he called the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 an Anschluss , the word used by Adolf Hitler to defend the Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938 . In response , Chancellor Angela Merkel rejected Platzecks choice of words and argued that reunification was precisely what east Germans had wanted , not a process forced upon them . On 18 November 2014 , Platzeck called for the international legitimization of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , drawing criticism . His comparison of the deployment of the Bundeswehr to Lithuania as part of the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence with Operation Barbarossa was also criticized . Personal life . From 1978 to 1984 , Platzeck was married to Ute Bankwitz with whom he has three daughters . In 2007 , he married Jeanette Jesorka . The ceremony took place one year later in Temmen-Ringenwalde , with guests including Frank-Walter Steinmeier , Günther Jauch and Andreas Dresen . Book . Matthias Platzeck : Zukunft braucht Herkunft . Deutsche Fragen , ostdeutsche Antworten . Hoffmann und Campe , Hamburg 2009 , References . - Matthias Platzeck löst mit seiner historischen These zur Integration der Linken Irritationen aus , Märkische Allgemeine , 1 . November 2009 - Thorsten Metzner : In zwei Wochen soll klar sein , ob Dreher geht . In : Der Tagesspiegel , 25 . November 1998 External links . - Official biography ( German ) - Short official biography - Homepage

easy

Which political party did Matthias Platzeck belong to from 1995 to 1996?

/wiki/Matthias_Platzeck#P102#3

Matthias Platzeck Matthias Platzeck ( born 29 December 1953 ) is a German politician . He was Minister President of Brandenburg from 2002 to 2013 and party chairman of the SPD from November 2005 to April 2006 . On 29 July 2013 Platzeck announced his resignation from his office in August for health reasons . Early life and education . Platzeck was born in Potsdam , the son of a physician and a medical-technical assistant . After attending Polytechnic Secondary School in Potsdam from 1960 to 1966 , he went through Extended Secondary School in Kleinmachnow . Following his Abitur in 1972 and military service he studied biomedical cybernetics at the Technische Universität Ilmenau from 1974 onward . After his diploma in 1979 , Platzeck worked at the institute for hygiene in Karl-Marx-Stadt ( today Chemnitz ) in 1979–1980 and the general hospital in Bad Freienwalde from 1980 to 1982 . From 1982 to 1990 he was head of the department for environmental hygiene at the agency for hygiene in Potsdam . Political career . Platzeck co-founded ARGUS , a Potsdam environmental organization , with and at the initiative of Carola Stabe in April 1988 . In April 1989 , he joined the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany but left it shortly thereafter . He represented ARGUS at the founding of the Grüne Liga association of local environmental organizations in East Germany in November 1989 . During the political Wende of 1989–1990 that led to German Reunification he was their speaker at the East German Round Table talks . From February to April 1990 he represented the oppositional radical Green Party as Minister without Portfolio in the last non-elected but legitimate government of the GDR . Platzeck was elected member of the Volkskammer in 1990 for the Green Party and was parliamentary secretary of the joined faction of Greens and Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . In October 1990 Platzeck became a member of the Landtag of Brandenburg for Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . He was Minister for the Environment in a coalition government with the SPD and FDP from 1990 to 1994 , when the coalition broke up . Rejecting the merger of his party with the West German Green Party he did not join the new party Bündnis 90/Die Grünen in 1993 . Instead , he became a member of the SPD on 6 June 1995 . After the break of the Brandenburg coalition in 1994 Platzeck left his faction and remained Minister for the Environment under Minister-president Manfred Stolpe . He became popular nationwide for organizing public support for the affected population during a flood of the Oder river in 1997 . In 1998 he was elected mayor of Brandenburgs capital Potsdam and rejected the offer of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to join the federal cabinet . In 2000 Platzeck was elected chairman of the SPD in Brandenburg and in 2002 he succeeded Manfred Stolpe as Minister-president . He was re-elected to the Landtag ( state parliament ) in 2004 . With the SPD as strongest political force he could continue his coalition with the CDU . He served as President of the Bundesrat in 2004/05 . When Franz Müntefering resigned as party chairman of the SPD because of internal conflicts , Platzeck was elected party chairman on 15 November 2005 with an overwhelming majority of 99.8 percent . In January , February and April 2006 Platzeck suffered three severe hearing losses . Due to his ill health he resigned from his post as chairman on 10 April 2006 , only five months after becoming chairman . Life after politics . Both in 2015 and 2016 , Platzeck and Bodo Ramelow were appointed as unpaid arbitrators for negotiations between Deutsche Bahn and the German Train Drivers Union ( GDL ) . In 2016 , he also served as unpaid arbitrator for negotiations between German airline Lufthansa and its flight attendants union . From 2018 until 2019 , Platzeck co-chaired the German governments so-called coal commission , which is tasked to develop a masterplan before the end of the year on how to phase-out coal and create a new economic perspective for the countrys coal-mining regions . In 2019 , Platzeck was appointed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior , Building and Community to chair the committee that oversaw the preparations for the 30th anniversary of German reunification . In addition , Platzeck holds a variety of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - LEIPA Georg Leinfelder GmbH , chairman of the supervisory board ( since 2015 ) - German-Russian Forum , Chairman - Foundation for the Reconstruction of the Garrison Church , member of the board of trustees - Internationales Bildungs- und Begegnungswerk ( IBB ) , member of the board of trustees - Jewish Film Festival Berlin & Brandenburg ( JFBB ) , member of the advisory board - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , member of the board - Schloss Neuhardenberg Foundation , member of the board of trustees Political positions and controversy . Platzeck caused controversy in August 2010 when he called the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 an Anschluss , the word used by Adolf Hitler to defend the Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938 . In response , Chancellor Angela Merkel rejected Platzecks choice of words and argued that reunification was precisely what east Germans had wanted , not a process forced upon them . On 18 November 2014 , Platzeck called for the international legitimization of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , drawing criticism . His comparison of the deployment of the Bundeswehr to Lithuania as part of the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence with Operation Barbarossa was also criticized . Personal life . From 1978 to 1984 , Platzeck was married to Ute Bankwitz with whom he has three daughters . In 2007 , he married Jeanette Jesorka . The ceremony took place one year later in Temmen-Ringenwalde , with guests including Frank-Walter Steinmeier , Günther Jauch and Andreas Dresen . Book . Matthias Platzeck : Zukunft braucht Herkunft . Deutsche Fragen , ostdeutsche Antworten . Hoffmann und Campe , Hamburg 2009 , References . - Matthias Platzeck löst mit seiner historischen These zur Integration der Linken Irritationen aus , Märkische Allgemeine , 1 . November 2009 - Thorsten Metzner : In zwei Wochen soll klar sein , ob Dreher geht . In : Der Tagesspiegel , 25 . November 1998 External links . - Official biography ( German ) - Short official biography - Homepage

easy

What position did Muhyiddin Yassin take from Aug 1986 to May 1995?

/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin#P39#0

Muhyiddin Yassin Tan Sri Dato Haji Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin ( ; born 15 May 1947 ) or familiarly known as Muhyiddin bin Mohd . Yassin ( ) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia since 1 March 2020 . He served as the 10th Deputy Prime Minister , Minister of Home Affairs and in many other Cabinet positions under former Prime Ministers Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , Najib Razak and Mahathir Mohamad , from May 1995 to February 2020 . As a result of the ongoing 2020-21 Malaysian political crisis , Mahathirs abrupt resignation on 24 February 2020 led to Muhyiddin being declared Prime Minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on 29 February 2020 . He was formally appointed and sworn in on 1 March 2020 shortly before becoming prominent in Malaysias response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Muhyiddin grew up in the state of Johor and joined the state public service after graduating from University of Malaya ( UM ) . He assumed the management positions at various state-owned companies . In 1978 , he was elected as the MP for Pagoh . During his term as the MP , he was appointed parliamentary secretary to the minister of foreign affairs , deputy minister of federal territories and later deputy minister of trade and industry . As the Johor UMNO chief , he was the states Menteri Besar from 1986 to 1995 . He returned to federal politics in 1995 . He was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of Youth and Sports . He was appointed Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs after the 1999 general election and became a vice president of UMNO in 2000 . Under the premiership of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , Muhyiddin served as Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry from 2004 to 2008 , and then as Minister of International Trade and Industry from 2008 to 2009 . In 2008 , he contested and won the UMNO deputy presidency and was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009 . As Minister of Education , Muhyiddin ended the use of English as the medium of instruction for science and mathematics in public schools . He also attracted controversy after describing himself as Malay first when challenged by the Opposition to pronounce himself as Malaysian first . During Najibs mid-term cabinet reshuffle in July 2015 , he was dropped from his position , marking the first incumbent to be left out ; in June 2016 , he was expelled from UMNO . He founded the political party Malaysian United Indigenous Party ( BERSATU ) in 2016 . Subsequently , He returned to the cabinet after his coalition of parties , Pakatan Harapan won the 2018 Malaysian general election . In 2020 , BERSATU left Pakatan Harapan and joined the coalition Perikatan Nasional during the 2020 Malaysian political crisis . Early life . Muhyiddin was born as Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin in Muar , Johor , Malaysia . His father , Haji Muhammad Yassin bin Muhammad , was a Malay of Bugis descent . Muhammad Yassin was an Islamic theologian and cleric based in Bandar Maharani , Muar , Johor , while his mother , Hajjah Khadijah binti Kassim , was a Malay of Javanese descent . Muhyiddin received his primary education at Sekolah Kebangsaan Maharani , Muar , Johor , and Sekolah Kebangsaan Ismail , Muar , Johor . He received his secondary education at the Muar High School , Johor . Subsequently , he attended the University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur . He received an honours bachelors degree in Economics and Malay studies in 1971 . Early career . After completing his studies , Muhyiddin joined the Johor state public service as the assistant secretary of training and scholarship . In 1974 , he was appointed the assistant district officer ( ADO ) of Muar . He left the civil service to join the corporate sector in the Johor State Economic Development Corporation ( PKENJ ) , managing its subsidiary companies like Sergam Berhad as managing director ( 1974–1977 ) , Equity Mal ( Johore ) Sdn Bhd as Director ( 1974–1978 ) , Sri Saujana Berhad as managing director ( 1974–1978 ) and SGS Ates ( M ) Sdn Bhd as Human Resources Manager ( 1974 ) . Early political career ( 1971–2009 ) . Early year ( 1971–1986 ) . Muhyiddins involvement in politics began when he joined UMNO as an ordinary member at the Pagoh division in 1971 . He was elected as UMNO youth chief of the Pagoh division and the secretary in 1976 . Later he became Youth Chief of Johor state UMNO Youth until 1987 . Muhyiddin occupied the seats of Exco in the national Malaysia UMNO Youth . In 1984 , Muhyiddin was elected the UMNO division chief of Pagoh , replacing Othman Saat . Muhyiddin rose the ranks and file of Johor UMNO quickly . From being a state executive council member , he rose to become Johor UMNOs head and later became Menteri Besar of Johor . Muhyiddin contested and was elected Member of Parliament for the Pagoh constituency in the 1978 general election and kept the seat until 1982 . Muhyiddin was appointed Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs ; subsequently , he was promoted to Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Federal Territories and later the Ministry of Trade and Industry . Menteri Besar of Johor ( 1986–1995 ) . In the 1986 general election , Muhyiddin contested and won the Johor State Legislative constituency seat of Bukit Serampang , opening the path for him to become the Menteri Besar of Johor on 13 August 1986 . His tenure as Menteri Besar lasted until 6 May 1995 . Ministership ( 1995–2009 ) . Muhyiddin returned to contest the Pagoh parliamentary seat in the 1995 General Election . He served several different federal government cabinet posts as Minister of Youth and Sports ( 1995–1999 ) , Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs ( 1999–2004 ) , Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry ( 2004–2008 ) and Minister of International Trade and Industry ( 2008–2009 ) . He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009 . Positions in UMNO . In 1984 , Muhyiddin contested a UMNO Supreme Council seat but lost . Muhyiddin was later appointed the UMNO Johor state liaison chairman and next appointed a Supreme Council member . In November 1990 , he was a candidate for the UMNO vice-presidency but lost again . Muhyiddin attempted again in the November 1993 UMNO party election , successfully this time . Nevertheless , he lost the 1996 election when defending the vice-president post . Eventually , in the election in 2000 , he again won the post of vice-president of UMNO , remaining in that post until the October 2008 party election , when Muhyiddin successfully sought the higher post of deputy president , which was left vacant as the incumbent , Najib Razak ( who was acting party president after the retirement of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ) , became UMNO president . 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election . Muhyiddin attacked Abdullah Ahmad Badawis original transition plan as too long , and some people say that at one point , Muhyiddin was about to ask and force Abdullah to quit , though he never did so directly . During the 2008 general election , Muhyiddin managed to keep his seat and remained as an UMNO leader . Shocked by the election results , he called for reforms . During the 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election , Muhyiddin was a candidate for the deputy president post , which was vacated by the incoming prime minister Najib Tun Razak . He was challenged by Mohd Ali Rustam , Malacca chief minister , and Muhammad Muhammad Taib , Rural and Regional Development Minister . Muhyiddin , seen as a supporter of Mahathir Mohamad , was seen to be the front-runner for the race , garnering many nominations by the UMNO divisions . Nevertheless , the competition was tough , as Taib and Rustam gained more ground , especially from the Badawi camp . Political analysts tipped the race to be very tight . However , the UMNO supreme council decided to disqualify Ali Rustams candidacy after his assistants were caught involved with corruption after an investigation . The election resulted in Muhyiddins election to the post with 1,575 votes to Muhammad Taibs 916 . Deputy prime ministership ( 2009–2015 ) . Muhyiddin was appointed deputy prime minister on 9 April 2009 , when Najib took over from Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and unveiled his first Cabinet . Continuing as Minister for Education , he announced the decision to return to the teaching of mathematics and science in Malay in all government primary and secondary schools . Muhyiddin waded into controversy in March 2010 by stating he was Malay first rather than Malaysian first . He also said that there is nothing wrong with other races doing the same ; for example , the Chinese could claim themselves to be Chinese first , Malaysian second and same for the Indians . On 13 July 2010 , he said that anyone was free to form an association , including Chinese or Indian versions of the Malay rights group Perkasa . Prime Minister Najib came to Muhyiddins defence , denying that his statement was inconsistent with the 1Malaysia concept promoted by the government . Sacked from the cabinet . During Najibs mid-term Cabinet reshuffle on 28 July 2015 , he was dropped from his position as Deputy Prime Minister . The dismissal came after Muhyiddin had made public and critical remarks about Najibs handling of the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal . Najib stated that Muhyiddins dismissal , and the contemporaneous dismissals of other Ministers who had been critical of his leadership , was to create a more unified team . Muhyiddin remained UMNO deputy president , but after keeping up criticism of UMNO , he was eventually sacked by the partys supreme council in June 2016 . Muhyiddin remained unrepentant , maintaining that he had never betrayed the party and pledging to continue speaking out . Post deputy prime ministership ( 2015–2018 ) . Establishment of BERSATU Party . In August 2016 , Muhyiddin registered a new political party , called Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia ( PPBM or Bersatu for short ) together with former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad . Muhyiddin became the partys president while Mahathir and his son Mukhriz became the chairman and deputy president . The new party is focused on Bumiputera – Malays and Orang Asli – in the sense that full membership is only open to Bumiputera . Other races can join the party but cannot vote or contest in party elections . Minister of home affairs ( 2018–2020 ) . He was appointed as Malaysian Minister of Home Affairs by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad when Pakatan Harapan won the 14th General Election . Prime ministership ( 2020–present ) . On 29 February 2020 , a week after the country was thrown into a political crisis , Muhyiddin was appointed Prime Minister by the king , following the abrupt resignation of Mahathir Mohamad five days before . He is the first person appointed to the position while holding both a parliamentary and state seat at the same time . COVID-19 pandemic and Malaysian movement control order . During his administration , COVID-19 spread throughout the nation . In response , Muhyiddin implemented the 2020 Malaysia movement control order ( MCO ) on 16 March 2020 to prevent the disease from infecting more Malaysians . The MCO started nationwide from 18 March and was extended conditionally to 9 June 2020 . In response to the economic impact of COVID-19 , he introduced an economic stimulus package worth RM 250 billion on 27 March to soften the economic strain during the MCO . On 1 May , in conjunction with Labour Day , Muhyiddin announced a Conditional Movement Control Order ( CMCO ) . Certain economic sectors were allowed to operate gradually as long as SOP are followed . Travel restrictions are partially lifted to allow stranded students staying on their campuses and people who are stuck in other states to return to their respective home . Sports , recreational , and large gatherings are still prohibited under the CMCO . On 10 May , it was announced that the CMCO will last for another four weeks until 9 June . More sectors will be allowed to operate and fewer restrictions are to be applied . Shopping malls , dine-in and non-contact sports are allowed as long as social distancing is observed . On 22 May , Muhyiddin entered into a 14-day quarantine after an officer who attended the post-Cabinet meeting at the Prime Ministers Office on 21 May tested positive for COVID-19 . On 4 June 2020 , he completed the 14-day quarantine period and was tested negative for COVID-19 . Therefore , he was allowed to return to the workplace to discharge his official duties as Prime Minister . The CMCO was converted into Recovery Movement Control Order ( RMCO ) and ran from 10 June until 31 August . Under the RMCO , more restrictions will be relaxed to allow the public to carry out their daily activities while complying with standard operating procedures . Almost all social , religious , business , and educational activities are allowed to resume . Hair salons , morning and night markets , and sports-related businesses like gymnasiums will open on a staggered basis , as well as religious congregation such as prayers as long as strict SOPs are followed . Reflexology centres , nightclubs , theme parks , karaoke centres , and gatherings such as kenduri ( feasts ) are still barred during the RMCO . 2021 Malaysian state of emergency . On 19 October , the Malaysian King Sultan Abdullah of Pahang rejected Prime Minister Muhyiddins request for him to declare a state of emergency in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases throughout the country . However , on 21 January 2021 , a new request to declare a state of emergency was granted by the Malaysian King and is expected to last until the 1st of August . Controversies . Misuse of RMAF helicopter . Muhyiddin , as the Deputy Prime Minister , has used a RMAF Nuri helicopter to attend and open UMNOs divisional assembly in the interior of Sabah , which has nothing to do with his official duties . His actions have been strongly criticized by the federal opposition led by Lim Kit Siang as it was a misuse of his powers as Deputy Prime Minister . Lim even questioned whether the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission ( MACC ) would investigate Muhyiddin , as MACC has been conducting various investigations into assemblymen in states controlled by Lims Pakatan Rakyat . Malay first , Malaysian second . On 31 March 2010 , Muhyiddin caused a ruckus in the country declaring himself is a Malay first rather than a Malaysian first when responding to Democratic Action Party ( DAP ) leader Lim Kit Siangs challenge in the parliament for him to state whether he is a Malay or a Malaysian first . However , Muhyiddin retorted although he is Malay first , that doesnt mean he being Malay is not Malaysian . The Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak defended Muhyiddins Malay first , Malaysian second assertion and controversial statement even though it contradicts the 1Malaysia concept which talks of a nation where , it is hoped , every Malaysian perceives himself or herself as Malaysian first , and by race , religion , geographical region or socio-economic background second . Racist remarks . Muhyiddin brewed a storm again on 12 April 2010 by calling the members of a new inter-faith committee small fry , causing strong reaction from the public and uproar from the Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism , Christianity , Hinduism , Sikhism and Taoism ( MCCBCHST ) to back off from joining the committee for the time being . But Muhyiddin was quick to deny he ever say that and state he was misquoted . Muhyiddin even went to the extent of doubling down and uttered Yes , I am Malay first and no apologies . Usage of glamour name on the official purposes . In April 2021 , the Shah Alam court has reversed a preventive detention order signed by him during his time as the Minister of Home Affairs because he signed the order using his glamour name , Muhyiddin bin Mohd . Yassin instead of his legal ( real ) name , Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin . Personal life . Family . He was married with Noorainee Abdul Rahman in 1972 and blessed with 2 sons and 2 daughters , namely Fakhri Yassin Mahiaddin , Nabilah Mahiaddin , and Farhan Yassin Mahiaddin respectively . Most of his children are heavily involved in business and corporate , entertainment and writing industries . His son , Fakhri Yassin , was a corporate figure in Malaysia and assumed the position of Executive Chairman . The second child , Nabilah was involved in book writing while Najwa and Farhan Yassin shared the same interest in the entertainment industry . Sport . He is an avid golf lover . Health issues . In the aftermath of 2018 general election ( GE14 ) , Muhyiddin was diagnosed with an early-stage tumour in the pancreas . He had spent one month in Mount Elizabeth Hospital , Singapore from July to August 2018 , during which he underwent a surgery to extract the tumour . The operation was successful and he returned to Malaysia in stable condition . He was scheduled for a series of follow-up chemotherapy treatment after Hari Raya Haji , for up to six months . He told reporters at the Parliament , for cancer cases such as this , it is normal to go through follow-up treatment including chemotherapy for 12 rounds over the duration of six months . Based on medical advice , Muhyiddin took a one-month medical leave to recover post-surgery . Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad took charge of the Ministry of Home Affairs during Muhyiddins absence . Honours . Honours of Malaysia . - Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia ( PSM ) – Tan Sri ( 1988 ) - Sultan Ibrahim Medal ( PIS ) ( II ) ( 1974 ) - Star of Sultan Ismail ( BSI ) ( II ) ( 1979 ) - Companion of the Order of the Crown of Johor ( SMJ ) ( 1980 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor ( SPMJ ) – Dato ( 1991 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah ( SHMS ) – Dato Seri Diraja ( 2014 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Malacca ( DUNM ) – Datuk Seri Utama ( 2019 ) - Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah ( Ordinary Class ) ( SPSA ) – Dato Seri Diraja ( 2010 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis , the Star of Safi ( SPMP ) – Dato Seri ( 2007 ) - Principal Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan ( SUNS ) – Dato Seri Utama ( 2010 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) – Datuk Seri Panglima ( 2010 ) - Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak ( PNBS ) – Dato Sri ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak ( DP ) – Datuk Patinggi ( 2010 ) Honorary degrees . - 2012 International Honorary Doctorate from United States Sports Academy ( 2013 ) - Honorary Doctor of Letters ( Litt.D. ) degree from Beijing Foreign Studies University ( 2014 )

easy

What position did Muhyiddin Yassin take from Mar 2004 to Mar 2008?

/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin#P39#1

Muhyiddin Yassin Tan Sri Dato Haji Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin ( ; born 15 May 1947 ) or familiarly known as Muhyiddin bin Mohd . Yassin ( ) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia since 1 March 2020 . He served as the 10th Deputy Prime Minister , Minister of Home Affairs and in many other Cabinet positions under former Prime Ministers Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , Najib Razak and Mahathir Mohamad , from May 1995 to February 2020 . As a result of the ongoing 2020-21 Malaysian political crisis , Mahathirs abrupt resignation on 24 February 2020 led to Muhyiddin being declared Prime Minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on 29 February 2020 . He was formally appointed and sworn in on 1 March 2020 shortly before becoming prominent in Malaysias response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Muhyiddin grew up in the state of Johor and joined the state public service after graduating from University of Malaya ( UM ) . He assumed the management positions at various state-owned companies . In 1978 , he was elected as the MP for Pagoh . During his term as the MP , he was appointed parliamentary secretary to the minister of foreign affairs , deputy minister of federal territories and later deputy minister of trade and industry . As the Johor UMNO chief , he was the states Menteri Besar from 1986 to 1995 . He returned to federal politics in 1995 . He was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of Youth and Sports . He was appointed Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs after the 1999 general election and became a vice president of UMNO in 2000 . Under the premiership of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , Muhyiddin served as Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry from 2004 to 2008 , and then as Minister of International Trade and Industry from 2008 to 2009 . In 2008 , he contested and won the UMNO deputy presidency and was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009 . As Minister of Education , Muhyiddin ended the use of English as the medium of instruction for science and mathematics in public schools . He also attracted controversy after describing himself as Malay first when challenged by the Opposition to pronounce himself as Malaysian first . During Najibs mid-term cabinet reshuffle in July 2015 , he was dropped from his position , marking the first incumbent to be left out ; in June 2016 , he was expelled from UMNO . He founded the political party Malaysian United Indigenous Party ( BERSATU ) in 2016 . Subsequently , He returned to the cabinet after his coalition of parties , Pakatan Harapan won the 2018 Malaysian general election . In 2020 , BERSATU left Pakatan Harapan and joined the coalition Perikatan Nasional during the 2020 Malaysian political crisis . Early life . Muhyiddin was born as Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin in Muar , Johor , Malaysia . His father , Haji Muhammad Yassin bin Muhammad , was a Malay of Bugis descent . Muhammad Yassin was an Islamic theologian and cleric based in Bandar Maharani , Muar , Johor , while his mother , Hajjah Khadijah binti Kassim , was a Malay of Javanese descent . Muhyiddin received his primary education at Sekolah Kebangsaan Maharani , Muar , Johor , and Sekolah Kebangsaan Ismail , Muar , Johor . He received his secondary education at the Muar High School , Johor . Subsequently , he attended the University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur . He received an honours bachelors degree in Economics and Malay studies in 1971 . Early career . After completing his studies , Muhyiddin joined the Johor state public service as the assistant secretary of training and scholarship . In 1974 , he was appointed the assistant district officer ( ADO ) of Muar . He left the civil service to join the corporate sector in the Johor State Economic Development Corporation ( PKENJ ) , managing its subsidiary companies like Sergam Berhad as managing director ( 1974–1977 ) , Equity Mal ( Johore ) Sdn Bhd as Director ( 1974–1978 ) , Sri Saujana Berhad as managing director ( 1974–1978 ) and SGS Ates ( M ) Sdn Bhd as Human Resources Manager ( 1974 ) . Early political career ( 1971–2009 ) . Early year ( 1971–1986 ) . Muhyiddins involvement in politics began when he joined UMNO as an ordinary member at the Pagoh division in 1971 . He was elected as UMNO youth chief of the Pagoh division and the secretary in 1976 . Later he became Youth Chief of Johor state UMNO Youth until 1987 . Muhyiddin occupied the seats of Exco in the national Malaysia UMNO Youth . In 1984 , Muhyiddin was elected the UMNO division chief of Pagoh , replacing Othman Saat . Muhyiddin rose the ranks and file of Johor UMNO quickly . From being a state executive council member , he rose to become Johor UMNOs head and later became Menteri Besar of Johor . Muhyiddin contested and was elected Member of Parliament for the Pagoh constituency in the 1978 general election and kept the seat until 1982 . Muhyiddin was appointed Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs ; subsequently , he was promoted to Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Federal Territories and later the Ministry of Trade and Industry . Menteri Besar of Johor ( 1986–1995 ) . In the 1986 general election , Muhyiddin contested and won the Johor State Legislative constituency seat of Bukit Serampang , opening the path for him to become the Menteri Besar of Johor on 13 August 1986 . His tenure as Menteri Besar lasted until 6 May 1995 . Ministership ( 1995–2009 ) . Muhyiddin returned to contest the Pagoh parliamentary seat in the 1995 General Election . He served several different federal government cabinet posts as Minister of Youth and Sports ( 1995–1999 ) , Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs ( 1999–2004 ) , Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry ( 2004–2008 ) and Minister of International Trade and Industry ( 2008–2009 ) . He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009 . Positions in UMNO . In 1984 , Muhyiddin contested a UMNO Supreme Council seat but lost . Muhyiddin was later appointed the UMNO Johor state liaison chairman and next appointed a Supreme Council member . In November 1990 , he was a candidate for the UMNO vice-presidency but lost again . Muhyiddin attempted again in the November 1993 UMNO party election , successfully this time . Nevertheless , he lost the 1996 election when defending the vice-president post . Eventually , in the election in 2000 , he again won the post of vice-president of UMNO , remaining in that post until the October 2008 party election , when Muhyiddin successfully sought the higher post of deputy president , which was left vacant as the incumbent , Najib Razak ( who was acting party president after the retirement of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ) , became UMNO president . 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election . Muhyiddin attacked Abdullah Ahmad Badawis original transition plan as too long , and some people say that at one point , Muhyiddin was about to ask and force Abdullah to quit , though he never did so directly . During the 2008 general election , Muhyiddin managed to keep his seat and remained as an UMNO leader . Shocked by the election results , he called for reforms . During the 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election , Muhyiddin was a candidate for the deputy president post , which was vacated by the incoming prime minister Najib Tun Razak . He was challenged by Mohd Ali Rustam , Malacca chief minister , and Muhammad Muhammad Taib , Rural and Regional Development Minister . Muhyiddin , seen as a supporter of Mahathir Mohamad , was seen to be the front-runner for the race , garnering many nominations by the UMNO divisions . Nevertheless , the competition was tough , as Taib and Rustam gained more ground , especially from the Badawi camp . Political analysts tipped the race to be very tight . However , the UMNO supreme council decided to disqualify Ali Rustams candidacy after his assistants were caught involved with corruption after an investigation . The election resulted in Muhyiddins election to the post with 1,575 votes to Muhammad Taibs 916 . Deputy prime ministership ( 2009–2015 ) . Muhyiddin was appointed deputy prime minister on 9 April 2009 , when Najib took over from Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and unveiled his first Cabinet . Continuing as Minister for Education , he announced the decision to return to the teaching of mathematics and science in Malay in all government primary and secondary schools . Muhyiddin waded into controversy in March 2010 by stating he was Malay first rather than Malaysian first . He also said that there is nothing wrong with other races doing the same ; for example , the Chinese could claim themselves to be Chinese first , Malaysian second and same for the Indians . On 13 July 2010 , he said that anyone was free to form an association , including Chinese or Indian versions of the Malay rights group Perkasa . Prime Minister Najib came to Muhyiddins defence , denying that his statement was inconsistent with the 1Malaysia concept promoted by the government . Sacked from the cabinet . During Najibs mid-term Cabinet reshuffle on 28 July 2015 , he was dropped from his position as Deputy Prime Minister . The dismissal came after Muhyiddin had made public and critical remarks about Najibs handling of the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal . Najib stated that Muhyiddins dismissal , and the contemporaneous dismissals of other Ministers who had been critical of his leadership , was to create a more unified team . Muhyiddin remained UMNO deputy president , but after keeping up criticism of UMNO , he was eventually sacked by the partys supreme council in June 2016 . Muhyiddin remained unrepentant , maintaining that he had never betrayed the party and pledging to continue speaking out . Post deputy prime ministership ( 2015–2018 ) . Establishment of BERSATU Party . In August 2016 , Muhyiddin registered a new political party , called Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia ( PPBM or Bersatu for short ) together with former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad . Muhyiddin became the partys president while Mahathir and his son Mukhriz became the chairman and deputy president . The new party is focused on Bumiputera – Malays and Orang Asli – in the sense that full membership is only open to Bumiputera . Other races can join the party but cannot vote or contest in party elections . Minister of home affairs ( 2018–2020 ) . He was appointed as Malaysian Minister of Home Affairs by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad when Pakatan Harapan won the 14th General Election . Prime ministership ( 2020–present ) . On 29 February 2020 , a week after the country was thrown into a political crisis , Muhyiddin was appointed Prime Minister by the king , following the abrupt resignation of Mahathir Mohamad five days before . He is the first person appointed to the position while holding both a parliamentary and state seat at the same time . COVID-19 pandemic and Malaysian movement control order . During his administration , COVID-19 spread throughout the nation . In response , Muhyiddin implemented the 2020 Malaysia movement control order ( MCO ) on 16 March 2020 to prevent the disease from infecting more Malaysians . The MCO started nationwide from 18 March and was extended conditionally to 9 June 2020 . In response to the economic impact of COVID-19 , he introduced an economic stimulus package worth RM 250 billion on 27 March to soften the economic strain during the MCO . On 1 May , in conjunction with Labour Day , Muhyiddin announced a Conditional Movement Control Order ( CMCO ) . Certain economic sectors were allowed to operate gradually as long as SOP are followed . Travel restrictions are partially lifted to allow stranded students staying on their campuses and people who are stuck in other states to return to their respective home . Sports , recreational , and large gatherings are still prohibited under the CMCO . On 10 May , it was announced that the CMCO will last for another four weeks until 9 June . More sectors will be allowed to operate and fewer restrictions are to be applied . Shopping malls , dine-in and non-contact sports are allowed as long as social distancing is observed . On 22 May , Muhyiddin entered into a 14-day quarantine after an officer who attended the post-Cabinet meeting at the Prime Ministers Office on 21 May tested positive for COVID-19 . On 4 June 2020 , he completed the 14-day quarantine period and was tested negative for COVID-19 . Therefore , he was allowed to return to the workplace to discharge his official duties as Prime Minister . The CMCO was converted into Recovery Movement Control Order ( RMCO ) and ran from 10 June until 31 August . Under the RMCO , more restrictions will be relaxed to allow the public to carry out their daily activities while complying with standard operating procedures . Almost all social , religious , business , and educational activities are allowed to resume . Hair salons , morning and night markets , and sports-related businesses like gymnasiums will open on a staggered basis , as well as religious congregation such as prayers as long as strict SOPs are followed . Reflexology centres , nightclubs , theme parks , karaoke centres , and gatherings such as kenduri ( feasts ) are still barred during the RMCO . 2021 Malaysian state of emergency . On 19 October , the Malaysian King Sultan Abdullah of Pahang rejected Prime Minister Muhyiddins request for him to declare a state of emergency in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases throughout the country . However , on 21 January 2021 , a new request to declare a state of emergency was granted by the Malaysian King and is expected to last until the 1st of August . Controversies . Misuse of RMAF helicopter . Muhyiddin , as the Deputy Prime Minister , has used a RMAF Nuri helicopter to attend and open UMNOs divisional assembly in the interior of Sabah , which has nothing to do with his official duties . His actions have been strongly criticized by the federal opposition led by Lim Kit Siang as it was a misuse of his powers as Deputy Prime Minister . Lim even questioned whether the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission ( MACC ) would investigate Muhyiddin , as MACC has been conducting various investigations into assemblymen in states controlled by Lims Pakatan Rakyat . Malay first , Malaysian second . On 31 March 2010 , Muhyiddin caused a ruckus in the country declaring himself is a Malay first rather than a Malaysian first when responding to Democratic Action Party ( DAP ) leader Lim Kit Siangs challenge in the parliament for him to state whether he is a Malay or a Malaysian first . However , Muhyiddin retorted although he is Malay first , that doesnt mean he being Malay is not Malaysian . The Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak defended Muhyiddins Malay first , Malaysian second assertion and controversial statement even though it contradicts the 1Malaysia concept which talks of a nation where , it is hoped , every Malaysian perceives himself or herself as Malaysian first , and by race , religion , geographical region or socio-economic background second . Racist remarks . Muhyiddin brewed a storm again on 12 April 2010 by calling the members of a new inter-faith committee small fry , causing strong reaction from the public and uproar from the Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism , Christianity , Hinduism , Sikhism and Taoism ( MCCBCHST ) to back off from joining the committee for the time being . But Muhyiddin was quick to deny he ever say that and state he was misquoted . Muhyiddin even went to the extent of doubling down and uttered Yes , I am Malay first and no apologies . Usage of glamour name on the official purposes . In April 2021 , the Shah Alam court has reversed a preventive detention order signed by him during his time as the Minister of Home Affairs because he signed the order using his glamour name , Muhyiddin bin Mohd . Yassin instead of his legal ( real ) name , Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin . Personal life . Family . He was married with Noorainee Abdul Rahman in 1972 and blessed with 2 sons and 2 daughters , namely Fakhri Yassin Mahiaddin , Nabilah Mahiaddin , and Farhan Yassin Mahiaddin respectively . Most of his children are heavily involved in business and corporate , entertainment and writing industries . His son , Fakhri Yassin , was a corporate figure in Malaysia and assumed the position of Executive Chairman . The second child , Nabilah was involved in book writing while Najwa and Farhan Yassin shared the same interest in the entertainment industry . Sport . He is an avid golf lover . Health issues . In the aftermath of 2018 general election ( GE14 ) , Muhyiddin was diagnosed with an early-stage tumour in the pancreas . He had spent one month in Mount Elizabeth Hospital , Singapore from July to August 2018 , during which he underwent a surgery to extract the tumour . The operation was successful and he returned to Malaysia in stable condition . He was scheduled for a series of follow-up chemotherapy treatment after Hari Raya Haji , for up to six months . He told reporters at the Parliament , for cancer cases such as this , it is normal to go through follow-up treatment including chemotherapy for 12 rounds over the duration of six months . Based on medical advice , Muhyiddin took a one-month medical leave to recover post-surgery . Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad took charge of the Ministry of Home Affairs during Muhyiddins absence . Honours . Honours of Malaysia . - Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia ( PSM ) – Tan Sri ( 1988 ) - Sultan Ibrahim Medal ( PIS ) ( II ) ( 1974 ) - Star of Sultan Ismail ( BSI ) ( II ) ( 1979 ) - Companion of the Order of the Crown of Johor ( SMJ ) ( 1980 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor ( SPMJ ) – Dato ( 1991 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah ( SHMS ) – Dato Seri Diraja ( 2014 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Malacca ( DUNM ) – Datuk Seri Utama ( 2019 ) - Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah ( Ordinary Class ) ( SPSA ) – Dato Seri Diraja ( 2010 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis , the Star of Safi ( SPMP ) – Dato Seri ( 2007 ) - Principal Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan ( SUNS ) – Dato Seri Utama ( 2010 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) – Datuk Seri Panglima ( 2010 ) - Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak ( PNBS ) – Dato Sri ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak ( DP ) – Datuk Patinggi ( 2010 ) Honorary degrees . - 2012 International Honorary Doctorate from United States Sports Academy ( 2013 ) - Honorary Doctor of Letters ( Litt.D. ) degree from Beijing Foreign Studies University ( 2014 )

easy

What was the position of Muhyiddin Yassin from Mar 2008 to Apr 2009?

/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin#P39#2

Muhyiddin Yassin Tan Sri Dato Haji Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin ( ; born 15 May 1947 ) or familiarly known as Muhyiddin bin Mohd . Yassin ( ) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia since 1 March 2020 . He served as the 10th Deputy Prime Minister , Minister of Home Affairs and in many other Cabinet positions under former Prime Ministers Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , Najib Razak and Mahathir Mohamad , from May 1995 to February 2020 . As a result of the ongoing 2020-21 Malaysian political crisis , Mahathirs abrupt resignation on 24 February 2020 led to Muhyiddin being declared Prime Minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on 29 February 2020 . He was formally appointed and sworn in on 1 March 2020 shortly before becoming prominent in Malaysias response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Muhyiddin grew up in the state of Johor and joined the state public service after graduating from University of Malaya ( UM ) . He assumed the management positions at various state-owned companies . In 1978 , he was elected as the MP for Pagoh . During his term as the MP , he was appointed parliamentary secretary to the minister of foreign affairs , deputy minister of federal territories and later deputy minister of trade and industry . As the Johor UMNO chief , he was the states Menteri Besar from 1986 to 1995 . He returned to federal politics in 1995 . He was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of Youth and Sports . He was appointed Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs after the 1999 general election and became a vice president of UMNO in 2000 . Under the premiership of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , Muhyiddin served as Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry from 2004 to 2008 , and then as Minister of International Trade and Industry from 2008 to 2009 . In 2008 , he contested and won the UMNO deputy presidency and was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009 . As Minister of Education , Muhyiddin ended the use of English as the medium of instruction for science and mathematics in public schools . He also attracted controversy after describing himself as Malay first when challenged by the Opposition to pronounce himself as Malaysian first . During Najibs mid-term cabinet reshuffle in July 2015 , he was dropped from his position , marking the first incumbent to be left out ; in June 2016 , he was expelled from UMNO . He founded the political party Malaysian United Indigenous Party ( BERSATU ) in 2016 . Subsequently , He returned to the cabinet after his coalition of parties , Pakatan Harapan won the 2018 Malaysian general election . In 2020 , BERSATU left Pakatan Harapan and joined the coalition Perikatan Nasional during the 2020 Malaysian political crisis . Early life . Muhyiddin was born as Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin in Muar , Johor , Malaysia . His father , Haji Muhammad Yassin bin Muhammad , was a Malay of Bugis descent . Muhammad Yassin was an Islamic theologian and cleric based in Bandar Maharani , Muar , Johor , while his mother , Hajjah Khadijah binti Kassim , was a Malay of Javanese descent . Muhyiddin received his primary education at Sekolah Kebangsaan Maharani , Muar , Johor , and Sekolah Kebangsaan Ismail , Muar , Johor . He received his secondary education at the Muar High School , Johor . Subsequently , he attended the University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur . He received an honours bachelors degree in Economics and Malay studies in 1971 . Early career . After completing his studies , Muhyiddin joined the Johor state public service as the assistant secretary of training and scholarship . In 1974 , he was appointed the assistant district officer ( ADO ) of Muar . He left the civil service to join the corporate sector in the Johor State Economic Development Corporation ( PKENJ ) , managing its subsidiary companies like Sergam Berhad as managing director ( 1974–1977 ) , Equity Mal ( Johore ) Sdn Bhd as Director ( 1974–1978 ) , Sri Saujana Berhad as managing director ( 1974–1978 ) and SGS Ates ( M ) Sdn Bhd as Human Resources Manager ( 1974 ) . Early political career ( 1971–2009 ) . Early year ( 1971–1986 ) . Muhyiddins involvement in politics began when he joined UMNO as an ordinary member at the Pagoh division in 1971 . He was elected as UMNO youth chief of the Pagoh division and the secretary in 1976 . Later he became Youth Chief of Johor state UMNO Youth until 1987 . Muhyiddin occupied the seats of Exco in the national Malaysia UMNO Youth . In 1984 , Muhyiddin was elected the UMNO division chief of Pagoh , replacing Othman Saat . Muhyiddin rose the ranks and file of Johor UMNO quickly . From being a state executive council member , he rose to become Johor UMNOs head and later became Menteri Besar of Johor . Muhyiddin contested and was elected Member of Parliament for the Pagoh constituency in the 1978 general election and kept the seat until 1982 . Muhyiddin was appointed Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs ; subsequently , he was promoted to Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Federal Territories and later the Ministry of Trade and Industry . Menteri Besar of Johor ( 1986–1995 ) . In the 1986 general election , Muhyiddin contested and won the Johor State Legislative constituency seat of Bukit Serampang , opening the path for him to become the Menteri Besar of Johor on 13 August 1986 . His tenure as Menteri Besar lasted until 6 May 1995 . Ministership ( 1995–2009 ) . Muhyiddin returned to contest the Pagoh parliamentary seat in the 1995 General Election . He served several different federal government cabinet posts as Minister of Youth and Sports ( 1995–1999 ) , Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs ( 1999–2004 ) , Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry ( 2004–2008 ) and Minister of International Trade and Industry ( 2008–2009 ) . He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009 . Positions in UMNO . In 1984 , Muhyiddin contested a UMNO Supreme Council seat but lost . Muhyiddin was later appointed the UMNO Johor state liaison chairman and next appointed a Supreme Council member . In November 1990 , he was a candidate for the UMNO vice-presidency but lost again . Muhyiddin attempted again in the November 1993 UMNO party election , successfully this time . Nevertheless , he lost the 1996 election when defending the vice-president post . Eventually , in the election in 2000 , he again won the post of vice-president of UMNO , remaining in that post until the October 2008 party election , when Muhyiddin successfully sought the higher post of deputy president , which was left vacant as the incumbent , Najib Razak ( who was acting party president after the retirement of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ) , became UMNO president . 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election . Muhyiddin attacked Abdullah Ahmad Badawis original transition plan as too long , and some people say that at one point , Muhyiddin was about to ask and force Abdullah to quit , though he never did so directly . During the 2008 general election , Muhyiddin managed to keep his seat and remained as an UMNO leader . Shocked by the election results , he called for reforms . During the 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election , Muhyiddin was a candidate for the deputy president post , which was vacated by the incoming prime minister Najib Tun Razak . He was challenged by Mohd Ali Rustam , Malacca chief minister , and Muhammad Muhammad Taib , Rural and Regional Development Minister . Muhyiddin , seen as a supporter of Mahathir Mohamad , was seen to be the front-runner for the race , garnering many nominations by the UMNO divisions . Nevertheless , the competition was tough , as Taib and Rustam gained more ground , especially from the Badawi camp . Political analysts tipped the race to be very tight . However , the UMNO supreme council decided to disqualify Ali Rustams candidacy after his assistants were caught involved with corruption after an investigation . The election resulted in Muhyiddins election to the post with 1,575 votes to Muhammad Taibs 916 . Deputy prime ministership ( 2009–2015 ) . Muhyiddin was appointed deputy prime minister on 9 April 2009 , when Najib took over from Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and unveiled his first Cabinet . Continuing as Minister for Education , he announced the decision to return to the teaching of mathematics and science in Malay in all government primary and secondary schools . Muhyiddin waded into controversy in March 2010 by stating he was Malay first rather than Malaysian first . He also said that there is nothing wrong with other races doing the same ; for example , the Chinese could claim themselves to be Chinese first , Malaysian second and same for the Indians . On 13 July 2010 , he said that anyone was free to form an association , including Chinese or Indian versions of the Malay rights group Perkasa . Prime Minister Najib came to Muhyiddins defence , denying that his statement was inconsistent with the 1Malaysia concept promoted by the government . Sacked from the cabinet . During Najibs mid-term Cabinet reshuffle on 28 July 2015 , he was dropped from his position as Deputy Prime Minister . The dismissal came after Muhyiddin had made public and critical remarks about Najibs handling of the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal . Najib stated that Muhyiddins dismissal , and the contemporaneous dismissals of other Ministers who had been critical of his leadership , was to create a more unified team . Muhyiddin remained UMNO deputy president , but after keeping up criticism of UMNO , he was eventually sacked by the partys supreme council in June 2016 . Muhyiddin remained unrepentant , maintaining that he had never betrayed the party and pledging to continue speaking out . Post deputy prime ministership ( 2015–2018 ) . Establishment of BERSATU Party . In August 2016 , Muhyiddin registered a new political party , called Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia ( PPBM or Bersatu for short ) together with former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad . Muhyiddin became the partys president while Mahathir and his son Mukhriz became the chairman and deputy president . The new party is focused on Bumiputera – Malays and Orang Asli – in the sense that full membership is only open to Bumiputera . Other races can join the party but cannot vote or contest in party elections . Minister of home affairs ( 2018–2020 ) . He was appointed as Malaysian Minister of Home Affairs by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad when Pakatan Harapan won the 14th General Election . Prime ministership ( 2020–present ) . On 29 February 2020 , a week after the country was thrown into a political crisis , Muhyiddin was appointed Prime Minister by the king , following the abrupt resignation of Mahathir Mohamad five days before . He is the first person appointed to the position while holding both a parliamentary and state seat at the same time . COVID-19 pandemic and Malaysian movement control order . During his administration , COVID-19 spread throughout the nation . In response , Muhyiddin implemented the 2020 Malaysia movement control order ( MCO ) on 16 March 2020 to prevent the disease from infecting more Malaysians . The MCO started nationwide from 18 March and was extended conditionally to 9 June 2020 . In response to the economic impact of COVID-19 , he introduced an economic stimulus package worth RM 250 billion on 27 March to soften the economic strain during the MCO . On 1 May , in conjunction with Labour Day , Muhyiddin announced a Conditional Movement Control Order ( CMCO ) . Certain economic sectors were allowed to operate gradually as long as SOP are followed . Travel restrictions are partially lifted to allow stranded students staying on their campuses and people who are stuck in other states to return to their respective home . Sports , recreational , and large gatherings are still prohibited under the CMCO . On 10 May , it was announced that the CMCO will last for another four weeks until 9 June . More sectors will be allowed to operate and fewer restrictions are to be applied . Shopping malls , dine-in and non-contact sports are allowed as long as social distancing is observed . On 22 May , Muhyiddin entered into a 14-day quarantine after an officer who attended the post-Cabinet meeting at the Prime Ministers Office on 21 May tested positive for COVID-19 . On 4 June 2020 , he completed the 14-day quarantine period and was tested negative for COVID-19 . Therefore , he was allowed to return to the workplace to discharge his official duties as Prime Minister . The CMCO was converted into Recovery Movement Control Order ( RMCO ) and ran from 10 June until 31 August . Under the RMCO , more restrictions will be relaxed to allow the public to carry out their daily activities while complying with standard operating procedures . Almost all social , religious , business , and educational activities are allowed to resume . Hair salons , morning and night markets , and sports-related businesses like gymnasiums will open on a staggered basis , as well as religious congregation such as prayers as long as strict SOPs are followed . Reflexology centres , nightclubs , theme parks , karaoke centres , and gatherings such as kenduri ( feasts ) are still barred during the RMCO . 2021 Malaysian state of emergency . On 19 October , the Malaysian King Sultan Abdullah of Pahang rejected Prime Minister Muhyiddins request for him to declare a state of emergency in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases throughout the country . However , on 21 January 2021 , a new request to declare a state of emergency was granted by the Malaysian King and is expected to last until the 1st of August . Controversies . Misuse of RMAF helicopter . Muhyiddin , as the Deputy Prime Minister , has used a RMAF Nuri helicopter to attend and open UMNOs divisional assembly in the interior of Sabah , which has nothing to do with his official duties . His actions have been strongly criticized by the federal opposition led by Lim Kit Siang as it was a misuse of his powers as Deputy Prime Minister . Lim even questioned whether the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission ( MACC ) would investigate Muhyiddin , as MACC has been conducting various investigations into assemblymen in states controlled by Lims Pakatan Rakyat . Malay first , Malaysian second . On 31 March 2010 , Muhyiddin caused a ruckus in the country declaring himself is a Malay first rather than a Malaysian first when responding to Democratic Action Party ( DAP ) leader Lim Kit Siangs challenge in the parliament for him to state whether he is a Malay or a Malaysian first . However , Muhyiddin retorted although he is Malay first , that doesnt mean he being Malay is not Malaysian . The Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak defended Muhyiddins Malay first , Malaysian second assertion and controversial statement even though it contradicts the 1Malaysia concept which talks of a nation where , it is hoped , every Malaysian perceives himself or herself as Malaysian first , and by race , religion , geographical region or socio-economic background second . Racist remarks . Muhyiddin brewed a storm again on 12 April 2010 by calling the members of a new inter-faith committee small fry , causing strong reaction from the public and uproar from the Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism , Christianity , Hinduism , Sikhism and Taoism ( MCCBCHST ) to back off from joining the committee for the time being . But Muhyiddin was quick to deny he ever say that and state he was misquoted . Muhyiddin even went to the extent of doubling down and uttered Yes , I am Malay first and no apologies . Usage of glamour name on the official purposes . In April 2021 , the Shah Alam court has reversed a preventive detention order signed by him during his time as the Minister of Home Affairs because he signed the order using his glamour name , Muhyiddin bin Mohd . Yassin instead of his legal ( real ) name , Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin . Personal life . Family . He was married with Noorainee Abdul Rahman in 1972 and blessed with 2 sons and 2 daughters , namely Fakhri Yassin Mahiaddin , Nabilah Mahiaddin , and Farhan Yassin Mahiaddin respectively . Most of his children are heavily involved in business and corporate , entertainment and writing industries . His son , Fakhri Yassin , was a corporate figure in Malaysia and assumed the position of Executive Chairman . The second child , Nabilah was involved in book writing while Najwa and Farhan Yassin shared the same interest in the entertainment industry . Sport . He is an avid golf lover . Health issues . In the aftermath of 2018 general election ( GE14 ) , Muhyiddin was diagnosed with an early-stage tumour in the pancreas . He had spent one month in Mount Elizabeth Hospital , Singapore from July to August 2018 , during which he underwent a surgery to extract the tumour . The operation was successful and he returned to Malaysia in stable condition . He was scheduled for a series of follow-up chemotherapy treatment after Hari Raya Haji , for up to six months . He told reporters at the Parliament , for cancer cases such as this , it is normal to go through follow-up treatment including chemotherapy for 12 rounds over the duration of six months . Based on medical advice , Muhyiddin took a one-month medical leave to recover post-surgery . Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad took charge of the Ministry of Home Affairs during Muhyiddins absence . Honours . Honours of Malaysia . - Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia ( PSM ) – Tan Sri ( 1988 ) - Sultan Ibrahim Medal ( PIS ) ( II ) ( 1974 ) - Star of Sultan Ismail ( BSI ) ( II ) ( 1979 ) - Companion of the Order of the Crown of Johor ( SMJ ) ( 1980 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor ( SPMJ ) – Dato ( 1991 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah ( SHMS ) – Dato Seri Diraja ( 2014 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Malacca ( DUNM ) – Datuk Seri Utama ( 2019 ) - Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah ( Ordinary Class ) ( SPSA ) – Dato Seri Diraja ( 2010 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis , the Star of Safi ( SPMP ) – Dato Seri ( 2007 ) - Principal Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan ( SUNS ) – Dato Seri Utama ( 2010 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) – Datuk Seri Panglima ( 2010 ) - Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak ( PNBS ) – Dato Sri ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak ( DP ) – Datuk Patinggi ( 2010 ) Honorary degrees . - 2012 International Honorary Doctorate from United States Sports Academy ( 2013 ) - Honorary Doctor of Letters ( Litt.D. ) degree from Beijing Foreign Studies University ( 2014 )

easy

What was the position of Muhyiddin Yassin from Apr 2009 to Jul 2015?

/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin#P39#3

Muhyiddin Yassin Tan Sri Dato Haji Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin ( ; born 15 May 1947 ) or familiarly known as Muhyiddin bin Mohd . Yassin ( ) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia since 1 March 2020 . He served as the 10th Deputy Prime Minister , Minister of Home Affairs and in many other Cabinet positions under former Prime Ministers Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , Najib Razak and Mahathir Mohamad , from May 1995 to February 2020 . As a result of the ongoing 2020-21 Malaysian political crisis , Mahathirs abrupt resignation on 24 February 2020 led to Muhyiddin being declared Prime Minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on 29 February 2020 . He was formally appointed and sworn in on 1 March 2020 shortly before becoming prominent in Malaysias response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Muhyiddin grew up in the state of Johor and joined the state public service after graduating from University of Malaya ( UM ) . He assumed the management positions at various state-owned companies . In 1978 , he was elected as the MP for Pagoh . During his term as the MP , he was appointed parliamentary secretary to the minister of foreign affairs , deputy minister of federal territories and later deputy minister of trade and industry . As the Johor UMNO chief , he was the states Menteri Besar from 1986 to 1995 . He returned to federal politics in 1995 . He was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of Youth and Sports . He was appointed Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs after the 1999 general election and became a vice president of UMNO in 2000 . Under the premiership of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , Muhyiddin served as Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry from 2004 to 2008 , and then as Minister of International Trade and Industry from 2008 to 2009 . In 2008 , he contested and won the UMNO deputy presidency and was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009 . As Minister of Education , Muhyiddin ended the use of English as the medium of instruction for science and mathematics in public schools . He also attracted controversy after describing himself as Malay first when challenged by the Opposition to pronounce himself as Malaysian first . During Najibs mid-term cabinet reshuffle in July 2015 , he was dropped from his position , marking the first incumbent to be left out ; in June 2016 , he was expelled from UMNO . He founded the political party Malaysian United Indigenous Party ( BERSATU ) in 2016 . Subsequently , He returned to the cabinet after his coalition of parties , Pakatan Harapan won the 2018 Malaysian general election . In 2020 , BERSATU left Pakatan Harapan and joined the coalition Perikatan Nasional during the 2020 Malaysian political crisis . Early life . Muhyiddin was born as Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin in Muar , Johor , Malaysia . His father , Haji Muhammad Yassin bin Muhammad , was a Malay of Bugis descent . Muhammad Yassin was an Islamic theologian and cleric based in Bandar Maharani , Muar , Johor , while his mother , Hajjah Khadijah binti Kassim , was a Malay of Javanese descent . Muhyiddin received his primary education at Sekolah Kebangsaan Maharani , Muar , Johor , and Sekolah Kebangsaan Ismail , Muar , Johor . He received his secondary education at the Muar High School , Johor . Subsequently , he attended the University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur . He received an honours bachelors degree in Economics and Malay studies in 1971 . Early career . After completing his studies , Muhyiddin joined the Johor state public service as the assistant secretary of training and scholarship . In 1974 , he was appointed the assistant district officer ( ADO ) of Muar . He left the civil service to join the corporate sector in the Johor State Economic Development Corporation ( PKENJ ) , managing its subsidiary companies like Sergam Berhad as managing director ( 1974–1977 ) , Equity Mal ( Johore ) Sdn Bhd as Director ( 1974–1978 ) , Sri Saujana Berhad as managing director ( 1974–1978 ) and SGS Ates ( M ) Sdn Bhd as Human Resources Manager ( 1974 ) . Early political career ( 1971–2009 ) . Early year ( 1971–1986 ) . Muhyiddins involvement in politics began when he joined UMNO as an ordinary member at the Pagoh division in 1971 . He was elected as UMNO youth chief of the Pagoh division and the secretary in 1976 . Later he became Youth Chief of Johor state UMNO Youth until 1987 . Muhyiddin occupied the seats of Exco in the national Malaysia UMNO Youth . In 1984 , Muhyiddin was elected the UMNO division chief of Pagoh , replacing Othman Saat . Muhyiddin rose the ranks and file of Johor UMNO quickly . From being a state executive council member , he rose to become Johor UMNOs head and later became Menteri Besar of Johor . Muhyiddin contested and was elected Member of Parliament for the Pagoh constituency in the 1978 general election and kept the seat until 1982 . Muhyiddin was appointed Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs ; subsequently , he was promoted to Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Federal Territories and later the Ministry of Trade and Industry . Menteri Besar of Johor ( 1986–1995 ) . In the 1986 general election , Muhyiddin contested and won the Johor State Legislative constituency seat of Bukit Serampang , opening the path for him to become the Menteri Besar of Johor on 13 August 1986 . His tenure as Menteri Besar lasted until 6 May 1995 . Ministership ( 1995–2009 ) . Muhyiddin returned to contest the Pagoh parliamentary seat in the 1995 General Election . He served several different federal government cabinet posts as Minister of Youth and Sports ( 1995–1999 ) , Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs ( 1999–2004 ) , Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry ( 2004–2008 ) and Minister of International Trade and Industry ( 2008–2009 ) . He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009 . Positions in UMNO . In 1984 , Muhyiddin contested a UMNO Supreme Council seat but lost . Muhyiddin was later appointed the UMNO Johor state liaison chairman and next appointed a Supreme Council member . In November 1990 , he was a candidate for the UMNO vice-presidency but lost again . Muhyiddin attempted again in the November 1993 UMNO party election , successfully this time . Nevertheless , he lost the 1996 election when defending the vice-president post . Eventually , in the election in 2000 , he again won the post of vice-president of UMNO , remaining in that post until the October 2008 party election , when Muhyiddin successfully sought the higher post of deputy president , which was left vacant as the incumbent , Najib Razak ( who was acting party president after the retirement of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ) , became UMNO president . 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election . Muhyiddin attacked Abdullah Ahmad Badawis original transition plan as too long , and some people say that at one point , Muhyiddin was about to ask and force Abdullah to quit , though he never did so directly . During the 2008 general election , Muhyiddin managed to keep his seat and remained as an UMNO leader . Shocked by the election results , he called for reforms . During the 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election , Muhyiddin was a candidate for the deputy president post , which was vacated by the incoming prime minister Najib Tun Razak . He was challenged by Mohd Ali Rustam , Malacca chief minister , and Muhammad Muhammad Taib , Rural and Regional Development Minister . Muhyiddin , seen as a supporter of Mahathir Mohamad , was seen to be the front-runner for the race , garnering many nominations by the UMNO divisions . Nevertheless , the competition was tough , as Taib and Rustam gained more ground , especially from the Badawi camp . Political analysts tipped the race to be very tight . However , the UMNO supreme council decided to disqualify Ali Rustams candidacy after his assistants were caught involved with corruption after an investigation . The election resulted in Muhyiddins election to the post with 1,575 votes to Muhammad Taibs 916 . Deputy prime ministership ( 2009–2015 ) . Muhyiddin was appointed deputy prime minister on 9 April 2009 , when Najib took over from Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and unveiled his first Cabinet . Continuing as Minister for Education , he announced the decision to return to the teaching of mathematics and science in Malay in all government primary and secondary schools . Muhyiddin waded into controversy in March 2010 by stating he was Malay first rather than Malaysian first . He also said that there is nothing wrong with other races doing the same ; for example , the Chinese could claim themselves to be Chinese first , Malaysian second and same for the Indians . On 13 July 2010 , he said that anyone was free to form an association , including Chinese or Indian versions of the Malay rights group Perkasa . Prime Minister Najib came to Muhyiddins defence , denying that his statement was inconsistent with the 1Malaysia concept promoted by the government . Sacked from the cabinet . During Najibs mid-term Cabinet reshuffle on 28 July 2015 , he was dropped from his position as Deputy Prime Minister . The dismissal came after Muhyiddin had made public and critical remarks about Najibs handling of the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal . Najib stated that Muhyiddins dismissal , and the contemporaneous dismissals of other Ministers who had been critical of his leadership , was to create a more unified team . Muhyiddin remained UMNO deputy president , but after keeping up criticism of UMNO , he was eventually sacked by the partys supreme council in June 2016 . Muhyiddin remained unrepentant , maintaining that he had never betrayed the party and pledging to continue speaking out . Post deputy prime ministership ( 2015–2018 ) . Establishment of BERSATU Party . In August 2016 , Muhyiddin registered a new political party , called Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia ( PPBM or Bersatu for short ) together with former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad . Muhyiddin became the partys president while Mahathir and his son Mukhriz became the chairman and deputy president . The new party is focused on Bumiputera – Malays and Orang Asli – in the sense that full membership is only open to Bumiputera . Other races can join the party but cannot vote or contest in party elections . Minister of home affairs ( 2018–2020 ) . He was appointed as Malaysian Minister of Home Affairs by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad when Pakatan Harapan won the 14th General Election . Prime ministership ( 2020–present ) . On 29 February 2020 , a week after the country was thrown into a political crisis , Muhyiddin was appointed Prime Minister by the king , following the abrupt resignation of Mahathir Mohamad five days before . He is the first person appointed to the position while holding both a parliamentary and state seat at the same time . COVID-19 pandemic and Malaysian movement control order . During his administration , COVID-19 spread throughout the nation . In response , Muhyiddin implemented the 2020 Malaysia movement control order ( MCO ) on 16 March 2020 to prevent the disease from infecting more Malaysians . The MCO started nationwide from 18 March and was extended conditionally to 9 June 2020 . In response to the economic impact of COVID-19 , he introduced an economic stimulus package worth RM 250 billion on 27 March to soften the economic strain during the MCO . On 1 May , in conjunction with Labour Day , Muhyiddin announced a Conditional Movement Control Order ( CMCO ) . Certain economic sectors were allowed to operate gradually as long as SOP are followed . Travel restrictions are partially lifted to allow stranded students staying on their campuses and people who are stuck in other states to return to their respective home . Sports , recreational , and large gatherings are still prohibited under the CMCO . On 10 May , it was announced that the CMCO will last for another four weeks until 9 June . More sectors will be allowed to operate and fewer restrictions are to be applied . Shopping malls , dine-in and non-contact sports are allowed as long as social distancing is observed . On 22 May , Muhyiddin entered into a 14-day quarantine after an officer who attended the post-Cabinet meeting at the Prime Ministers Office on 21 May tested positive for COVID-19 . On 4 June 2020 , he completed the 14-day quarantine period and was tested negative for COVID-19 . Therefore , he was allowed to return to the workplace to discharge his official duties as Prime Minister . The CMCO was converted into Recovery Movement Control Order ( RMCO ) and ran from 10 June until 31 August . Under the RMCO , more restrictions will be relaxed to allow the public to carry out their daily activities while complying with standard operating procedures . Almost all social , religious , business , and educational activities are allowed to resume . Hair salons , morning and night markets , and sports-related businesses like gymnasiums will open on a staggered basis , as well as religious congregation such as prayers as long as strict SOPs are followed . Reflexology centres , nightclubs , theme parks , karaoke centres , and gatherings such as kenduri ( feasts ) are still barred during the RMCO . 2021 Malaysian state of emergency . On 19 October , the Malaysian King Sultan Abdullah of Pahang rejected Prime Minister Muhyiddins request for him to declare a state of emergency in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases throughout the country . However , on 21 January 2021 , a new request to declare a state of emergency was granted by the Malaysian King and is expected to last until the 1st of August . Controversies . Misuse of RMAF helicopter . Muhyiddin , as the Deputy Prime Minister , has used a RMAF Nuri helicopter to attend and open UMNOs divisional assembly in the interior of Sabah , which has nothing to do with his official duties . His actions have been strongly criticized by the federal opposition led by Lim Kit Siang as it was a misuse of his powers as Deputy Prime Minister . Lim even questioned whether the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission ( MACC ) would investigate Muhyiddin , as MACC has been conducting various investigations into assemblymen in states controlled by Lims Pakatan Rakyat . Malay first , Malaysian second . On 31 March 2010 , Muhyiddin caused a ruckus in the country declaring himself is a Malay first rather than a Malaysian first when responding to Democratic Action Party ( DAP ) leader Lim Kit Siangs challenge in the parliament for him to state whether he is a Malay or a Malaysian first . However , Muhyiddin retorted although he is Malay first , that doesnt mean he being Malay is not Malaysian . The Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak defended Muhyiddins Malay first , Malaysian second assertion and controversial statement even though it contradicts the 1Malaysia concept which talks of a nation where , it is hoped , every Malaysian perceives himself or herself as Malaysian first , and by race , religion , geographical region or socio-economic background second . Racist remarks . Muhyiddin brewed a storm again on 12 April 2010 by calling the members of a new inter-faith committee small fry , causing strong reaction from the public and uproar from the Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism , Christianity , Hinduism , Sikhism and Taoism ( MCCBCHST ) to back off from joining the committee for the time being . But Muhyiddin was quick to deny he ever say that and state he was misquoted . Muhyiddin even went to the extent of doubling down and uttered Yes , I am Malay first and no apologies . Usage of glamour name on the official purposes . In April 2021 , the Shah Alam court has reversed a preventive detention order signed by him during his time as the Minister of Home Affairs because he signed the order using his glamour name , Muhyiddin bin Mohd . Yassin instead of his legal ( real ) name , Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin . Personal life . Family . He was married with Noorainee Abdul Rahman in 1972 and blessed with 2 sons and 2 daughters , namely Fakhri Yassin Mahiaddin , Nabilah Mahiaddin , and Farhan Yassin Mahiaddin respectively . Most of his children are heavily involved in business and corporate , entertainment and writing industries . His son , Fakhri Yassin , was a corporate figure in Malaysia and assumed the position of Executive Chairman . The second child , Nabilah was involved in book writing while Najwa and Farhan Yassin shared the same interest in the entertainment industry . Sport . He is an avid golf lover . Health issues . In the aftermath of 2018 general election ( GE14 ) , Muhyiddin was diagnosed with an early-stage tumour in the pancreas . He had spent one month in Mount Elizabeth Hospital , Singapore from July to August 2018 , during which he underwent a surgery to extract the tumour . The operation was successful and he returned to Malaysia in stable condition . He was scheduled for a series of follow-up chemotherapy treatment after Hari Raya Haji , for up to six months . He told reporters at the Parliament , for cancer cases such as this , it is normal to go through follow-up treatment including chemotherapy for 12 rounds over the duration of six months . Based on medical advice , Muhyiddin took a one-month medical leave to recover post-surgery . Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad took charge of the Ministry of Home Affairs during Muhyiddins absence . Honours . Honours of Malaysia . - Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia ( PSM ) – Tan Sri ( 1988 ) - Sultan Ibrahim Medal ( PIS ) ( II ) ( 1974 ) - Star of Sultan Ismail ( BSI ) ( II ) ( 1979 ) - Companion of the Order of the Crown of Johor ( SMJ ) ( 1980 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor ( SPMJ ) – Dato ( 1991 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah ( SHMS ) – Dato Seri Diraja ( 2014 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Malacca ( DUNM ) – Datuk Seri Utama ( 2019 ) - Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah ( Ordinary Class ) ( SPSA ) – Dato Seri Diraja ( 2010 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis , the Star of Safi ( SPMP ) – Dato Seri ( 2007 ) - Principal Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan ( SUNS ) – Dato Seri Utama ( 2010 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) – Datuk Seri Panglima ( 2010 ) - Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak ( PNBS ) – Dato Sri ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak ( DP ) – Datuk Patinggi ( 2010 ) Honorary degrees . - 2012 International Honorary Doctorate from United States Sports Academy ( 2013 ) - Honorary Doctor of Letters ( Litt.D. ) degree from Beijing Foreign Studies University ( 2014 )

easy

What position did Muhyiddin Yassin take from May 2018 to Mar 2020?

/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin#P39#4

Muhyiddin Yassin Tan Sri Dato Haji Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin ( ; born 15 May 1947 ) or familiarly known as Muhyiddin bin Mohd . Yassin ( ) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia since 1 March 2020 . He served as the 10th Deputy Prime Minister , Minister of Home Affairs and in many other Cabinet positions under former Prime Ministers Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , Najib Razak and Mahathir Mohamad , from May 1995 to February 2020 . As a result of the ongoing 2020-21 Malaysian political crisis , Mahathirs abrupt resignation on 24 February 2020 led to Muhyiddin being declared Prime Minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on 29 February 2020 . He was formally appointed and sworn in on 1 March 2020 shortly before becoming prominent in Malaysias response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Muhyiddin grew up in the state of Johor and joined the state public service after graduating from University of Malaya ( UM ) . He assumed the management positions at various state-owned companies . In 1978 , he was elected as the MP for Pagoh . During his term as the MP , he was appointed parliamentary secretary to the minister of foreign affairs , deputy minister of federal territories and later deputy minister of trade and industry . As the Johor UMNO chief , he was the states Menteri Besar from 1986 to 1995 . He returned to federal politics in 1995 . He was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of Youth and Sports . He was appointed Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs after the 1999 general election and became a vice president of UMNO in 2000 . Under the premiership of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , Muhyiddin served as Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry from 2004 to 2008 , and then as Minister of International Trade and Industry from 2008 to 2009 . In 2008 , he contested and won the UMNO deputy presidency and was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009 . As Minister of Education , Muhyiddin ended the use of English as the medium of instruction for science and mathematics in public schools . He also attracted controversy after describing himself as Malay first when challenged by the Opposition to pronounce himself as Malaysian first . During Najibs mid-term cabinet reshuffle in July 2015 , he was dropped from his position , marking the first incumbent to be left out ; in June 2016 , he was expelled from UMNO . He founded the political party Malaysian United Indigenous Party ( BERSATU ) in 2016 . Subsequently , He returned to the cabinet after his coalition of parties , Pakatan Harapan won the 2018 Malaysian general election . In 2020 , BERSATU left Pakatan Harapan and joined the coalition Perikatan Nasional during the 2020 Malaysian political crisis . Early life . Muhyiddin was born as Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin in Muar , Johor , Malaysia . His father , Haji Muhammad Yassin bin Muhammad , was a Malay of Bugis descent . Muhammad Yassin was an Islamic theologian and cleric based in Bandar Maharani , Muar , Johor , while his mother , Hajjah Khadijah binti Kassim , was a Malay of Javanese descent . Muhyiddin received his primary education at Sekolah Kebangsaan Maharani , Muar , Johor , and Sekolah Kebangsaan Ismail , Muar , Johor . He received his secondary education at the Muar High School , Johor . Subsequently , he attended the University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur . He received an honours bachelors degree in Economics and Malay studies in 1971 . Early career . After completing his studies , Muhyiddin joined the Johor state public service as the assistant secretary of training and scholarship . In 1974 , he was appointed the assistant district officer ( ADO ) of Muar . He left the civil service to join the corporate sector in the Johor State Economic Development Corporation ( PKENJ ) , managing its subsidiary companies like Sergam Berhad as managing director ( 1974–1977 ) , Equity Mal ( Johore ) Sdn Bhd as Director ( 1974–1978 ) , Sri Saujana Berhad as managing director ( 1974–1978 ) and SGS Ates ( M ) Sdn Bhd as Human Resources Manager ( 1974 ) . Early political career ( 1971–2009 ) . Early year ( 1971–1986 ) . Muhyiddins involvement in politics began when he joined UMNO as an ordinary member at the Pagoh division in 1971 . He was elected as UMNO youth chief of the Pagoh division and the secretary in 1976 . Later he became Youth Chief of Johor state UMNO Youth until 1987 . Muhyiddin occupied the seats of Exco in the national Malaysia UMNO Youth . In 1984 , Muhyiddin was elected the UMNO division chief of Pagoh , replacing Othman Saat . Muhyiddin rose the ranks and file of Johor UMNO quickly . From being a state executive council member , he rose to become Johor UMNOs head and later became Menteri Besar of Johor . Muhyiddin contested and was elected Member of Parliament for the Pagoh constituency in the 1978 general election and kept the seat until 1982 . Muhyiddin was appointed Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs ; subsequently , he was promoted to Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Federal Territories and later the Ministry of Trade and Industry . Menteri Besar of Johor ( 1986–1995 ) . In the 1986 general election , Muhyiddin contested and won the Johor State Legislative constituency seat of Bukit Serampang , opening the path for him to become the Menteri Besar of Johor on 13 August 1986 . His tenure as Menteri Besar lasted until 6 May 1995 . Ministership ( 1995–2009 ) . Muhyiddin returned to contest the Pagoh parliamentary seat in the 1995 General Election . He served several different federal government cabinet posts as Minister of Youth and Sports ( 1995–1999 ) , Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs ( 1999–2004 ) , Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry ( 2004–2008 ) and Minister of International Trade and Industry ( 2008–2009 ) . He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009 . Positions in UMNO . In 1984 , Muhyiddin contested a UMNO Supreme Council seat but lost . Muhyiddin was later appointed the UMNO Johor state liaison chairman and next appointed a Supreme Council member . In November 1990 , he was a candidate for the UMNO vice-presidency but lost again . Muhyiddin attempted again in the November 1993 UMNO party election , successfully this time . Nevertheless , he lost the 1996 election when defending the vice-president post . Eventually , in the election in 2000 , he again won the post of vice-president of UMNO , remaining in that post until the October 2008 party election , when Muhyiddin successfully sought the higher post of deputy president , which was left vacant as the incumbent , Najib Razak ( who was acting party president after the retirement of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ) , became UMNO president . 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election . Muhyiddin attacked Abdullah Ahmad Badawis original transition plan as too long , and some people say that at one point , Muhyiddin was about to ask and force Abdullah to quit , though he never did so directly . During the 2008 general election , Muhyiddin managed to keep his seat and remained as an UMNO leader . Shocked by the election results , he called for reforms . During the 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election , Muhyiddin was a candidate for the deputy president post , which was vacated by the incoming prime minister Najib Tun Razak . He was challenged by Mohd Ali Rustam , Malacca chief minister , and Muhammad Muhammad Taib , Rural and Regional Development Minister . Muhyiddin , seen as a supporter of Mahathir Mohamad , was seen to be the front-runner for the race , garnering many nominations by the UMNO divisions . Nevertheless , the competition was tough , as Taib and Rustam gained more ground , especially from the Badawi camp . Political analysts tipped the race to be very tight . However , the UMNO supreme council decided to disqualify Ali Rustams candidacy after his assistants were caught involved with corruption after an investigation . The election resulted in Muhyiddins election to the post with 1,575 votes to Muhammad Taibs 916 . Deputy prime ministership ( 2009–2015 ) . Muhyiddin was appointed deputy prime minister on 9 April 2009 , when Najib took over from Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and unveiled his first Cabinet . Continuing as Minister for Education , he announced the decision to return to the teaching of mathematics and science in Malay in all government primary and secondary schools . Muhyiddin waded into controversy in March 2010 by stating he was Malay first rather than Malaysian first . He also said that there is nothing wrong with other races doing the same ; for example , the Chinese could claim themselves to be Chinese first , Malaysian second and same for the Indians . On 13 July 2010 , he said that anyone was free to form an association , including Chinese or Indian versions of the Malay rights group Perkasa . Prime Minister Najib came to Muhyiddins defence , denying that his statement was inconsistent with the 1Malaysia concept promoted by the government . Sacked from the cabinet . During Najibs mid-term Cabinet reshuffle on 28 July 2015 , he was dropped from his position as Deputy Prime Minister . The dismissal came after Muhyiddin had made public and critical remarks about Najibs handling of the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal . Najib stated that Muhyiddins dismissal , and the contemporaneous dismissals of other Ministers who had been critical of his leadership , was to create a more unified team . Muhyiddin remained UMNO deputy president , but after keeping up criticism of UMNO , he was eventually sacked by the partys supreme council in June 2016 . Muhyiddin remained unrepentant , maintaining that he had never betrayed the party and pledging to continue speaking out . Post deputy prime ministership ( 2015–2018 ) . Establishment of BERSATU Party . In August 2016 , Muhyiddin registered a new political party , called Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia ( PPBM or Bersatu for short ) together with former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad . Muhyiddin became the partys president while Mahathir and his son Mukhriz became the chairman and deputy president . The new party is focused on Bumiputera – Malays and Orang Asli – in the sense that full membership is only open to Bumiputera . Other races can join the party but cannot vote or contest in party elections . Minister of home affairs ( 2018–2020 ) . He was appointed as Malaysian Minister of Home Affairs by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad when Pakatan Harapan won the 14th General Election . Prime ministership ( 2020–present ) . On 29 February 2020 , a week after the country was thrown into a political crisis , Muhyiddin was appointed Prime Minister by the king , following the abrupt resignation of Mahathir Mohamad five days before . He is the first person appointed to the position while holding both a parliamentary and state seat at the same time . COVID-19 pandemic and Malaysian movement control order . During his administration , COVID-19 spread throughout the nation . In response , Muhyiddin implemented the 2020 Malaysia movement control order ( MCO ) on 16 March 2020 to prevent the disease from infecting more Malaysians . The MCO started nationwide from 18 March and was extended conditionally to 9 June 2020 . In response to the economic impact of COVID-19 , he introduced an economic stimulus package worth RM 250 billion on 27 March to soften the economic strain during the MCO . On 1 May , in conjunction with Labour Day , Muhyiddin announced a Conditional Movement Control Order ( CMCO ) . Certain economic sectors were allowed to operate gradually as long as SOP are followed . Travel restrictions are partially lifted to allow stranded students staying on their campuses and people who are stuck in other states to return to their respective home . Sports , recreational , and large gatherings are still prohibited under the CMCO . On 10 May , it was announced that the CMCO will last for another four weeks until 9 June . More sectors will be allowed to operate and fewer restrictions are to be applied . Shopping malls , dine-in and non-contact sports are allowed as long as social distancing is observed . On 22 May , Muhyiddin entered into a 14-day quarantine after an officer who attended the post-Cabinet meeting at the Prime Ministers Office on 21 May tested positive for COVID-19 . On 4 June 2020 , he completed the 14-day quarantine period and was tested negative for COVID-19 . Therefore , he was allowed to return to the workplace to discharge his official duties as Prime Minister . The CMCO was converted into Recovery Movement Control Order ( RMCO ) and ran from 10 June until 31 August . Under the RMCO , more restrictions will be relaxed to allow the public to carry out their daily activities while complying with standard operating procedures . Almost all social , religious , business , and educational activities are allowed to resume . Hair salons , morning and night markets , and sports-related businesses like gymnasiums will open on a staggered basis , as well as religious congregation such as prayers as long as strict SOPs are followed . Reflexology centres , nightclubs , theme parks , karaoke centres , and gatherings such as kenduri ( feasts ) are still barred during the RMCO . 2021 Malaysian state of emergency . On 19 October , the Malaysian King Sultan Abdullah of Pahang rejected Prime Minister Muhyiddins request for him to declare a state of emergency in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases throughout the country . However , on 21 January 2021 , a new request to declare a state of emergency was granted by the Malaysian King and is expected to last until the 1st of August . Controversies . Misuse of RMAF helicopter . Muhyiddin , as the Deputy Prime Minister , has used a RMAF Nuri helicopter to attend and open UMNOs divisional assembly in the interior of Sabah , which has nothing to do with his official duties . His actions have been strongly criticized by the federal opposition led by Lim Kit Siang as it was a misuse of his powers as Deputy Prime Minister . Lim even questioned whether the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission ( MACC ) would investigate Muhyiddin , as MACC has been conducting various investigations into assemblymen in states controlled by Lims Pakatan Rakyat . Malay first , Malaysian second . On 31 March 2010 , Muhyiddin caused a ruckus in the country declaring himself is a Malay first rather than a Malaysian first when responding to Democratic Action Party ( DAP ) leader Lim Kit Siangs challenge in the parliament for him to state whether he is a Malay or a Malaysian first . However , Muhyiddin retorted although he is Malay first , that doesnt mean he being Malay is not Malaysian . The Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak defended Muhyiddins Malay first , Malaysian second assertion and controversial statement even though it contradicts the 1Malaysia concept which talks of a nation where , it is hoped , every Malaysian perceives himself or herself as Malaysian first , and by race , religion , geographical region or socio-economic background second . Racist remarks . Muhyiddin brewed a storm again on 12 April 2010 by calling the members of a new inter-faith committee small fry , causing strong reaction from the public and uproar from the Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism , Christianity , Hinduism , Sikhism and Taoism ( MCCBCHST ) to back off from joining the committee for the time being . But Muhyiddin was quick to deny he ever say that and state he was misquoted . Muhyiddin even went to the extent of doubling down and uttered Yes , I am Malay first and no apologies . Usage of glamour name on the official purposes . In April 2021 , the Shah Alam court has reversed a preventive detention order signed by him during his time as the Minister of Home Affairs because he signed the order using his glamour name , Muhyiddin bin Mohd . Yassin instead of his legal ( real ) name , Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin . Personal life . Family . He was married with Noorainee Abdul Rahman in 1972 and blessed with 2 sons and 2 daughters , namely Fakhri Yassin Mahiaddin , Nabilah Mahiaddin , and Farhan Yassin Mahiaddin respectively . Most of his children are heavily involved in business and corporate , entertainment and writing industries . His son , Fakhri Yassin , was a corporate figure in Malaysia and assumed the position of Executive Chairman . The second child , Nabilah was involved in book writing while Najwa and Farhan Yassin shared the same interest in the entertainment industry . Sport . He is an avid golf lover . Health issues . In the aftermath of 2018 general election ( GE14 ) , Muhyiddin was diagnosed with an early-stage tumour in the pancreas . He had spent one month in Mount Elizabeth Hospital , Singapore from July to August 2018 , during which he underwent a surgery to extract the tumour . The operation was successful and he returned to Malaysia in stable condition . He was scheduled for a series of follow-up chemotherapy treatment after Hari Raya Haji , for up to six months . He told reporters at the Parliament , for cancer cases such as this , it is normal to go through follow-up treatment including chemotherapy for 12 rounds over the duration of six months . Based on medical advice , Muhyiddin took a one-month medical leave to recover post-surgery . Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad took charge of the Ministry of Home Affairs during Muhyiddins absence . Honours . Honours of Malaysia . - Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia ( PSM ) – Tan Sri ( 1988 ) - Sultan Ibrahim Medal ( PIS ) ( II ) ( 1974 ) - Star of Sultan Ismail ( BSI ) ( II ) ( 1979 ) - Companion of the Order of the Crown of Johor ( SMJ ) ( 1980 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor ( SPMJ ) – Dato ( 1991 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah ( SHMS ) – Dato Seri Diraja ( 2014 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Malacca ( DUNM ) – Datuk Seri Utama ( 2019 ) - Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah ( Ordinary Class ) ( SPSA ) – Dato Seri Diraja ( 2010 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis , the Star of Safi ( SPMP ) – Dato Seri ( 2007 ) - Principal Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan ( SUNS ) – Dato Seri Utama ( 2010 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) – Datuk Seri Panglima ( 2010 ) - Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak ( PNBS ) – Dato Sri ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak ( DP ) – Datuk Patinggi ( 2010 ) Honorary degrees . - 2012 International Honorary Doctorate from United States Sports Academy ( 2013 ) - Honorary Doctor of Letters ( Litt.D. ) degree from Beijing Foreign Studies University ( 2014 )

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What position did Muhyiddin Yassin take from Mar 2020 to Mar 2021?

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Muhyiddin Yassin Tan Sri Dato Haji Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin ( ; born 15 May 1947 ) or familiarly known as Muhyiddin bin Mohd . Yassin ( ) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia since 1 March 2020 . He served as the 10th Deputy Prime Minister , Minister of Home Affairs and in many other Cabinet positions under former Prime Ministers Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , Najib Razak and Mahathir Mohamad , from May 1995 to February 2020 . As a result of the ongoing 2020-21 Malaysian political crisis , Mahathirs abrupt resignation on 24 February 2020 led to Muhyiddin being declared Prime Minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on 29 February 2020 . He was formally appointed and sworn in on 1 March 2020 shortly before becoming prominent in Malaysias response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Muhyiddin grew up in the state of Johor and joined the state public service after graduating from University of Malaya ( UM ) . He assumed the management positions at various state-owned companies . In 1978 , he was elected as the MP for Pagoh . During his term as the MP , he was appointed parliamentary secretary to the minister of foreign affairs , deputy minister of federal territories and later deputy minister of trade and industry . As the Johor UMNO chief , he was the states Menteri Besar from 1986 to 1995 . He returned to federal politics in 1995 . He was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of Youth and Sports . He was appointed Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs after the 1999 general election and became a vice president of UMNO in 2000 . Under the premiership of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , Muhyiddin served as Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry from 2004 to 2008 , and then as Minister of International Trade and Industry from 2008 to 2009 . In 2008 , he contested and won the UMNO deputy presidency and was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009 . As Minister of Education , Muhyiddin ended the use of English as the medium of instruction for science and mathematics in public schools . He also attracted controversy after describing himself as Malay first when challenged by the Opposition to pronounce himself as Malaysian first . During Najibs mid-term cabinet reshuffle in July 2015 , he was dropped from his position , marking the first incumbent to be left out ; in June 2016 , he was expelled from UMNO . He founded the political party Malaysian United Indigenous Party ( BERSATU ) in 2016 . Subsequently , He returned to the cabinet after his coalition of parties , Pakatan Harapan won the 2018 Malaysian general election . In 2020 , BERSATU left Pakatan Harapan and joined the coalition Perikatan Nasional during the 2020 Malaysian political crisis . Early life . Muhyiddin was born as Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin in Muar , Johor , Malaysia . His father , Haji Muhammad Yassin bin Muhammad , was a Malay of Bugis descent . Muhammad Yassin was an Islamic theologian and cleric based in Bandar Maharani , Muar , Johor , while his mother , Hajjah Khadijah binti Kassim , was a Malay of Javanese descent . Muhyiddin received his primary education at Sekolah Kebangsaan Maharani , Muar , Johor , and Sekolah Kebangsaan Ismail , Muar , Johor . He received his secondary education at the Muar High School , Johor . Subsequently , he attended the University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur . He received an honours bachelors degree in Economics and Malay studies in 1971 . Early career . After completing his studies , Muhyiddin joined the Johor state public service as the assistant secretary of training and scholarship . In 1974 , he was appointed the assistant district officer ( ADO ) of Muar . He left the civil service to join the corporate sector in the Johor State Economic Development Corporation ( PKENJ ) , managing its subsidiary companies like Sergam Berhad as managing director ( 1974–1977 ) , Equity Mal ( Johore ) Sdn Bhd as Director ( 1974–1978 ) , Sri Saujana Berhad as managing director ( 1974–1978 ) and SGS Ates ( M ) Sdn Bhd as Human Resources Manager ( 1974 ) . Early political career ( 1971–2009 ) . Early year ( 1971–1986 ) . Muhyiddins involvement in politics began when he joined UMNO as an ordinary member at the Pagoh division in 1971 . He was elected as UMNO youth chief of the Pagoh division and the secretary in 1976 . Later he became Youth Chief of Johor state UMNO Youth until 1987 . Muhyiddin occupied the seats of Exco in the national Malaysia UMNO Youth . In 1984 , Muhyiddin was elected the UMNO division chief of Pagoh , replacing Othman Saat . Muhyiddin rose the ranks and file of Johor UMNO quickly . From being a state executive council member , he rose to become Johor UMNOs head and later became Menteri Besar of Johor . Muhyiddin contested and was elected Member of Parliament for the Pagoh constituency in the 1978 general election and kept the seat until 1982 . Muhyiddin was appointed Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs ; subsequently , he was promoted to Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Federal Territories and later the Ministry of Trade and Industry . Menteri Besar of Johor ( 1986–1995 ) . In the 1986 general election , Muhyiddin contested and won the Johor State Legislative constituency seat of Bukit Serampang , opening the path for him to become the Menteri Besar of Johor on 13 August 1986 . His tenure as Menteri Besar lasted until 6 May 1995 . Ministership ( 1995–2009 ) . Muhyiddin returned to contest the Pagoh parliamentary seat in the 1995 General Election . He served several different federal government cabinet posts as Minister of Youth and Sports ( 1995–1999 ) , Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs ( 1999–2004 ) , Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry ( 2004–2008 ) and Minister of International Trade and Industry ( 2008–2009 ) . He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009 . Positions in UMNO . In 1984 , Muhyiddin contested a UMNO Supreme Council seat but lost . Muhyiddin was later appointed the UMNO Johor state liaison chairman and next appointed a Supreme Council member . In November 1990 , he was a candidate for the UMNO vice-presidency but lost again . Muhyiddin attempted again in the November 1993 UMNO party election , successfully this time . Nevertheless , he lost the 1996 election when defending the vice-president post . Eventually , in the election in 2000 , he again won the post of vice-president of UMNO , remaining in that post until the October 2008 party election , when Muhyiddin successfully sought the higher post of deputy president , which was left vacant as the incumbent , Najib Razak ( who was acting party president after the retirement of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ) , became UMNO president . 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election . Muhyiddin attacked Abdullah Ahmad Badawis original transition plan as too long , and some people say that at one point , Muhyiddin was about to ask and force Abdullah to quit , though he never did so directly . During the 2008 general election , Muhyiddin managed to keep his seat and remained as an UMNO leader . Shocked by the election results , he called for reforms . During the 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election , Muhyiddin was a candidate for the deputy president post , which was vacated by the incoming prime minister Najib Tun Razak . He was challenged by Mohd Ali Rustam , Malacca chief minister , and Muhammad Muhammad Taib , Rural and Regional Development Minister . Muhyiddin , seen as a supporter of Mahathir Mohamad , was seen to be the front-runner for the race , garnering many nominations by the UMNO divisions . Nevertheless , the competition was tough , as Taib and Rustam gained more ground , especially from the Badawi camp . Political analysts tipped the race to be very tight . However , the UMNO supreme council decided to disqualify Ali Rustams candidacy after his assistants were caught involved with corruption after an investigation . The election resulted in Muhyiddins election to the post with 1,575 votes to Muhammad Taibs 916 . Deputy prime ministership ( 2009–2015 ) . Muhyiddin was appointed deputy prime minister on 9 April 2009 , when Najib took over from Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and unveiled his first Cabinet . Continuing as Minister for Education , he announced the decision to return to the teaching of mathematics and science in Malay in all government primary and secondary schools . Muhyiddin waded into controversy in March 2010 by stating he was Malay first rather than Malaysian first . He also said that there is nothing wrong with other races doing the same ; for example , the Chinese could claim themselves to be Chinese first , Malaysian second and same for the Indians . On 13 July 2010 , he said that anyone was free to form an association , including Chinese or Indian versions of the Malay rights group Perkasa . Prime Minister Najib came to Muhyiddins defence , denying that his statement was inconsistent with the 1Malaysia concept promoted by the government . Sacked from the cabinet . During Najibs mid-term Cabinet reshuffle on 28 July 2015 , he was dropped from his position as Deputy Prime Minister . The dismissal came after Muhyiddin had made public and critical remarks about Najibs handling of the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal . Najib stated that Muhyiddins dismissal , and the contemporaneous dismissals of other Ministers who had been critical of his leadership , was to create a more unified team . Muhyiddin remained UMNO deputy president , but after keeping up criticism of UMNO , he was eventually sacked by the partys supreme council in June 2016 . Muhyiddin remained unrepentant , maintaining that he had never betrayed the party and pledging to continue speaking out . Post deputy prime ministership ( 2015–2018 ) . Establishment of BERSATU Party . In August 2016 , Muhyiddin registered a new political party , called Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia ( PPBM or Bersatu for short ) together with former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad . Muhyiddin became the partys president while Mahathir and his son Mukhriz became the chairman and deputy president . The new party is focused on Bumiputera – Malays and Orang Asli – in the sense that full membership is only open to Bumiputera . Other races can join the party but cannot vote or contest in party elections . Minister of home affairs ( 2018–2020 ) . He was appointed as Malaysian Minister of Home Affairs by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad when Pakatan Harapan won the 14th General Election . Prime ministership ( 2020–present ) . On 29 February 2020 , a week after the country was thrown into a political crisis , Muhyiddin was appointed Prime Minister by the king , following the abrupt resignation of Mahathir Mohamad five days before . He is the first person appointed to the position while holding both a parliamentary and state seat at the same time . COVID-19 pandemic and Malaysian movement control order . During his administration , COVID-19 spread throughout the nation . In response , Muhyiddin implemented the 2020 Malaysia movement control order ( MCO ) on 16 March 2020 to prevent the disease from infecting more Malaysians . The MCO started nationwide from 18 March and was extended conditionally to 9 June 2020 . In response to the economic impact of COVID-19 , he introduced an economic stimulus package worth RM 250 billion on 27 March to soften the economic strain during the MCO . On 1 May , in conjunction with Labour Day , Muhyiddin announced a Conditional Movement Control Order ( CMCO ) . Certain economic sectors were allowed to operate gradually as long as SOP are followed . Travel restrictions are partially lifted to allow stranded students staying on their campuses and people who are stuck in other states to return to their respective home . Sports , recreational , and large gatherings are still prohibited under the CMCO . On 10 May , it was announced that the CMCO will last for another four weeks until 9 June . More sectors will be allowed to operate and fewer restrictions are to be applied . Shopping malls , dine-in and non-contact sports are allowed as long as social distancing is observed . On 22 May , Muhyiddin entered into a 14-day quarantine after an officer who attended the post-Cabinet meeting at the Prime Ministers Office on 21 May tested positive for COVID-19 . On 4 June 2020 , he completed the 14-day quarantine period and was tested negative for COVID-19 . Therefore , he was allowed to return to the workplace to discharge his official duties as Prime Minister . The CMCO was converted into Recovery Movement Control Order ( RMCO ) and ran from 10 June until 31 August . Under the RMCO , more restrictions will be relaxed to allow the public to carry out their daily activities while complying with standard operating procedures . Almost all social , religious , business , and educational activities are allowed to resume . Hair salons , morning and night markets , and sports-related businesses like gymnasiums will open on a staggered basis , as well as religious congregation such as prayers as long as strict SOPs are followed . Reflexology centres , nightclubs , theme parks , karaoke centres , and gatherings such as kenduri ( feasts ) are still barred during the RMCO . 2021 Malaysian state of emergency . On 19 October , the Malaysian King Sultan Abdullah of Pahang rejected Prime Minister Muhyiddins request for him to declare a state of emergency in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases throughout the country . However , on 21 January 2021 , a new request to declare a state of emergency was granted by the Malaysian King and is expected to last until the 1st of August . Controversies . Misuse of RMAF helicopter . Muhyiddin , as the Deputy Prime Minister , has used a RMAF Nuri helicopter to attend and open UMNOs divisional assembly in the interior of Sabah , which has nothing to do with his official duties . His actions have been strongly criticized by the federal opposition led by Lim Kit Siang as it was a misuse of his powers as Deputy Prime Minister . Lim even questioned whether the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission ( MACC ) would investigate Muhyiddin , as MACC has been conducting various investigations into assemblymen in states controlled by Lims Pakatan Rakyat . Malay first , Malaysian second . On 31 March 2010 , Muhyiddin caused a ruckus in the country declaring himself is a Malay first rather than a Malaysian first when responding to Democratic Action Party ( DAP ) leader Lim Kit Siangs challenge in the parliament for him to state whether he is a Malay or a Malaysian first . However , Muhyiddin retorted although he is Malay first , that doesnt mean he being Malay is not Malaysian . The Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak defended Muhyiddins Malay first , Malaysian second assertion and controversial statement even though it contradicts the 1Malaysia concept which talks of a nation where , it is hoped , every Malaysian perceives himself or herself as Malaysian first , and by race , religion , geographical region or socio-economic background second . Racist remarks . Muhyiddin brewed a storm again on 12 April 2010 by calling the members of a new inter-faith committee small fry , causing strong reaction from the public and uproar from the Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism , Christianity , Hinduism , Sikhism and Taoism ( MCCBCHST ) to back off from joining the committee for the time being . But Muhyiddin was quick to deny he ever say that and state he was misquoted . Muhyiddin even went to the extent of doubling down and uttered Yes , I am Malay first and no apologies . Usage of glamour name on the official purposes . In April 2021 , the Shah Alam court has reversed a preventive detention order signed by him during his time as the Minister of Home Affairs because he signed the order using his glamour name , Muhyiddin bin Mohd . Yassin instead of his legal ( real ) name , Mahiaddin bin Md . Yasin . Personal life . Family . He was married with Noorainee Abdul Rahman in 1972 and blessed with 2 sons and 2 daughters , namely Fakhri Yassin Mahiaddin , Nabilah Mahiaddin , and Farhan Yassin Mahiaddin respectively . Most of his children are heavily involved in business and corporate , entertainment and writing industries . His son , Fakhri Yassin , was a corporate figure in Malaysia and assumed the position of Executive Chairman . The second child , Nabilah was involved in book writing while Najwa and Farhan Yassin shared the same interest in the entertainment industry . Sport . He is an avid golf lover . Health issues . In the aftermath of 2018 general election ( GE14 ) , Muhyiddin was diagnosed with an early-stage tumour in the pancreas . He had spent one month in Mount Elizabeth Hospital , Singapore from July to August 2018 , during which he underwent a surgery to extract the tumour . The operation was successful and he returned to Malaysia in stable condition . He was scheduled for a series of follow-up chemotherapy treatment after Hari Raya Haji , for up to six months . He told reporters at the Parliament , for cancer cases such as this , it is normal to go through follow-up treatment including chemotherapy for 12 rounds over the duration of six months . Based on medical advice , Muhyiddin took a one-month medical leave to recover post-surgery . Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad took charge of the Ministry of Home Affairs during Muhyiddins absence . Honours . Honours of Malaysia . - Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia ( PSM ) – Tan Sri ( 1988 ) - Sultan Ibrahim Medal ( PIS ) ( II ) ( 1974 ) - Star of Sultan Ismail ( BSI ) ( II ) ( 1979 ) - Companion of the Order of the Crown of Johor ( SMJ ) ( 1980 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor ( SPMJ ) – Dato ( 1991 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah ( SHMS ) – Dato Seri Diraja ( 2014 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Malacca ( DUNM ) – Datuk Seri Utama ( 2019 ) - Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah ( Ordinary Class ) ( SPSA ) – Dato Seri Diraja ( 2010 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis , the Star of Safi ( SPMP ) – Dato Seri ( 2007 ) - Principal Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan ( SUNS ) – Dato Seri Utama ( 2010 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) – Datuk Seri Panglima ( 2010 ) - Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak ( PNBS ) – Dato Sri ( 2008 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak ( DP ) – Datuk Patinggi ( 2010 ) Honorary degrees . - 2012 International Honorary Doctorate from United States Sports Academy ( 2013 ) - Honorary Doctor of Letters ( Litt.D. ) degree from Beijing Foreign Studies University ( 2014 )

easy

Pravin Gordhan took which position from May 2014 to Dec 2015?

/wiki/Pravin_Gordhan#P39#0

Pravin Gordhan Pravin Jamnadas Gordhan ( born 12 April 1949 ) is a politician and anti-apartheid activist who has held various ministerial posts in the Cabinet of South Africa . He served as Minister of Finance from 2009 until 2014 and again from 2015 until 2017 , as Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs from 2014 until 2015 , and as Minister of Public Enterprises since February 2018 . Early years . Pravin Gordhan was born in Durban , and matriculated from Sastri College in 1967 . In 1973 he graduated from the University of Durban-Westville with a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree . Gordhan became associated with members of the Natal Indian Congress ( NIC ) In 1971 and was elected to its executive council in 1974 . During the 1970s , Gordhan helped establish grassroots organisations that became involved in underground activities and associated with the African National Congress ( ANC ) and later the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . He completed his pharmacy internship at King Edward VIII Hospital in 1974 and worked there until 1981 when the Natal Provincial Administration dismissed him for his political activities while he was in detention . He was released from jail in 1982 and received banning orders effective until June 1983 . Gordhan attended the launch of the United Democratic Front ( UDF ) in Cape Town 1983 where the also NIC became an affiliated organisation . Gordhan attended the preparatory meeting for the Convention for a Democratic South Africa ( CODESA ) in 1991 as a joint NIC/Transvaal Indian Congress ( TIC ) representative , and was appointed NIC/TIC delegate to the steering committee responsible for organising Codesa 1 . In 1993 he was appointed to the panel of chairpersons on the planning committee of the multi-party negotiation process . Career . Gordhan was previously the Commissioner of the South African Revenue Service from 1999 to 2009 . From 1991 and 1994 , he chaired the Convention for a Democratic South Africa , and he was the co-Chairman of the Transitional Executive Council , which prepared South Africa for the countrys first non-racial election in April 1994 . As a member of parliament from 1994 to 1998 , Gordhan chaired the parliamentary committee that focused on the implementation of the new Constitution and the transformation of local government in the post-apartheid . Gordhan was chairman of the World Customs Organization in from 2000 to 2006 . On 10 May 2009 , President Jacob Zuma appointed Gordhan as Minister of Finance , succeeding Trevor Manuel . On 25 May 2014 , he was replaced by Nhlanhla Nene as Minister of Finance . In 2014 , Gordhan was appointed as the Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs , succeeding Lechesa Tsenoli who became Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa . On 14 December 2015 , Gordhan was re-appointed as Minister of Finance , replacing David van Rooyen who had been minister for 4 days . In 2018 , Gordhan was re-appointed to the Cabinet of President Cyril Ramaphosa as Minister of Public Enterprises , taking over from former Minister Lynne Brown . He would oversee state-owned enterprises including the likes of Eskom , SAA , Denel , and others . Controversies and court cases . South African journalist Pieter du Toit has written that Gordhan has become target of a smear campaign by people involved in state capture related corrupt activities due to Gordhans efforts to fight corruption ; du Toit names people associated with the Gupta family , Economic Freedom Fighters ( EFF ) , and factions within the ANC as being amongst Gordhans harshest critics whilst also being implicated themselves in possible corrupt activities . Other people and organisations , including the Kathrada Foundation , author Pieter-Louis Myburgh , and journalist Ferial Haffajee . have also stated that Gordhan is the target of smear campaigns . Since becoming Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs , Gordhans middle name , Jamnadas , has been used extensively by critics , most notably on Twitter , as a pejorative term and dog whistle to highlight his Indian ethnicity in a racially prejudicial way . Rogue unit . On the eve of the 2016 Budget Speech that was to be tabled on 24 February 2016 , a list of questions from the Hawks was sent to Gordhan . In total there were 27 questions around the alleged rogue unit at South African Revenue Service ( SARS ) . Gordhan was the SARS commissioner in 2007 , when the so-called rogue unit was set up . He has maintained that it was above board and had ministerial approval . Many questioned the timing of the questions sent including Gwede Mantashe , the Secretary General of the African National Congress ( ANC ) . Gordhan himself was baffled by the questions , having the following to say Once again , the Hawks and those who instruct them , have no regard for the economic and social welfare of millions . He then sent a letter to the Hawks through his department that he would be unable to meet the deadline imposed . The letter from his office stated that He will respond in due course , once he has properly examined the questions and ascertained what information , of the information you request , he is able to provide . He also wanted to know from what authority the Hawks asked these questions of him . On 30 March 2016 , he replied to the questions put to him by the Hawks . Gordhan was quoted , I believe this was meant to intimidate and distract us from the work we had to do in preparing the 2016 Budget . In September 2017 , international auditing firm KPMG abruptly withdrew all of its findings‚ recommendations , and conclusions around its report into the SARS rogue spy unit which had implicated Gordhan . SARS Commissioner Tom Moyane disputed KPMGs withdrawal of the report withdrawal , calling it unethical conduct , and claimed that the report is not flawed . Hiring practices . In October 2016 , South Africas state prosecutor levied fraud charges against Gordhan for allowing a former colleague at SARS to take early retirement and then re-hiring them as a consultant . Charges were dropped a few days later . In October 2016 , Gordhan lodged an application in the North Gauteng High Court to rule that he may not interfere with the major banks decision to close the Oakbay Investments accounts . In August 2017 , the court ruled against his application deeming it unnecessary . Public Protector . In May 2019 Public Protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane released a controversial report recommending that the presidency take disciplinary action against Gordhan for past allegations of fraud at SARS . Gordhans legal team challenged Mkhwanbanes findings as being totally wrong both in fact and in law . Mkhwabane publicly denied that it was part of a larger political struggle to target and discredit Gordhan . In July 2019 the Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa ruled that Mkhwebanes action as Public Protector against Gordhan be suspended , pending a judicial review of Mkhwabanes report on the SARS rogue unit . The judge stated that a number of Mkhwebanes assertions were vague , contradictory and/or nonsensical . Awards . Honorary degrees . - University of South Africa , Honorary Doctor of Commerce , May 2007 - University of Cape Town , Doctor of Law ( honoris causa ) , June 2007 - Central University of Technology , Doctor of Technology ( honoris causa ) , March 2009 - Sunday Times Business Leader of the Year , November 2016 - Henley Business School ( University of Reading , UK ) , Doctor of Business Administration ( honoris causa ) , November 2018

easy

What was the position of Pravin Gordhan from Dec 2015 to May 2019?

/wiki/Pravin_Gordhan#P39#1

Pravin Gordhan Pravin Jamnadas Gordhan ( born 12 April 1949 ) is a politician and anti-apartheid activist who has held various ministerial posts in the Cabinet of South Africa . He served as Minister of Finance from 2009 until 2014 and again from 2015 until 2017 , as Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs from 2014 until 2015 , and as Minister of Public Enterprises since February 2018 . Early years . Pravin Gordhan was born in Durban , and matriculated from Sastri College in 1967 . In 1973 he graduated from the University of Durban-Westville with a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree . Gordhan became associated with members of the Natal Indian Congress ( NIC ) In 1971 and was elected to its executive council in 1974 . During the 1970s , Gordhan helped establish grassroots organisations that became involved in underground activities and associated with the African National Congress ( ANC ) and later the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . He completed his pharmacy internship at King Edward VIII Hospital in 1974 and worked there until 1981 when the Natal Provincial Administration dismissed him for his political activities while he was in detention . He was released from jail in 1982 and received banning orders effective until June 1983 . Gordhan attended the launch of the United Democratic Front ( UDF ) in Cape Town 1983 where the also NIC became an affiliated organisation . Gordhan attended the preparatory meeting for the Convention for a Democratic South Africa ( CODESA ) in 1991 as a joint NIC/Transvaal Indian Congress ( TIC ) representative , and was appointed NIC/TIC delegate to the steering committee responsible for organising Codesa 1 . In 1993 he was appointed to the panel of chairpersons on the planning committee of the multi-party negotiation process . Career . Gordhan was previously the Commissioner of the South African Revenue Service from 1999 to 2009 . From 1991 and 1994 , he chaired the Convention for a Democratic South Africa , and he was the co-Chairman of the Transitional Executive Council , which prepared South Africa for the countrys first non-racial election in April 1994 . As a member of parliament from 1994 to 1998 , Gordhan chaired the parliamentary committee that focused on the implementation of the new Constitution and the transformation of local government in the post-apartheid . Gordhan was chairman of the World Customs Organization in from 2000 to 2006 . On 10 May 2009 , President Jacob Zuma appointed Gordhan as Minister of Finance , succeeding Trevor Manuel . On 25 May 2014 , he was replaced by Nhlanhla Nene as Minister of Finance . In 2014 , Gordhan was appointed as the Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs , succeeding Lechesa Tsenoli who became Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa . On 14 December 2015 , Gordhan was re-appointed as Minister of Finance , replacing David van Rooyen who had been minister for 4 days . In 2018 , Gordhan was re-appointed to the Cabinet of President Cyril Ramaphosa as Minister of Public Enterprises , taking over from former Minister Lynne Brown . He would oversee state-owned enterprises including the likes of Eskom , SAA , Denel , and others . Controversies and court cases . South African journalist Pieter du Toit has written that Gordhan has become target of a smear campaign by people involved in state capture related corrupt activities due to Gordhans efforts to fight corruption ; du Toit names people associated with the Gupta family , Economic Freedom Fighters ( EFF ) , and factions within the ANC as being amongst Gordhans harshest critics whilst also being implicated themselves in possible corrupt activities . Other people and organisations , including the Kathrada Foundation , author Pieter-Louis Myburgh , and journalist Ferial Haffajee . have also stated that Gordhan is the target of smear campaigns . Since becoming Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs , Gordhans middle name , Jamnadas , has been used extensively by critics , most notably on Twitter , as a pejorative term and dog whistle to highlight his Indian ethnicity in a racially prejudicial way . Rogue unit . On the eve of the 2016 Budget Speech that was to be tabled on 24 February 2016 , a list of questions from the Hawks was sent to Gordhan . In total there were 27 questions around the alleged rogue unit at South African Revenue Service ( SARS ) . Gordhan was the SARS commissioner in 2007 , when the so-called rogue unit was set up . He has maintained that it was above board and had ministerial approval . Many questioned the timing of the questions sent including Gwede Mantashe , the Secretary General of the African National Congress ( ANC ) . Gordhan himself was baffled by the questions , having the following to say Once again , the Hawks and those who instruct them , have no regard for the economic and social welfare of millions . He then sent a letter to the Hawks through his department that he would be unable to meet the deadline imposed . The letter from his office stated that He will respond in due course , once he has properly examined the questions and ascertained what information , of the information you request , he is able to provide . He also wanted to know from what authority the Hawks asked these questions of him . On 30 March 2016 , he replied to the questions put to him by the Hawks . Gordhan was quoted , I believe this was meant to intimidate and distract us from the work we had to do in preparing the 2016 Budget . In September 2017 , international auditing firm KPMG abruptly withdrew all of its findings‚ recommendations , and conclusions around its report into the SARS rogue spy unit which had implicated Gordhan . SARS Commissioner Tom Moyane disputed KPMGs withdrawal of the report withdrawal , calling it unethical conduct , and claimed that the report is not flawed . Hiring practices . In October 2016 , South Africas state prosecutor levied fraud charges against Gordhan for allowing a former colleague at SARS to take early retirement and then re-hiring them as a consultant . Charges were dropped a few days later . In October 2016 , Gordhan lodged an application in the North Gauteng High Court to rule that he may not interfere with the major banks decision to close the Oakbay Investments accounts . In August 2017 , the court ruled against his application deeming it unnecessary . Public Protector . In May 2019 Public Protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane released a controversial report recommending that the presidency take disciplinary action against Gordhan for past allegations of fraud at SARS . Gordhans legal team challenged Mkhwanbanes findings as being totally wrong both in fact and in law . Mkhwabane publicly denied that it was part of a larger political struggle to target and discredit Gordhan . In July 2019 the Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa ruled that Mkhwebanes action as Public Protector against Gordhan be suspended , pending a judicial review of Mkhwabanes report on the SARS rogue unit . The judge stated that a number of Mkhwebanes assertions were vague , contradictory and/or nonsensical . Awards . Honorary degrees . - University of South Africa , Honorary Doctor of Commerce , May 2007 - University of Cape Town , Doctor of Law ( honoris causa ) , June 2007 - Central University of Technology , Doctor of Technology ( honoris causa ) , March 2009 - Sunday Times Business Leader of the Year , November 2016 - Henley Business School ( University of Reading , UK ) , Doctor of Business Administration ( honoris causa ) , November 2018

easy

What position did Pravin Gordhan take from May 2019 to May 2020?

/wiki/Pravin_Gordhan#P39#2

Pravin Gordhan Pravin Jamnadas Gordhan ( born 12 April 1949 ) is a politician and anti-apartheid activist who has held various ministerial posts in the Cabinet of South Africa . He served as Minister of Finance from 2009 until 2014 and again from 2015 until 2017 , as Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs from 2014 until 2015 , and as Minister of Public Enterprises since February 2018 . Early years . Pravin Gordhan was born in Durban , and matriculated from Sastri College in 1967 . In 1973 he graduated from the University of Durban-Westville with a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree . Gordhan became associated with members of the Natal Indian Congress ( NIC ) In 1971 and was elected to its executive council in 1974 . During the 1970s , Gordhan helped establish grassroots organisations that became involved in underground activities and associated with the African National Congress ( ANC ) and later the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . He completed his pharmacy internship at King Edward VIII Hospital in 1974 and worked there until 1981 when the Natal Provincial Administration dismissed him for his political activities while he was in detention . He was released from jail in 1982 and received banning orders effective until June 1983 . Gordhan attended the launch of the United Democratic Front ( UDF ) in Cape Town 1983 where the also NIC became an affiliated organisation . Gordhan attended the preparatory meeting for the Convention for a Democratic South Africa ( CODESA ) in 1991 as a joint NIC/Transvaal Indian Congress ( TIC ) representative , and was appointed NIC/TIC delegate to the steering committee responsible for organising Codesa 1 . In 1993 he was appointed to the panel of chairpersons on the planning committee of the multi-party negotiation process . Career . Gordhan was previously the Commissioner of the South African Revenue Service from 1999 to 2009 . From 1991 and 1994 , he chaired the Convention for a Democratic South Africa , and he was the co-Chairman of the Transitional Executive Council , which prepared South Africa for the countrys first non-racial election in April 1994 . As a member of parliament from 1994 to 1998 , Gordhan chaired the parliamentary committee that focused on the implementation of the new Constitution and the transformation of local government in the post-apartheid . Gordhan was chairman of the World Customs Organization in from 2000 to 2006 . On 10 May 2009 , President Jacob Zuma appointed Gordhan as Minister of Finance , succeeding Trevor Manuel . On 25 May 2014 , he was replaced by Nhlanhla Nene as Minister of Finance . In 2014 , Gordhan was appointed as the Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs , succeeding Lechesa Tsenoli who became Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa . On 14 December 2015 , Gordhan was re-appointed as Minister of Finance , replacing David van Rooyen who had been minister for 4 days . In 2018 , Gordhan was re-appointed to the Cabinet of President Cyril Ramaphosa as Minister of Public Enterprises , taking over from former Minister Lynne Brown . He would oversee state-owned enterprises including the likes of Eskom , SAA , Denel , and others . Controversies and court cases . South African journalist Pieter du Toit has written that Gordhan has become target of a smear campaign by people involved in state capture related corrupt activities due to Gordhans efforts to fight corruption ; du Toit names people associated with the Gupta family , Economic Freedom Fighters ( EFF ) , and factions within the ANC as being amongst Gordhans harshest critics whilst also being implicated themselves in possible corrupt activities . Other people and organisations , including the Kathrada Foundation , author Pieter-Louis Myburgh , and journalist Ferial Haffajee . have also stated that Gordhan is the target of smear campaigns . Since becoming Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs , Gordhans middle name , Jamnadas , has been used extensively by critics , most notably on Twitter , as a pejorative term and dog whistle to highlight his Indian ethnicity in a racially prejudicial way . Rogue unit . On the eve of the 2016 Budget Speech that was to be tabled on 24 February 2016 , a list of questions from the Hawks was sent to Gordhan . In total there were 27 questions around the alleged rogue unit at South African Revenue Service ( SARS ) . Gordhan was the SARS commissioner in 2007 , when the so-called rogue unit was set up . He has maintained that it was above board and had ministerial approval . Many questioned the timing of the questions sent including Gwede Mantashe , the Secretary General of the African National Congress ( ANC ) . Gordhan himself was baffled by the questions , having the following to say Once again , the Hawks and those who instruct them , have no regard for the economic and social welfare of millions . He then sent a letter to the Hawks through his department that he would be unable to meet the deadline imposed . The letter from his office stated that He will respond in due course , once he has properly examined the questions and ascertained what information , of the information you request , he is able to provide . He also wanted to know from what authority the Hawks asked these questions of him . On 30 March 2016 , he replied to the questions put to him by the Hawks . Gordhan was quoted , I believe this was meant to intimidate and distract us from the work we had to do in preparing the 2016 Budget . In September 2017 , international auditing firm KPMG abruptly withdrew all of its findings‚ recommendations , and conclusions around its report into the SARS rogue spy unit which had implicated Gordhan . SARS Commissioner Tom Moyane disputed KPMGs withdrawal of the report withdrawal , calling it unethical conduct , and claimed that the report is not flawed . Hiring practices . In October 2016 , South Africas state prosecutor levied fraud charges against Gordhan for allowing a former colleague at SARS to take early retirement and then re-hiring them as a consultant . Charges were dropped a few days later . In October 2016 , Gordhan lodged an application in the North Gauteng High Court to rule that he may not interfere with the major banks decision to close the Oakbay Investments accounts . In August 2017 , the court ruled against his application deeming it unnecessary . Public Protector . In May 2019 Public Protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane released a controversial report recommending that the presidency take disciplinary action against Gordhan for past allegations of fraud at SARS . Gordhans legal team challenged Mkhwanbanes findings as being totally wrong both in fact and in law . Mkhwabane publicly denied that it was part of a larger political struggle to target and discredit Gordhan . In July 2019 the Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa ruled that Mkhwebanes action as Public Protector against Gordhan be suspended , pending a judicial review of Mkhwabanes report on the SARS rogue unit . The judge stated that a number of Mkhwebanes assertions were vague , contradictory and/or nonsensical . Awards . Honorary degrees . - University of South Africa , Honorary Doctor of Commerce , May 2007 - University of Cape Town , Doctor of Law ( honoris causa ) , June 2007 - Central University of Technology , Doctor of Technology ( honoris causa ) , March 2009 - Sunday Times Business Leader of the Year , November 2016 - Henley Business School ( University of Reading , UK ) , Doctor of Business Administration ( honoris causa ) , November 2018

easy

Mia Hamm played for which team from 1987 to 2001?

/wiki/Mia_Hamm#P54#0

Mia Hamm Mariel Margaret Hamm-Garciaparra ( born March 17 , 1972 ) is an American retired professional soccer player , two-time Olympic gold medalist , and two-time FIFA Womens World Cup champion . Hailed as a soccer icon , she played as a forward for the United States womens national soccer team from 1987 to 2004 . Hamm was the face of the Womens United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) , the first professional womens soccer league in the United States , where she played for the Washington Freedom from 2001 to 2003 . She played college soccer for the North Carolina Tar Heels womens soccer team and helped the team win four consecutive NCAA Division I Womens Soccer Championship titles . During her tenure with the national team , Hamm competed in four FIFA Womens World Cup tournaments : the inaugural 1991 in China , 1995 in Sweden , 1999 and 2003 in the United States . She led the team at three Olympic Games , including : 1996 in Atlanta ( the first time womens soccer was played ) , 2000 in Sydney , and 2004 in Athens . She completed her international career having played in 42 matches and scored 14 goals at these 7 international tournaments . Hamm held the record for most international goals scored—by a woman or man—until 2013 and remains in third place behind former teammate Abby Wambach and Canadian striker Christine Sinclair as of 2017 . She currently ranks third in the history of the U.S . national team for international caps ( 276 ) and first for career assists ( 144 ) . Twice named FIFA World Player of the Year in 2001 and 2002 , Hamm and her teammate Michelle Akers were hailed by Pelé as two of FIFAs 125 greatest living players when he included them in the FIFA 100 to celebrate the organizations 100th anniversary . Hamm was named U.S . Soccer Female Athlete of the Year five years in a row and won three ESPY awards including Soccer Player of the Year and Female Athlete of the Year . The Womens Sports Foundation named her Sportswoman of the Year in 1997 and 1999 . She was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame , Alabama Sports Hall of Fame , Texas Sports Hall of Fame , North Carolina Soccer Hall of Fame , and was the first woman inducted into the . A co-owner of Los Angeles FC , Hamm is also a global ambassador for FC Barcelona and is on the board of directors of Serie A club A.S . Roma . Author of Go For the Goal : A Champions Guide to Winning in Soccer and Life , Hamm has been featured in several films and television shows , including the HBO documentary , . Life . Born in Selma , Alabama , Mia was the fourth of six children of Bill and Stephanie Hamm . She wore corrective shoes as a toddler after being born with a club foot . Hamm spent her childhood on various United States Air Force bases around the world with her family . While living in Florence , Italy , Hamm first played soccer , which was hugely popular there ; her entire family quickly became involved in the sport . At age five , then living in Wichita Falls , Texas , Hamm joined her first soccer team . Her father coached Mia and her newly adopted brother , 8-year-old Garrett . Hamm played sports from a young age and excelled as a football player on the boys team at junior high school . As a high school freshman and sophomore , she played soccer for Notre Dame Catholic High School in Wichita Falls . She played at the 1987 U.S . Olympic Festival , the youngest player to play for the United States womens national soccer team . As a new player , she often started as a forward but did not score a goal during her first year on the team . Hamm spent a year at Lake Braddock Secondary School in Burke , Virginia , and helped the Lake Braddock soccer team win the 1989 state championships . Playing career . North Carolina Tar Heels , 1989–1993 . From 1989 to 1993 , Hamm attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , where she helped the Tar Heels win four NCAA Division I Womens Soccer Championships in five years . She red-shirted the 1991 season to focus on preparation for the inaugural 1991 FIFA Womens World Cup in China . North Carolina lost one game of the 95 she played on the team . She earned All-American honors , was named the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) Player of the Year for three consecutive years , and was named ACC Female Athlete of the Year in 1993 and 1994 . She graduated from North Carolina in 1994 with the ACC records for goals ( 103 ) , assists ( 72 ) , and total points ( 278 ) . In 2003 , she and Michael Jordan were named the ACCs Greatest Athletes of the conferences first fifty years . Hamm was a member of the United States womens national college team that won a silver medal , being defeated by China in the final , at the 1993 Summer Universiade in Buffalo , New York . International . Womens national team , 1987–2004 . Hamm made her debut for the United States womens national soccer team in 1987 at the age of 15 — just two years after the team played its first international match . She was the youngest person ever to play for the team . She scored her first goal during her 17th appearance . She competed in four FIFA Womens World Cup tournaments : the inaugural 1991 in China , 1995 in Sweden , 1999 and 2003 in the United States . She led the team at three Olympic Games , including : 1996 in Atlanta ( the first time womens soccer was played ) , 2000 in Sydney , and 2004 in Athens . In total , she played 42 matches and scored 14 goals in international tournaments . Hamm held the record for most international goals scored—by a woman or man—until 2013 and remains in third place as of 2017 . She currently ranks third in the history of the U.S . national team for international caps ( 276 ) and first for career assists ( 144 ) . 1991 FIFA Womens World Cup . In 1991 , Hamm was named to the roster for the inaugural FIFA Womens World Cup in China under North Carolina coach Anson Dorrance . At 19 years old , she was still the youngest player on the team . During the teams first match of the tournament , Hamm scored the game-winning goal in the 62nd minute , leading the U.S . to a 3–2 win over Sweden . She also scored once in their second group stage match when they defeated Brazil 5–0 . The U.S . squad finished first in Group B after a third win against Japan on November 21 and advanced to the knockout stage of the tournament . During the quarterfinal match , the U . S . defeated Chinese Taipei 7–0 . After defeating Germany 5–2 during the semi-final , the U.S . faced Norway in the final . In front of 63,000 spectators , the U.S . clinched the first World Cup championship title after a 2–1 win . 1995 FIFA Womens World Cup . Hamms second World Cup appearance came during the 1995 tournament in Sweden . The United States were led by head coach Tony DiCicco . During the teams first match of the tournament , she scored the teams third goal in the 51st minute in a 3–3 draw against China PR . The U.S . faced Denmark during its second group stage match . Goals from Kristine Lilly and Tiffeny Milbrett led to a 2–0 win for the U.S . Hamm played goalkeeper for a few minutes after Briana Scurry received a red card and was removed from the match . After defeating Australia 4–1 on June , 10 , the U.S . advanced to the knock-out stage and defeated Japan 4–0 in the quarter-final . The U.S . was defeated by eventual champion Norway 1–0 in the semi-finals and captured third place after defeating China PR 2–0 on June 17 . Hamm scored the second U.S . goal of the match in the 55th minute . 1996–1998 : Atlanta Olympics and 100th international goal . Hamm was a key part of the U.S . team at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta ; this was the first Olympic tournament to include womens soccer . The U.S . faced Denmark in their first preliminary round match . Hamm scored a goal and served an assist to Tiffeny Milbrett to lead the U.S . to a 3–0 win . The team defeated Sweden 2–1 next at the Orlando Citrus Bowl . After tying China 0–0 in their final preliminary round match , the U.S . finished second in Group E . Defeating Norway in the semi-finals , the team faced China in the final . Hamm played despite having foot and groin injuries , suffered during team training and the match against Sweden . Although she was carried off by stretcher in the final minute , her team won their first Olympic gold medal with a 2–1 win witnessed by 76,481 fans in the stadium – the largest crowd for a soccer event in the history of the Olympics and the largest crowd for a womens sports event in the United States . The 20 goals scored by Hamm in 1998 were the highest annual total of her international career . She also provided 20 assists . On September 18 , she scored her 100th international goal in a friendly match against Russia in Rochester , New York . The same year , she led the U.S . to the first-ever Goodwill Games gold medal . Hamm scored five of the teams seven goals at the tournament , including two during the championship match against China . 1999 : 108th International goal and FIFA Womens World Cup . On May 22 , 1999 , Hamm broke the all-time international goal record with her 108th goal in a game against Brazil in Orlando , Florida . The following month , she led the national team at the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup , hosted by the United States . During the teams first group stage match against Denmark , she scored her 110th international goal and served an assist to Julie Foudy as the U.S . won 3–0 . Against Nigeria , Hamms low free kick was knocked into the goal by a Nigerian midfielder . Within a minute , Hamm scored with a free kick . She later served an assist to Kristine Lilly before being substituted in the 57th minute . The U.S . won 7–1 and secured a berth in the quarter-finals . During the teams final group stage match , head coach Tony DiCicco rested a number of players , including Hamm , who was substituted at half-time . The U.S . defeated Korea 3–0 and finished Group A with nine points . In the quarter-finals , the U.S . defeated Germany 3–2 . Playing Brazil in the semi-finals , Hamm was knocked down in the penalty area late in the second half ; Michelle Akers converted the subsequent penalty and their team won 2–0 . After 90 minutes of scoreless regulation time and 30 minutes of sudden death , the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup Final was decided by a penalty shootout between the U.S . and China . The five American players to take penalty kicks , including Hamm , converted ; China missed one attempt so that the home team won . The final surpassed the 1996 Atlanta Olympic final as the most-attended womens sports event , with more than 90,000 people filling the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . It held the record until 2014 for the largest U.S . television audience for a soccer match with 17,975,000 viewers . , it ranks third following the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup ( 25,400,000 viewers ) and 2014 FIFA World Cup group stage match between the U.S . mens team and Portugal ( 18,220,000 viewers ) . Immediately following the final , Hamm collapsed in the locker room from severe dehydration . She was treated by medical staff with an intravenous drip and three liters of fluids . After 12 hours of sleep , she joined the team for magazine cover shoots , went to Disneyland for a celebration rally , and made numerous television appearances . A week later , the team met President Clinton at the White House and flew with Hillary and Chelsea Clinton on Air Force One to Cape Canaveral . Her leadership and performance at the 1999 World Cup cemented Hamm as a soccer icon . 2000 Sydney Olympics . Hamm represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia . During the group stage , she scored a goal against Norway to lift the United States to a 2–0 win . The team tied China 1–1 in their next group stage match before defeating Nigeria 3–1 to finish first in their group . After advancing to the semi-finals where the U.S . faced Brazil , Hamm scored the game-winning goal in the 60th minute . The goal marked the 127th of her international career and set a new record for most goals scored in international play by a woman or man . The U.S . faced Norway in the final and were defeated 3–2 in overtime to earn the silver medal at the Games . 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup . Originally scheduled for China , the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup was moved to the United States due to the SARS outbreak . Hamm was named to the U.S . roster in August , and stated that it would be her final World Cup appearance . During the teams first group stage match , Hamms three assists helped the U.S . to a 3–1 win over Sweden . She scored twice against Nigeria and served the assist for the teams third goal to lead the U.S . to a 5–0 win and qualification for the quarter-finals with one match to play . The U.S . faced North Korea in their final group stage match and dominated 3–0 . Hamm and a number of others were rested for the game by head coach April Heinrichs ; this was the first World Cup match Hamm had missed in her career . The U.S . faced Norway in the quarter-finals ; Although the U.S . won 1–0 , Hamm was fouled throughout the match as Norway played with physicality to counter the U.S . team . One of Norways 24 fouls resulted in a penalty kick for Hamm which was saved by the Norwegian goalkeeper . After the U.S . was defeated 3–0 by Germany in the semi-finals , the team defeated Canada 3–1 to secure a third-place finish . 2004 : 158th international goal and Athens Olympics . During a friendly game against Australia on July 21 , 2004 , Hamm scored her 158th international goal setting the record for most international goals scored by any player in the world , male or female . She held the world record until Abby Wambach scored her 159th goal on June 20 , 2013 . The Australia match also marked Hamms 259th international appearance ; only two of her teammates , Kristine Lilly and Christie Rampone , have played in more international games . Hamm helped lead the U.S . national team to its second gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens and was selected by her fellow Olympians to carry the American flag at the closing ceremony . During the teams first group stage match against Greece , Hamm served the cross to Shannon Boxxs game-opening goal , and scored the last goal of the match to lift the U.S . to a 3–0 win . During a 2–0 win over Brazil in the second group stage match , Hamm converted a penalty kick for the opening goal . The U.S . finished at the top of Group C with seven points after a 1–1 draw against Australia to advance to the quarter-finals , where they defeated Japan 2–1 . During the semi-final match against Germany , Hamm served an assist to Heather OReilly who scored in overtime to secure a 2–1 win . The U.S . faced Brazil for a second time at the Games in the gold medal match and won 2–1 in overtime . Her teammates swarmed Hamm after the final whistle to celebrate their second Olympic gold medal and her final win at the Olympics . The game marked the last Olympic appearance for the five remaining players who had helped win the inaugural 1991 FIFA Womens World Cup : Hamm , Julie Foudy , Joy Fawcett , Brandi Chastain , and Kristine Lilly ( often referred to as the Fab Five ) . Matches and goals scored at World Cup and Olympic tournaments . Hamm competed as a member of the United States national soccer team in four FIFA Womens World Cup tournaments : the inaugural 1991 in China , 1995 in Sweden , as well as 1999 and 2003 in the United States . She competed at three Summer Olympic Games : 1996 in Atlanta , 2000 in Sydney , and 2004 in Athens . All together , she played in 38 matches and scored 13 goals at seven top international tournaments . With her teammates , Hamm finished third at two World Cup tournaments in 1995 and 2003 , second at the 2000 Olympics , and first at the four other international tournaments . Club . Washington Freedom , 2001–2003 . In 2001 , Hamm was a founding player in the first professional womens soccer league in the United States , the Womens United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) , and played for the Washington Freedom from 2001 to 2003 . Throughout the leagues history , Hamm was hailed as the star of the league and used heavily in marketing and promotion . In a poll of 1,000 advertising executives conducted in 2001 , she was voted the most appealing female athlete , garnering almost twice as many votes as the runner-up Anna Kournikova . During the leagues inaugural match between the Freedom and Bay Area CyberRays at RFK Stadium in Washington , D.C. , Hamm was fouled in the penalty area resulting in a penalty kick that her teammate Pretinha converted to mark the first goal scored in the league . The Freedom won 1–0 . In addition to the 34,148 fans in attendance being greater than any MLS game that weekend , the Turner Network Television ( TNT ) broadcast reached 393,087 households : more than two MLS games broadcast on ESPN and ESPN2 . Playing as a midfielder and forward , Hamm played in 19 of the Freedoms 21 matches during the 2001 season . She led the team in goals ( 6 ) and assists ( 4 ) . The Freedom finished in seventh place during the regular season with a record . Hamm suffered a knee injury in November 2001 that kept her off the pitch for several months of early 2002 . Despite playing only half the 2002 season with the Freedom , she finished the season with eight goals . The team finished in third place during the 2002 season with a record and advanced to the playoffs . After winning the semi-final against the Philadelphia Charge 1–0 , the team was defeated 3–2 by the Carolina Courage in the 2002 WUSA Founders Cup . Hamm scored the Freedoms second goal in the 64th minute . During the 2003 season , Hamm started in 16 of the 19 games in which she played . Her 11 goals ranked second on the team behind Abby Wambachs 13 while her 11 assists ranked first . The Freedom finished in fourth place during the regular season with a record and secured a berth in the playoffs . Hamm finished her club career as a WUSA champion when the Freedom defeated the Atlanta Beat 2–1 in overtime to win the Founders Cup on August 24 , 2003 . Retirement . On May 14 , 2004 , Hamm announced her retirement effective after the 2004 Athens Olympics . Following the 2004 Olympics , Hamm and her teammates played in a 10-game farewell tour in the United States . The final match of the tour against Mexico at the Home Depot Center in Carson , California , on December 8 , 2004 , marked the final international match for Hamm , Julie Foudy , and Joy Fawcett . The U.S . defeated Mexico 5–0 and Hamm assisted on two of the goals . Hamm retired at age 32 with a record 158 international goals . She and teammates Foudy and Fawcett were honored with a pre-game ceremony where they were presented with framed jerseys and roses in front of 15,549 fans at Home Depot Center in Carson , California . During the 5–0 win against Mexico , Hamm provided the assist on the first two goals . Following her retirement , Hamms #9 jersey was inherited by midfielder Heather OReilly . Honors and awards . Hamm was named Sportswoman of the Year by the Womens Sports Foundation in 1997 and 1999 . In June 1999 , Nike named the largest building on their corporate campus after Hamm . In December 2000 , Hamm was named one of the top three female soccer players of the twentieth century in the FIFA Female Player of the Century Award , finishing behind only Sun Wen and compatriot Michelle Akers . While at North Carolina , she won the Honda Sports Award as the nations top female soccer player in both 1993 and 1994 , and won the Honda-Broderick Cup in 1994 as the nations top female athlete . In March 2004 , Hamm and former U.S . teammate Michelle Akers were the only two women and Americans named to the FIFA 100 , a list of the 125 greatest living soccer players , selected by Pelé and commissioned by FIFA for the organizations 100th anniversary . Other accolades include being elected U.S . Soccer Female Athlete of the Year five years in a row from 1994 to 1998 , and winning three ESPY awards including Soccer Player of the Year and Female Athlete of the Year . In 2006 Hamm was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame , followed by the Texas Sports Hall of Fame on March 11 , 2008 . In 2007 , during her first year of eligibility , Hamm was selected for induction into the National Soccer Hall of Fame . In 2008 , an image of her silhouette was used in the logo for the second professional womens soccer league in the United States : Womens Professional Soccer . ESPN named her the greatest female athlete in 2012 . In 2013 , Hamm became the first woman inducted into the , located in Pachuca , Mexico . She was named to U.S . Soccers USWNT All-Time Best XI in December 2013 . In 2014 , Hamm was named one of ESPNWs Impact 25 ; she was also the recipient of the Golden Foot Legends Award . For their first match of March 2019 , the women of the United States womens national soccer team each wore a jersey with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back ; Samantha Mewis chose the name of Hamm . In 2021 , Hamm was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame . Style of play . Regarded as one of the greatest women soccer players of all time , Hamm was an athletic , dynamic , and technically gifted striker , renowned for her speed , skill , footwork , stamina , and ability on the ball , as well as her consistency . An excellent , agile dribbler , she was highly regarded for her control , as well as her grace , pace , and elegance in possession . A prolific goalscorer , she was known for her powerful and accurate striking ability , although she was also a creative and hard-working forward , and a team player , who was equally capable of assisting many goals for her teammates , due to her accurate passing , and was also willing to aid her teammates defensively when possession was lost . She was capable of playing in any offensive position . Personal life . Hamm was first married to her college sweetheart Christiaan Corry , a United States Marine Corps helicopter pilot ; they divorced in 2001 after being married six years . She married then-Boston Red Sox shortstop Nomar Garciaparra on November 22 , 2003 , in Goleta , California , in a ceremony attended by a few hundred guests . On March 27 , 2007 , Hamm gave birth to twin girls , Grace Isabella and Ava Caroline . Though born five weeks early , each girl weighed over at birth . The couple had a son , named Garrett Anthony , in January 2012 . Philanthropy . In 1999 , Hamm founded the Mia Hamm Foundation following the death of her adopted brother Garrett in 1997 from complications of aplastic anemia , a rare blood disease he had endured for ten years . Dedicated to promoting awareness of and raising funds for families in need of a bone marrow or cord blood transplant , the foundation encourages people to register in the national bone marrow registry and provides funds to UNC Health Care and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles . It also focuses on creating opportunities to empower women through sport . Hamm hosts an annual celebrity soccer game in Los Angeles to support the foundation . In popular culture . Hamm has been called the most marketable female athlete of her generation . During her time as an international soccer player , she signed endorsement deals with Gatorade , Nike , Dreyers Ice Cream , Pepsi , Nabisco , Fleet Bank , Earthgrains , and Powerbar . In 1997 , she starred in a popular commercial for Pert Plus . Hamm was featured on a Wheaties box following the 1999 World Cup and endorsed the first Soccer Barbie by Mattel . She co-starred with Michael Jordan in a popular television commercial for Gatorade in the spring of 1999 which featured the two athletes competing against each other in a variety of sports while the song Anything You Can Do ( I Can Do Better ) is heard . The commercial ends with Hamm throwing Jordan to the ground in a judo match . In 2000 , the video game , Mia Hamm Soccer 64 was released for Nintendo 64 . It was the first game to feature female athletes only and sold a relatively high 42,886 copies in the United States . Hamm was featured on the covers of Sports Illustrated , Time , and People . She has made appearances on numerous television shows , including : Late Night with David Letterman , The Rosie ODonnell Show , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Today , , Good Morning America , and The Oprah Winfrey Show . She was profiled in ESPNs SportsCentury and Biography documentaries , ESPN 25 : Whos #1? , and was featured in . In 2005 , she was featured in the HBO documentary . Her likeness was used in the logo of Womens Professional Soccer , the second womens professional soccer league in the United States . Hamm was mentioned on a season eight episode of the TV series Friends . When Rachel had Joey put his hand on her belly , she says , Aw , its unbelievable ! Wow ! She is kicking so much ! Oh , shes like , um , whos that kind of annoying girl soccer player ? Joey asks , Mia Hamm ? Rachel says , Mia Hamm! . Other work . Hamm is a global ambassador for FC Barcelona . She is the author of the national bestseller Go For the Goal : A Champions Guide to Winning in Soccer and Life and juvenile fiction book Winners Never Quit . In 2012 , after Pia Sundhages departure as head coach of the national team , Hamm joined Danielle Slaton and Sunil Gulati as a member of the search committee for Sundhages successor . In 2014 , she was named to the board of the National Soccer Hall of Fame . In October 2014 , Hamm was announced as a co-owner of the future Major League Soccer team , Los Angeles FC . The same month , Hamm joined the board of directors of Serie A club A.S . Roma , owned by American investors . Hamm joined Vice President Joe Biden and Second Lady Jill Biden as members of the United States delegation at the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup Final in Vancouver , Canada .

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Which team did Mia Hamm play for from 2001 to 2003?

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Mia Hamm Mariel Margaret Hamm-Garciaparra ( born March 17 , 1972 ) is an American retired professional soccer player , two-time Olympic gold medalist , and two-time FIFA Womens World Cup champion . Hailed as a soccer icon , she played as a forward for the United States womens national soccer team from 1987 to 2004 . Hamm was the face of the Womens United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) , the first professional womens soccer league in the United States , where she played for the Washington Freedom from 2001 to 2003 . She played college soccer for the North Carolina Tar Heels womens soccer team and helped the team win four consecutive NCAA Division I Womens Soccer Championship titles . During her tenure with the national team , Hamm competed in four FIFA Womens World Cup tournaments : the inaugural 1991 in China , 1995 in Sweden , 1999 and 2003 in the United States . She led the team at three Olympic Games , including : 1996 in Atlanta ( the first time womens soccer was played ) , 2000 in Sydney , and 2004 in Athens . She completed her international career having played in 42 matches and scored 14 goals at these 7 international tournaments . Hamm held the record for most international goals scored—by a woman or man—until 2013 and remains in third place behind former teammate Abby Wambach and Canadian striker Christine Sinclair as of 2017 . She currently ranks third in the history of the U.S . national team for international caps ( 276 ) and first for career assists ( 144 ) . Twice named FIFA World Player of the Year in 2001 and 2002 , Hamm and her teammate Michelle Akers were hailed by Pelé as two of FIFAs 125 greatest living players when he included them in the FIFA 100 to celebrate the organizations 100th anniversary . Hamm was named U.S . Soccer Female Athlete of the Year five years in a row and won three ESPY awards including Soccer Player of the Year and Female Athlete of the Year . The Womens Sports Foundation named her Sportswoman of the Year in 1997 and 1999 . She was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame , Alabama Sports Hall of Fame , Texas Sports Hall of Fame , North Carolina Soccer Hall of Fame , and was the first woman inducted into the . A co-owner of Los Angeles FC , Hamm is also a global ambassador for FC Barcelona and is on the board of directors of Serie A club A.S . Roma . Author of Go For the Goal : A Champions Guide to Winning in Soccer and Life , Hamm has been featured in several films and television shows , including the HBO documentary , . Life . Born in Selma , Alabama , Mia was the fourth of six children of Bill and Stephanie Hamm . She wore corrective shoes as a toddler after being born with a club foot . Hamm spent her childhood on various United States Air Force bases around the world with her family . While living in Florence , Italy , Hamm first played soccer , which was hugely popular there ; her entire family quickly became involved in the sport . At age five , then living in Wichita Falls , Texas , Hamm joined her first soccer team . Her father coached Mia and her newly adopted brother , 8-year-old Garrett . Hamm played sports from a young age and excelled as a football player on the boys team at junior high school . As a high school freshman and sophomore , she played soccer for Notre Dame Catholic High School in Wichita Falls . She played at the 1987 U.S . Olympic Festival , the youngest player to play for the United States womens national soccer team . As a new player , she often started as a forward but did not score a goal during her first year on the team . Hamm spent a year at Lake Braddock Secondary School in Burke , Virginia , and helped the Lake Braddock soccer team win the 1989 state championships . Playing career . North Carolina Tar Heels , 1989–1993 . From 1989 to 1993 , Hamm attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , where she helped the Tar Heels win four NCAA Division I Womens Soccer Championships in five years . She red-shirted the 1991 season to focus on preparation for the inaugural 1991 FIFA Womens World Cup in China . North Carolina lost one game of the 95 she played on the team . She earned All-American honors , was named the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) Player of the Year for three consecutive years , and was named ACC Female Athlete of the Year in 1993 and 1994 . She graduated from North Carolina in 1994 with the ACC records for goals ( 103 ) , assists ( 72 ) , and total points ( 278 ) . In 2003 , she and Michael Jordan were named the ACCs Greatest Athletes of the conferences first fifty years . Hamm was a member of the United States womens national college team that won a silver medal , being defeated by China in the final , at the 1993 Summer Universiade in Buffalo , New York . International . Womens national team , 1987–2004 . Hamm made her debut for the United States womens national soccer team in 1987 at the age of 15 — just two years after the team played its first international match . She was the youngest person ever to play for the team . She scored her first goal during her 17th appearance . She competed in four FIFA Womens World Cup tournaments : the inaugural 1991 in China , 1995 in Sweden , 1999 and 2003 in the United States . She led the team at three Olympic Games , including : 1996 in Atlanta ( the first time womens soccer was played ) , 2000 in Sydney , and 2004 in Athens . In total , she played 42 matches and scored 14 goals in international tournaments . Hamm held the record for most international goals scored—by a woman or man—until 2013 and remains in third place as of 2017 . She currently ranks third in the history of the U.S . national team for international caps ( 276 ) and first for career assists ( 144 ) . 1991 FIFA Womens World Cup . In 1991 , Hamm was named to the roster for the inaugural FIFA Womens World Cup in China under North Carolina coach Anson Dorrance . At 19 years old , she was still the youngest player on the team . During the teams first match of the tournament , Hamm scored the game-winning goal in the 62nd minute , leading the U.S . to a 3–2 win over Sweden . She also scored once in their second group stage match when they defeated Brazil 5–0 . The U.S . squad finished first in Group B after a third win against Japan on November 21 and advanced to the knockout stage of the tournament . During the quarterfinal match , the U . S . defeated Chinese Taipei 7–0 . After defeating Germany 5–2 during the semi-final , the U.S . faced Norway in the final . In front of 63,000 spectators , the U.S . clinched the first World Cup championship title after a 2–1 win . 1995 FIFA Womens World Cup . Hamms second World Cup appearance came during the 1995 tournament in Sweden . The United States were led by head coach Tony DiCicco . During the teams first match of the tournament , she scored the teams third goal in the 51st minute in a 3–3 draw against China PR . The U.S . faced Denmark during its second group stage match . Goals from Kristine Lilly and Tiffeny Milbrett led to a 2–0 win for the U.S . Hamm played goalkeeper for a few minutes after Briana Scurry received a red card and was removed from the match . After defeating Australia 4–1 on June , 10 , the U.S . advanced to the knock-out stage and defeated Japan 4–0 in the quarter-final . The U.S . was defeated by eventual champion Norway 1–0 in the semi-finals and captured third place after defeating China PR 2–0 on June 17 . Hamm scored the second U.S . goal of the match in the 55th minute . 1996–1998 : Atlanta Olympics and 100th international goal . Hamm was a key part of the U.S . team at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta ; this was the first Olympic tournament to include womens soccer . The U.S . faced Denmark in their first preliminary round match . Hamm scored a goal and served an assist to Tiffeny Milbrett to lead the U.S . to a 3–0 win . The team defeated Sweden 2–1 next at the Orlando Citrus Bowl . After tying China 0–0 in their final preliminary round match , the U.S . finished second in Group E . Defeating Norway in the semi-finals , the team faced China in the final . Hamm played despite having foot and groin injuries , suffered during team training and the match against Sweden . Although she was carried off by stretcher in the final minute , her team won their first Olympic gold medal with a 2–1 win witnessed by 76,481 fans in the stadium – the largest crowd for a soccer event in the history of the Olympics and the largest crowd for a womens sports event in the United States . The 20 goals scored by Hamm in 1998 were the highest annual total of her international career . She also provided 20 assists . On September 18 , she scored her 100th international goal in a friendly match against Russia in Rochester , New York . The same year , she led the U.S . to the first-ever Goodwill Games gold medal . Hamm scored five of the teams seven goals at the tournament , including two during the championship match against China . 1999 : 108th International goal and FIFA Womens World Cup . On May 22 , 1999 , Hamm broke the all-time international goal record with her 108th goal in a game against Brazil in Orlando , Florida . The following month , she led the national team at the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup , hosted by the United States . During the teams first group stage match against Denmark , she scored her 110th international goal and served an assist to Julie Foudy as the U.S . won 3–0 . Against Nigeria , Hamms low free kick was knocked into the goal by a Nigerian midfielder . Within a minute , Hamm scored with a free kick . She later served an assist to Kristine Lilly before being substituted in the 57th minute . The U.S . won 7–1 and secured a berth in the quarter-finals . During the teams final group stage match , head coach Tony DiCicco rested a number of players , including Hamm , who was substituted at half-time . The U.S . defeated Korea 3–0 and finished Group A with nine points . In the quarter-finals , the U.S . defeated Germany 3–2 . Playing Brazil in the semi-finals , Hamm was knocked down in the penalty area late in the second half ; Michelle Akers converted the subsequent penalty and their team won 2–0 . After 90 minutes of scoreless regulation time and 30 minutes of sudden death , the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup Final was decided by a penalty shootout between the U.S . and China . The five American players to take penalty kicks , including Hamm , converted ; China missed one attempt so that the home team won . The final surpassed the 1996 Atlanta Olympic final as the most-attended womens sports event , with more than 90,000 people filling the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . It held the record until 2014 for the largest U.S . television audience for a soccer match with 17,975,000 viewers . , it ranks third following the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup ( 25,400,000 viewers ) and 2014 FIFA World Cup group stage match between the U.S . mens team and Portugal ( 18,220,000 viewers ) . Immediately following the final , Hamm collapsed in the locker room from severe dehydration . She was treated by medical staff with an intravenous drip and three liters of fluids . After 12 hours of sleep , she joined the team for magazine cover shoots , went to Disneyland for a celebration rally , and made numerous television appearances . A week later , the team met President Clinton at the White House and flew with Hillary and Chelsea Clinton on Air Force One to Cape Canaveral . Her leadership and performance at the 1999 World Cup cemented Hamm as a soccer icon . 2000 Sydney Olympics . Hamm represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia . During the group stage , she scored a goal against Norway to lift the United States to a 2–0 win . The team tied China 1–1 in their next group stage match before defeating Nigeria 3–1 to finish first in their group . After advancing to the semi-finals where the U.S . faced Brazil , Hamm scored the game-winning goal in the 60th minute . The goal marked the 127th of her international career and set a new record for most goals scored in international play by a woman or man . The U.S . faced Norway in the final and were defeated 3–2 in overtime to earn the silver medal at the Games . 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup . Originally scheduled for China , the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup was moved to the United States due to the SARS outbreak . Hamm was named to the U.S . roster in August , and stated that it would be her final World Cup appearance . During the teams first group stage match , Hamms three assists helped the U.S . to a 3–1 win over Sweden . She scored twice against Nigeria and served the assist for the teams third goal to lead the U.S . to a 5–0 win and qualification for the quarter-finals with one match to play . The U.S . faced North Korea in their final group stage match and dominated 3–0 . Hamm and a number of others were rested for the game by head coach April Heinrichs ; this was the first World Cup match Hamm had missed in her career . The U.S . faced Norway in the quarter-finals ; Although the U.S . won 1–0 , Hamm was fouled throughout the match as Norway played with physicality to counter the U.S . team . One of Norways 24 fouls resulted in a penalty kick for Hamm which was saved by the Norwegian goalkeeper . After the U.S . was defeated 3–0 by Germany in the semi-finals , the team defeated Canada 3–1 to secure a third-place finish . 2004 : 158th international goal and Athens Olympics . During a friendly game against Australia on July 21 , 2004 , Hamm scored her 158th international goal setting the record for most international goals scored by any player in the world , male or female . She held the world record until Abby Wambach scored her 159th goal on June 20 , 2013 . The Australia match also marked Hamms 259th international appearance ; only two of her teammates , Kristine Lilly and Christie Rampone , have played in more international games . Hamm helped lead the U.S . national team to its second gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens and was selected by her fellow Olympians to carry the American flag at the closing ceremony . During the teams first group stage match against Greece , Hamm served the cross to Shannon Boxxs game-opening goal , and scored the last goal of the match to lift the U.S . to a 3–0 win . During a 2–0 win over Brazil in the second group stage match , Hamm converted a penalty kick for the opening goal . The U.S . finished at the top of Group C with seven points after a 1–1 draw against Australia to advance to the quarter-finals , where they defeated Japan 2–1 . During the semi-final match against Germany , Hamm served an assist to Heather OReilly who scored in overtime to secure a 2–1 win . The U.S . faced Brazil for a second time at the Games in the gold medal match and won 2–1 in overtime . Her teammates swarmed Hamm after the final whistle to celebrate their second Olympic gold medal and her final win at the Olympics . The game marked the last Olympic appearance for the five remaining players who had helped win the inaugural 1991 FIFA Womens World Cup : Hamm , Julie Foudy , Joy Fawcett , Brandi Chastain , and Kristine Lilly ( often referred to as the Fab Five ) . Matches and goals scored at World Cup and Olympic tournaments . Hamm competed as a member of the United States national soccer team in four FIFA Womens World Cup tournaments : the inaugural 1991 in China , 1995 in Sweden , as well as 1999 and 2003 in the United States . She competed at three Summer Olympic Games : 1996 in Atlanta , 2000 in Sydney , and 2004 in Athens . All together , she played in 38 matches and scored 13 goals at seven top international tournaments . With her teammates , Hamm finished third at two World Cup tournaments in 1995 and 2003 , second at the 2000 Olympics , and first at the four other international tournaments . Club . Washington Freedom , 2001–2003 . In 2001 , Hamm was a founding player in the first professional womens soccer league in the United States , the Womens United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) , and played for the Washington Freedom from 2001 to 2003 . Throughout the leagues history , Hamm was hailed as the star of the league and used heavily in marketing and promotion . In a poll of 1,000 advertising executives conducted in 2001 , she was voted the most appealing female athlete , garnering almost twice as many votes as the runner-up Anna Kournikova . During the leagues inaugural match between the Freedom and Bay Area CyberRays at RFK Stadium in Washington , D.C. , Hamm was fouled in the penalty area resulting in a penalty kick that her teammate Pretinha converted to mark the first goal scored in the league . The Freedom won 1–0 . In addition to the 34,148 fans in attendance being greater than any MLS game that weekend , the Turner Network Television ( TNT ) broadcast reached 393,087 households : more than two MLS games broadcast on ESPN and ESPN2 . Playing as a midfielder and forward , Hamm played in 19 of the Freedoms 21 matches during the 2001 season . She led the team in goals ( 6 ) and assists ( 4 ) . The Freedom finished in seventh place during the regular season with a record . Hamm suffered a knee injury in November 2001 that kept her off the pitch for several months of early 2002 . Despite playing only half the 2002 season with the Freedom , she finished the season with eight goals . The team finished in third place during the 2002 season with a record and advanced to the playoffs . After winning the semi-final against the Philadelphia Charge 1–0 , the team was defeated 3–2 by the Carolina Courage in the 2002 WUSA Founders Cup . Hamm scored the Freedoms second goal in the 64th minute . During the 2003 season , Hamm started in 16 of the 19 games in which she played . Her 11 goals ranked second on the team behind Abby Wambachs 13 while her 11 assists ranked first . The Freedom finished in fourth place during the regular season with a record and secured a berth in the playoffs . Hamm finished her club career as a WUSA champion when the Freedom defeated the Atlanta Beat 2–1 in overtime to win the Founders Cup on August 24 , 2003 . Retirement . On May 14 , 2004 , Hamm announced her retirement effective after the 2004 Athens Olympics . Following the 2004 Olympics , Hamm and her teammates played in a 10-game farewell tour in the United States . The final match of the tour against Mexico at the Home Depot Center in Carson , California , on December 8 , 2004 , marked the final international match for Hamm , Julie Foudy , and Joy Fawcett . The U.S . defeated Mexico 5–0 and Hamm assisted on two of the goals . Hamm retired at age 32 with a record 158 international goals . She and teammates Foudy and Fawcett were honored with a pre-game ceremony where they were presented with framed jerseys and roses in front of 15,549 fans at Home Depot Center in Carson , California . During the 5–0 win against Mexico , Hamm provided the assist on the first two goals . Following her retirement , Hamms #9 jersey was inherited by midfielder Heather OReilly . Honors and awards . Hamm was named Sportswoman of the Year by the Womens Sports Foundation in 1997 and 1999 . In June 1999 , Nike named the largest building on their corporate campus after Hamm . In December 2000 , Hamm was named one of the top three female soccer players of the twentieth century in the FIFA Female Player of the Century Award , finishing behind only Sun Wen and compatriot Michelle Akers . While at North Carolina , she won the Honda Sports Award as the nations top female soccer player in both 1993 and 1994 , and won the Honda-Broderick Cup in 1994 as the nations top female athlete . In March 2004 , Hamm and former U.S . teammate Michelle Akers were the only two women and Americans named to the FIFA 100 , a list of the 125 greatest living soccer players , selected by Pelé and commissioned by FIFA for the organizations 100th anniversary . Other accolades include being elected U.S . Soccer Female Athlete of the Year five years in a row from 1994 to 1998 , and winning three ESPY awards including Soccer Player of the Year and Female Athlete of the Year . In 2006 Hamm was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame , followed by the Texas Sports Hall of Fame on March 11 , 2008 . In 2007 , during her first year of eligibility , Hamm was selected for induction into the National Soccer Hall of Fame . In 2008 , an image of her silhouette was used in the logo for the second professional womens soccer league in the United States : Womens Professional Soccer . ESPN named her the greatest female athlete in 2012 . In 2013 , Hamm became the first woman inducted into the , located in Pachuca , Mexico . She was named to U.S . Soccers USWNT All-Time Best XI in December 2013 . In 2014 , Hamm was named one of ESPNWs Impact 25 ; she was also the recipient of the Golden Foot Legends Award . For their first match of March 2019 , the women of the United States womens national soccer team each wore a jersey with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back ; Samantha Mewis chose the name of Hamm . In 2021 , Hamm was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame . Style of play . Regarded as one of the greatest women soccer players of all time , Hamm was an athletic , dynamic , and technically gifted striker , renowned for her speed , skill , footwork , stamina , and ability on the ball , as well as her consistency . An excellent , agile dribbler , she was highly regarded for her control , as well as her grace , pace , and elegance in possession . A prolific goalscorer , she was known for her powerful and accurate striking ability , although she was also a creative and hard-working forward , and a team player , who was equally capable of assisting many goals for her teammates , due to her accurate passing , and was also willing to aid her teammates defensively when possession was lost . She was capable of playing in any offensive position . Personal life . Hamm was first married to her college sweetheart Christiaan Corry , a United States Marine Corps helicopter pilot ; they divorced in 2001 after being married six years . She married then-Boston Red Sox shortstop Nomar Garciaparra on November 22 , 2003 , in Goleta , California , in a ceremony attended by a few hundred guests . On March 27 , 2007 , Hamm gave birth to twin girls , Grace Isabella and Ava Caroline . Though born five weeks early , each girl weighed over at birth . The couple had a son , named Garrett Anthony , in January 2012 . Philanthropy . In 1999 , Hamm founded the Mia Hamm Foundation following the death of her adopted brother Garrett in 1997 from complications of aplastic anemia , a rare blood disease he had endured for ten years . Dedicated to promoting awareness of and raising funds for families in need of a bone marrow or cord blood transplant , the foundation encourages people to register in the national bone marrow registry and provides funds to UNC Health Care and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles . It also focuses on creating opportunities to empower women through sport . Hamm hosts an annual celebrity soccer game in Los Angeles to support the foundation . In popular culture . Hamm has been called the most marketable female athlete of her generation . During her time as an international soccer player , she signed endorsement deals with Gatorade , Nike , Dreyers Ice Cream , Pepsi , Nabisco , Fleet Bank , Earthgrains , and Powerbar . In 1997 , she starred in a popular commercial for Pert Plus . Hamm was featured on a Wheaties box following the 1999 World Cup and endorsed the first Soccer Barbie by Mattel . She co-starred with Michael Jordan in a popular television commercial for Gatorade in the spring of 1999 which featured the two athletes competing against each other in a variety of sports while the song Anything You Can Do ( I Can Do Better ) is heard . The commercial ends with Hamm throwing Jordan to the ground in a judo match . In 2000 , the video game , Mia Hamm Soccer 64 was released for Nintendo 64 . It was the first game to feature female athletes only and sold a relatively high 42,886 copies in the United States . Hamm was featured on the covers of Sports Illustrated , Time , and People . She has made appearances on numerous television shows , including : Late Night with David Letterman , The Rosie ODonnell Show , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Today , , Good Morning America , and The Oprah Winfrey Show . She was profiled in ESPNs SportsCentury and Biography documentaries , ESPN 25 : Whos #1? , and was featured in . In 2005 , she was featured in the HBO documentary . Her likeness was used in the logo of Womens Professional Soccer , the second womens professional soccer league in the United States . Hamm was mentioned on a season eight episode of the TV series Friends . When Rachel had Joey put his hand on her belly , she says , Aw , its unbelievable ! Wow ! She is kicking so much ! Oh , shes like , um , whos that kind of annoying girl soccer player ? Joey asks , Mia Hamm ? Rachel says , Mia Hamm! . Other work . Hamm is a global ambassador for FC Barcelona . She is the author of the national bestseller Go For the Goal : A Champions Guide to Winning in Soccer and Life and juvenile fiction book Winners Never Quit . In 2012 , after Pia Sundhages departure as head coach of the national team , Hamm joined Danielle Slaton and Sunil Gulati as a member of the search committee for Sundhages successor . In 2014 , she was named to the board of the National Soccer Hall of Fame . In October 2014 , Hamm was announced as a co-owner of the future Major League Soccer team , Los Angeles FC . The same month , Hamm joined the board of directors of Serie A club A.S . Roma , owned by American investors . Hamm joined Vice President Joe Biden and Second Lady Jill Biden as members of the United States delegation at the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup Final in Vancouver , Canada .

easy

Which team did Mia Hamm play for from 2003 to 2004?

/wiki/Mia_Hamm#P54#2

Mia Hamm Mariel Margaret Hamm-Garciaparra ( born March 17 , 1972 ) is an American retired professional soccer player , two-time Olympic gold medalist , and two-time FIFA Womens World Cup champion . Hailed as a soccer icon , she played as a forward for the United States womens national soccer team from 1987 to 2004 . Hamm was the face of the Womens United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) , the first professional womens soccer league in the United States , where she played for the Washington Freedom from 2001 to 2003 . She played college soccer for the North Carolina Tar Heels womens soccer team and helped the team win four consecutive NCAA Division I Womens Soccer Championship titles . During her tenure with the national team , Hamm competed in four FIFA Womens World Cup tournaments : the inaugural 1991 in China , 1995 in Sweden , 1999 and 2003 in the United States . She led the team at three Olympic Games , including : 1996 in Atlanta ( the first time womens soccer was played ) , 2000 in Sydney , and 2004 in Athens . She completed her international career having played in 42 matches and scored 14 goals at these 7 international tournaments . Hamm held the record for most international goals scored—by a woman or man—until 2013 and remains in third place behind former teammate Abby Wambach and Canadian striker Christine Sinclair as of 2017 . She currently ranks third in the history of the U.S . national team for international caps ( 276 ) and first for career assists ( 144 ) . Twice named FIFA World Player of the Year in 2001 and 2002 , Hamm and her teammate Michelle Akers were hailed by Pelé as two of FIFAs 125 greatest living players when he included them in the FIFA 100 to celebrate the organizations 100th anniversary . Hamm was named U.S . Soccer Female Athlete of the Year five years in a row and won three ESPY awards including Soccer Player of the Year and Female Athlete of the Year . The Womens Sports Foundation named her Sportswoman of the Year in 1997 and 1999 . She was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame , Alabama Sports Hall of Fame , Texas Sports Hall of Fame , North Carolina Soccer Hall of Fame , and was the first woman inducted into the . A co-owner of Los Angeles FC , Hamm is also a global ambassador for FC Barcelona and is on the board of directors of Serie A club A.S . Roma . Author of Go For the Goal : A Champions Guide to Winning in Soccer and Life , Hamm has been featured in several films and television shows , including the HBO documentary , . Life . Born in Selma , Alabama , Mia was the fourth of six children of Bill and Stephanie Hamm . She wore corrective shoes as a toddler after being born with a club foot . Hamm spent her childhood on various United States Air Force bases around the world with her family . While living in Florence , Italy , Hamm first played soccer , which was hugely popular there ; her entire family quickly became involved in the sport . At age five , then living in Wichita Falls , Texas , Hamm joined her first soccer team . Her father coached Mia and her newly adopted brother , 8-year-old Garrett . Hamm played sports from a young age and excelled as a football player on the boys team at junior high school . As a high school freshman and sophomore , she played soccer for Notre Dame Catholic High School in Wichita Falls . She played at the 1987 U.S . Olympic Festival , the youngest player to play for the United States womens national soccer team . As a new player , she often started as a forward but did not score a goal during her first year on the team . Hamm spent a year at Lake Braddock Secondary School in Burke , Virginia , and helped the Lake Braddock soccer team win the 1989 state championships . Playing career . North Carolina Tar Heels , 1989–1993 . From 1989 to 1993 , Hamm attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , where she helped the Tar Heels win four NCAA Division I Womens Soccer Championships in five years . She red-shirted the 1991 season to focus on preparation for the inaugural 1991 FIFA Womens World Cup in China . North Carolina lost one game of the 95 she played on the team . She earned All-American honors , was named the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) Player of the Year for three consecutive years , and was named ACC Female Athlete of the Year in 1993 and 1994 . She graduated from North Carolina in 1994 with the ACC records for goals ( 103 ) , assists ( 72 ) , and total points ( 278 ) . In 2003 , she and Michael Jordan were named the ACCs Greatest Athletes of the conferences first fifty years . Hamm was a member of the United States womens national college team that won a silver medal , being defeated by China in the final , at the 1993 Summer Universiade in Buffalo , New York . International . Womens national team , 1987–2004 . Hamm made her debut for the United States womens national soccer team in 1987 at the age of 15 — just two years after the team played its first international match . She was the youngest person ever to play for the team . She scored her first goal during her 17th appearance . She competed in four FIFA Womens World Cup tournaments : the inaugural 1991 in China , 1995 in Sweden , 1999 and 2003 in the United States . She led the team at three Olympic Games , including : 1996 in Atlanta ( the first time womens soccer was played ) , 2000 in Sydney , and 2004 in Athens . In total , she played 42 matches and scored 14 goals in international tournaments . Hamm held the record for most international goals scored—by a woman or man—until 2013 and remains in third place as of 2017 . She currently ranks third in the history of the U.S . national team for international caps ( 276 ) and first for career assists ( 144 ) . 1991 FIFA Womens World Cup . In 1991 , Hamm was named to the roster for the inaugural FIFA Womens World Cup in China under North Carolina coach Anson Dorrance . At 19 years old , she was still the youngest player on the team . During the teams first match of the tournament , Hamm scored the game-winning goal in the 62nd minute , leading the U.S . to a 3–2 win over Sweden . She also scored once in their second group stage match when they defeated Brazil 5–0 . The U.S . squad finished first in Group B after a third win against Japan on November 21 and advanced to the knockout stage of the tournament . During the quarterfinal match , the U . S . defeated Chinese Taipei 7–0 . After defeating Germany 5–2 during the semi-final , the U.S . faced Norway in the final . In front of 63,000 spectators , the U.S . clinched the first World Cup championship title after a 2–1 win . 1995 FIFA Womens World Cup . Hamms second World Cup appearance came during the 1995 tournament in Sweden . The United States were led by head coach Tony DiCicco . During the teams first match of the tournament , she scored the teams third goal in the 51st minute in a 3–3 draw against China PR . The U.S . faced Denmark during its second group stage match . Goals from Kristine Lilly and Tiffeny Milbrett led to a 2–0 win for the U.S . Hamm played goalkeeper for a few minutes after Briana Scurry received a red card and was removed from the match . After defeating Australia 4–1 on June , 10 , the U.S . advanced to the knock-out stage and defeated Japan 4–0 in the quarter-final . The U.S . was defeated by eventual champion Norway 1–0 in the semi-finals and captured third place after defeating China PR 2–0 on June 17 . Hamm scored the second U.S . goal of the match in the 55th minute . 1996–1998 : Atlanta Olympics and 100th international goal . Hamm was a key part of the U.S . team at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta ; this was the first Olympic tournament to include womens soccer . The U.S . faced Denmark in their first preliminary round match . Hamm scored a goal and served an assist to Tiffeny Milbrett to lead the U.S . to a 3–0 win . The team defeated Sweden 2–1 next at the Orlando Citrus Bowl . After tying China 0–0 in their final preliminary round match , the U.S . finished second in Group E . Defeating Norway in the semi-finals , the team faced China in the final . Hamm played despite having foot and groin injuries , suffered during team training and the match against Sweden . Although she was carried off by stretcher in the final minute , her team won their first Olympic gold medal with a 2–1 win witnessed by 76,481 fans in the stadium – the largest crowd for a soccer event in the history of the Olympics and the largest crowd for a womens sports event in the United States . The 20 goals scored by Hamm in 1998 were the highest annual total of her international career . She also provided 20 assists . On September 18 , she scored her 100th international goal in a friendly match against Russia in Rochester , New York . The same year , she led the U.S . to the first-ever Goodwill Games gold medal . Hamm scored five of the teams seven goals at the tournament , including two during the championship match against China . 1999 : 108th International goal and FIFA Womens World Cup . On May 22 , 1999 , Hamm broke the all-time international goal record with her 108th goal in a game against Brazil in Orlando , Florida . The following month , she led the national team at the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup , hosted by the United States . During the teams first group stage match against Denmark , she scored her 110th international goal and served an assist to Julie Foudy as the U.S . won 3–0 . Against Nigeria , Hamms low free kick was knocked into the goal by a Nigerian midfielder . Within a minute , Hamm scored with a free kick . She later served an assist to Kristine Lilly before being substituted in the 57th minute . The U.S . won 7–1 and secured a berth in the quarter-finals . During the teams final group stage match , head coach Tony DiCicco rested a number of players , including Hamm , who was substituted at half-time . The U.S . defeated Korea 3–0 and finished Group A with nine points . In the quarter-finals , the U.S . defeated Germany 3–2 . Playing Brazil in the semi-finals , Hamm was knocked down in the penalty area late in the second half ; Michelle Akers converted the subsequent penalty and their team won 2–0 . After 90 minutes of scoreless regulation time and 30 minutes of sudden death , the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup Final was decided by a penalty shootout between the U.S . and China . The five American players to take penalty kicks , including Hamm , converted ; China missed one attempt so that the home team won . The final surpassed the 1996 Atlanta Olympic final as the most-attended womens sports event , with more than 90,000 people filling the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . It held the record until 2014 for the largest U.S . television audience for a soccer match with 17,975,000 viewers . , it ranks third following the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup ( 25,400,000 viewers ) and 2014 FIFA World Cup group stage match between the U.S . mens team and Portugal ( 18,220,000 viewers ) . Immediately following the final , Hamm collapsed in the locker room from severe dehydration . She was treated by medical staff with an intravenous drip and three liters of fluids . After 12 hours of sleep , she joined the team for magazine cover shoots , went to Disneyland for a celebration rally , and made numerous television appearances . A week later , the team met President Clinton at the White House and flew with Hillary and Chelsea Clinton on Air Force One to Cape Canaveral . Her leadership and performance at the 1999 World Cup cemented Hamm as a soccer icon . 2000 Sydney Olympics . Hamm represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia . During the group stage , she scored a goal against Norway to lift the United States to a 2–0 win . The team tied China 1–1 in their next group stage match before defeating Nigeria 3–1 to finish first in their group . After advancing to the semi-finals where the U.S . faced Brazil , Hamm scored the game-winning goal in the 60th minute . The goal marked the 127th of her international career and set a new record for most goals scored in international play by a woman or man . The U.S . faced Norway in the final and were defeated 3–2 in overtime to earn the silver medal at the Games . 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup . Originally scheduled for China , the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup was moved to the United States due to the SARS outbreak . Hamm was named to the U.S . roster in August , and stated that it would be her final World Cup appearance . During the teams first group stage match , Hamms three assists helped the U.S . to a 3–1 win over Sweden . She scored twice against Nigeria and served the assist for the teams third goal to lead the U.S . to a 5–0 win and qualification for the quarter-finals with one match to play . The U.S . faced North Korea in their final group stage match and dominated 3–0 . Hamm and a number of others were rested for the game by head coach April Heinrichs ; this was the first World Cup match Hamm had missed in her career . The U.S . faced Norway in the quarter-finals ; Although the U.S . won 1–0 , Hamm was fouled throughout the match as Norway played with physicality to counter the U.S . team . One of Norways 24 fouls resulted in a penalty kick for Hamm which was saved by the Norwegian goalkeeper . After the U.S . was defeated 3–0 by Germany in the semi-finals , the team defeated Canada 3–1 to secure a third-place finish . 2004 : 158th international goal and Athens Olympics . During a friendly game against Australia on July 21 , 2004 , Hamm scored her 158th international goal setting the record for most international goals scored by any player in the world , male or female . She held the world record until Abby Wambach scored her 159th goal on June 20 , 2013 . The Australia match also marked Hamms 259th international appearance ; only two of her teammates , Kristine Lilly and Christie Rampone , have played in more international games . Hamm helped lead the U.S . national team to its second gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens and was selected by her fellow Olympians to carry the American flag at the closing ceremony . During the teams first group stage match against Greece , Hamm served the cross to Shannon Boxxs game-opening goal , and scored the last goal of the match to lift the U.S . to a 3–0 win . During a 2–0 win over Brazil in the second group stage match , Hamm converted a penalty kick for the opening goal . The U.S . finished at the top of Group C with seven points after a 1–1 draw against Australia to advance to the quarter-finals , where they defeated Japan 2–1 . During the semi-final match against Germany , Hamm served an assist to Heather OReilly who scored in overtime to secure a 2–1 win . The U.S . faced Brazil for a second time at the Games in the gold medal match and won 2–1 in overtime . Her teammates swarmed Hamm after the final whistle to celebrate their second Olympic gold medal and her final win at the Olympics . The game marked the last Olympic appearance for the five remaining players who had helped win the inaugural 1991 FIFA Womens World Cup : Hamm , Julie Foudy , Joy Fawcett , Brandi Chastain , and Kristine Lilly ( often referred to as the Fab Five ) . Matches and goals scored at World Cup and Olympic tournaments . Hamm competed as a member of the United States national soccer team in four FIFA Womens World Cup tournaments : the inaugural 1991 in China , 1995 in Sweden , as well as 1999 and 2003 in the United States . She competed at three Summer Olympic Games : 1996 in Atlanta , 2000 in Sydney , and 2004 in Athens . All together , she played in 38 matches and scored 13 goals at seven top international tournaments . With her teammates , Hamm finished third at two World Cup tournaments in 1995 and 2003 , second at the 2000 Olympics , and first at the four other international tournaments . Club . Washington Freedom , 2001–2003 . In 2001 , Hamm was a founding player in the first professional womens soccer league in the United States , the Womens United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) , and played for the Washington Freedom from 2001 to 2003 . Throughout the leagues history , Hamm was hailed as the star of the league and used heavily in marketing and promotion . In a poll of 1,000 advertising executives conducted in 2001 , she was voted the most appealing female athlete , garnering almost twice as many votes as the runner-up Anna Kournikova . During the leagues inaugural match between the Freedom and Bay Area CyberRays at RFK Stadium in Washington , D.C. , Hamm was fouled in the penalty area resulting in a penalty kick that her teammate Pretinha converted to mark the first goal scored in the league . The Freedom won 1–0 . In addition to the 34,148 fans in attendance being greater than any MLS game that weekend , the Turner Network Television ( TNT ) broadcast reached 393,087 households : more than two MLS games broadcast on ESPN and ESPN2 . Playing as a midfielder and forward , Hamm played in 19 of the Freedoms 21 matches during the 2001 season . She led the team in goals ( 6 ) and assists ( 4 ) . The Freedom finished in seventh place during the regular season with a record . Hamm suffered a knee injury in November 2001 that kept her off the pitch for several months of early 2002 . Despite playing only half the 2002 season with the Freedom , she finished the season with eight goals . The team finished in third place during the 2002 season with a record and advanced to the playoffs . After winning the semi-final against the Philadelphia Charge 1–0 , the team was defeated 3–2 by the Carolina Courage in the 2002 WUSA Founders Cup . Hamm scored the Freedoms second goal in the 64th minute . During the 2003 season , Hamm started in 16 of the 19 games in which she played . Her 11 goals ranked second on the team behind Abby Wambachs 13 while her 11 assists ranked first . The Freedom finished in fourth place during the regular season with a record and secured a berth in the playoffs . Hamm finished her club career as a WUSA champion when the Freedom defeated the Atlanta Beat 2–1 in overtime to win the Founders Cup on August 24 , 2003 . Retirement . On May 14 , 2004 , Hamm announced her retirement effective after the 2004 Athens Olympics . Following the 2004 Olympics , Hamm and her teammates played in a 10-game farewell tour in the United States . The final match of the tour against Mexico at the Home Depot Center in Carson , California , on December 8 , 2004 , marked the final international match for Hamm , Julie Foudy , and Joy Fawcett . The U.S . defeated Mexico 5–0 and Hamm assisted on two of the goals . Hamm retired at age 32 with a record 158 international goals . She and teammates Foudy and Fawcett were honored with a pre-game ceremony where they were presented with framed jerseys and roses in front of 15,549 fans at Home Depot Center in Carson , California . During the 5–0 win against Mexico , Hamm provided the assist on the first two goals . Following her retirement , Hamms #9 jersey was inherited by midfielder Heather OReilly . Honors and awards . Hamm was named Sportswoman of the Year by the Womens Sports Foundation in 1997 and 1999 . In June 1999 , Nike named the largest building on their corporate campus after Hamm . In December 2000 , Hamm was named one of the top three female soccer players of the twentieth century in the FIFA Female Player of the Century Award , finishing behind only Sun Wen and compatriot Michelle Akers . While at North Carolina , she won the Honda Sports Award as the nations top female soccer player in both 1993 and 1994 , and won the Honda-Broderick Cup in 1994 as the nations top female athlete . In March 2004 , Hamm and former U.S . teammate Michelle Akers were the only two women and Americans named to the FIFA 100 , a list of the 125 greatest living soccer players , selected by Pelé and commissioned by FIFA for the organizations 100th anniversary . Other accolades include being elected U.S . Soccer Female Athlete of the Year five years in a row from 1994 to 1998 , and winning three ESPY awards including Soccer Player of the Year and Female Athlete of the Year . In 2006 Hamm was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame , followed by the Texas Sports Hall of Fame on March 11 , 2008 . In 2007 , during her first year of eligibility , Hamm was selected for induction into the National Soccer Hall of Fame . In 2008 , an image of her silhouette was used in the logo for the second professional womens soccer league in the United States : Womens Professional Soccer . ESPN named her the greatest female athlete in 2012 . In 2013 , Hamm became the first woman inducted into the , located in Pachuca , Mexico . She was named to U.S . Soccers USWNT All-Time Best XI in December 2013 . In 2014 , Hamm was named one of ESPNWs Impact 25 ; she was also the recipient of the Golden Foot Legends Award . For their first match of March 2019 , the women of the United States womens national soccer team each wore a jersey with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back ; Samantha Mewis chose the name of Hamm . In 2021 , Hamm was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame . Style of play . Regarded as one of the greatest women soccer players of all time , Hamm was an athletic , dynamic , and technically gifted striker , renowned for her speed , skill , footwork , stamina , and ability on the ball , as well as her consistency . An excellent , agile dribbler , she was highly regarded for her control , as well as her grace , pace , and elegance in possession . A prolific goalscorer , she was known for her powerful and accurate striking ability , although she was also a creative and hard-working forward , and a team player , who was equally capable of assisting many goals for her teammates , due to her accurate passing , and was also willing to aid her teammates defensively when possession was lost . She was capable of playing in any offensive position . Personal life . Hamm was first married to her college sweetheart Christiaan Corry , a United States Marine Corps helicopter pilot ; they divorced in 2001 after being married six years . She married then-Boston Red Sox shortstop Nomar Garciaparra on November 22 , 2003 , in Goleta , California , in a ceremony attended by a few hundred guests . On March 27 , 2007 , Hamm gave birth to twin girls , Grace Isabella and Ava Caroline . Though born five weeks early , each girl weighed over at birth . The couple had a son , named Garrett Anthony , in January 2012 . Philanthropy . In 1999 , Hamm founded the Mia Hamm Foundation following the death of her adopted brother Garrett in 1997 from complications of aplastic anemia , a rare blood disease he had endured for ten years . Dedicated to promoting awareness of and raising funds for families in need of a bone marrow or cord blood transplant , the foundation encourages people to register in the national bone marrow registry and provides funds to UNC Health Care and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles . It also focuses on creating opportunities to empower women through sport . Hamm hosts an annual celebrity soccer game in Los Angeles to support the foundation . In popular culture . Hamm has been called the most marketable female athlete of her generation . During her time as an international soccer player , she signed endorsement deals with Gatorade , Nike , Dreyers Ice Cream , Pepsi , Nabisco , Fleet Bank , Earthgrains , and Powerbar . In 1997 , she starred in a popular commercial for Pert Plus . Hamm was featured on a Wheaties box following the 1999 World Cup and endorsed the first Soccer Barbie by Mattel . She co-starred with Michael Jordan in a popular television commercial for Gatorade in the spring of 1999 which featured the two athletes competing against each other in a variety of sports while the song Anything You Can Do ( I Can Do Better ) is heard . The commercial ends with Hamm throwing Jordan to the ground in a judo match . In 2000 , the video game , Mia Hamm Soccer 64 was released for Nintendo 64 . It was the first game to feature female athletes only and sold a relatively high 42,886 copies in the United States . Hamm was featured on the covers of Sports Illustrated , Time , and People . She has made appearances on numerous television shows , including : Late Night with David Letterman , The Rosie ODonnell Show , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Today , , Good Morning America , and The Oprah Winfrey Show . She was profiled in ESPNs SportsCentury and Biography documentaries , ESPN 25 : Whos #1? , and was featured in . In 2005 , she was featured in the HBO documentary . Her likeness was used in the logo of Womens Professional Soccer , the second womens professional soccer league in the United States . Hamm was mentioned on a season eight episode of the TV series Friends . When Rachel had Joey put his hand on her belly , she says , Aw , its unbelievable ! Wow ! She is kicking so much ! Oh , shes like , um , whos that kind of annoying girl soccer player ? Joey asks , Mia Hamm ? Rachel says , Mia Hamm! . Other work . Hamm is a global ambassador for FC Barcelona . She is the author of the national bestseller Go For the Goal : A Champions Guide to Winning in Soccer and Life and juvenile fiction book Winners Never Quit . In 2012 , after Pia Sundhages departure as head coach of the national team , Hamm joined Danielle Slaton and Sunil Gulati as a member of the search committee for Sundhages successor . In 2014 , she was named to the board of the National Soccer Hall of Fame . In October 2014 , Hamm was announced as a co-owner of the future Major League Soccer team , Los Angeles FC . The same month , Hamm joined the board of directors of Serie A club A.S . Roma , owned by American investors . Hamm joined Vice President Joe Biden and Second Lady Jill Biden as members of the United States delegation at the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup Final in Vancouver , Canada .

easy

Alvin E. Roth went to which school from 1970 to 1971?

/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth#P69#0

Alvin E . Roth Alvin Elliot Roth ( born December 18 , 1951 ) is an American academic . He is the Craig and Susan McCaw professor of economics at Stanford University and the Gund professor of economics and business administration emeritus at Harvard University . He was President of the American Economics Association in 2017 . Roth has made significant contributions to the fields of game theory , market design and experimental economics , and is known for his emphasis on applying economic theory to solutions for real-world problems . In 2012 , he won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences jointly with Lloyd Shapley for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design . Biography . Alvin Roth graduated from Columbia Universitys School of Engineering and Applied Science in 1971 with a bachelors degree in Operations Research . He then moved to Stanford University , receiving both his Masters and PhD also in Operations Research there in 1973 and 1974 respectively . After leaving Stanford , Roth went on to teach at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign which he left in 1982 to become the Andrew W . Mellon professor of economics at the University of Pittsburgh . While at Pittsburgh , he also served as a fellow in the Universitys Center for Philosophy of Science and as a professor in the Katz Graduate School of Business . In 1998 , Roth left to join the faculty at Harvard where he remained until deciding to return to Stanford in 2012 . In 2013 he became a full member of the Stanford faculty and took emeritus status at Harvard . Roth is an Alfred P . Sloan fellow , a Guggenheim fellow , and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He is also a member of the National Bureau of Economic Research ( NBER ) and the Econometric Society . In 2013 , Roth , Shapley , and David Gale won a Golden Goose Award for their work on market design . A collection of Roths papers is housed at the Rubenstein Library at Duke University . Work . Roth has worked in the fields of game theory , market design , and experimental economics . In particular , he helped redesign mechanisms for selecting medical residents , New York City high schools and Boston primary schools . Describing the dynamism of market design , Roth suggests that As the conditions of the market change , the behavior of people change and that causes old rules to be discarded and new rules to be created . Case study in game theory . Roths 1984 paper on the National Resident Matching Program ( NRMP ) highlighted the system designed by John Stalknaker and F . J . Mullen in 1952 . The system was built on theoretical foundations independently introduced by David Gale and Lloyd Shapley in 1962 . Roth proved that the NRMP was both stable and strategy-proof for unmarried residents but deferred to future study the question of how to match married couples efficiently . In 1999 Roth redesigned the matching program to ensure stable matches even with married couples . New York City public school system . Roth later helped design the market to match New York City public school students to high schools as incoming freshmen . Previously , the school district had students mail in a list of their five preferred schools in rank order , then mailed a photocopy of that list to each of the five schools . As a result , schools could tell whether or not students had listed them as their first choice . This meant that some students really had a choice of one school , rather than five . It also meant that students had an incentive to hide their true preferences . Roth and his colleagues Atila Abdulkadiroğlu and Parag Pathak proposed David Gale and Lloyd Shapleys incentive-compatible student-proposing deferred acceptance algorithm to the school board in 2003 . The school board accepted the measure as the method of selection for New York City public school students . Bostons public school system . Working with Atila Abdulkadiroğlu , Parag A . Pathak , and Tayfun Sonmez , Roth presented a similar measure to Bostons public school system in 2003 . Here the Boston system gave so much preference to an applicants first choice that were a student to not receive her first or second choice , it was likely that she would not be matched with any school on her list and be administratively assigned to schools which had vacancies . Some Boston parents had informally recognized this feature of the system and developed detailed lists in order to avoid having their children administratively assigned . Boston held public hearings on the school selection system and finally in 2005 settled on David Gale and Lloyd Shapleys incentive-compatible student-proposing deferred acceptance algorithm . New England Program for Kidney Exchange . Roth is a founder of the New England Program for Kidney Exchange along with Tayfun Sonmez and Utku Unver , a registry and matching program that pairs compatible kidney donors and recipients . The program was designed to operate primarily through the use of two pairs of incompatible donors . Each donor was incompatible with her partner but could be compatible with another donor who was likewise incompatible with his partner . Francis Delmonico , a transplant surgeon at Harvard Medical School , describes a typical situation , Because the National Organ Transplant Act forbids the creation of binding contracts for organ transplant , steps in the procedure had to be performed roughly simultaneously . Two pairs of patients means four operating rooms and four surgical teams acting in concert with each other . Hospitals and professionals in the transplant community felt that the practical burden of three pairwise exchanges would be too large . While the original theoretical work discovered that an efficient frontier would be reached with exchanges between three pairs of otherwise incompatible donors , it was determined that the goals of the program would not be sacrificed by limiting exchanges to pairs of incompatible donors . A 12-party ( six donors and six recipients ) kidney exchange was performed in April 2008 . Personal life . Roth is married and has two sons . His elder son , Aaron Roth , is a professor of computer science at the University of Pennsylvania . , his younger son , Ben Roth , is an Assistant Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School . Books . Roth is the author of numerous scholarly articles , books , and other publications . A selection : - 1979 . Axiomatic Models of Bargaining , Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems . Springer Verlag . - 1985 . Game-Theoretic Models of Bargaining , ( editor ) Cambridge University Press , 1985 . - 1987 . Laboratory Experimentation in Economics : Six Points of View . ( editor ) Cambridge University Press . ( Chinese translation , 2008 ) - 1988 . The Shapley Value : Essays in Honor of Lloyd S . Shapley . ( editor ) Cambridge University Press . - 1990 . Two-Sided Matching : A Study in Game-Theoretic Modeling and Analysis . With Marilda Sotomayor . Cambridge University Press . - 1995 . Handbook of Experimental Economics . Edited with J.H . Kagel . Princeton University Press . - 2001 . Game Theory in the Tradition of Bob Wilson . Edited with Bengt Holmstrom and Paul Milgrom . - 2015 . Who Gets What and Why . Eamon Dolan/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Journal articles . Roth has published over 70 articles in peer reviewed journals . According to Scopus , the most widely cited have been :

easy

Which school did Alvin E. Roth go to in 1971?

/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth#P69#1

Alvin E . Roth Alvin Elliot Roth ( born December 18 , 1951 ) is an American academic . He is the Craig and Susan McCaw professor of economics at Stanford University and the Gund professor of economics and business administration emeritus at Harvard University . He was President of the American Economics Association in 2017 . Roth has made significant contributions to the fields of game theory , market design and experimental economics , and is known for his emphasis on applying economic theory to solutions for real-world problems . In 2012 , he won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences jointly with Lloyd Shapley for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design . Biography . Alvin Roth graduated from Columbia Universitys School of Engineering and Applied Science in 1971 with a bachelors degree in Operations Research . He then moved to Stanford University , receiving both his Masters and PhD also in Operations Research there in 1973 and 1974 respectively . After leaving Stanford , Roth went on to teach at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign which he left in 1982 to become the Andrew W . Mellon professor of economics at the University of Pittsburgh . While at Pittsburgh , he also served as a fellow in the Universitys Center for Philosophy of Science and as a professor in the Katz Graduate School of Business . In 1998 , Roth left to join the faculty at Harvard where he remained until deciding to return to Stanford in 2012 . In 2013 he became a full member of the Stanford faculty and took emeritus status at Harvard . Roth is an Alfred P . Sloan fellow , a Guggenheim fellow , and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He is also a member of the National Bureau of Economic Research ( NBER ) and the Econometric Society . In 2013 , Roth , Shapley , and David Gale won a Golden Goose Award for their work on market design . A collection of Roths papers is housed at the Rubenstein Library at Duke University . Work . Roth has worked in the fields of game theory , market design , and experimental economics . In particular , he helped redesign mechanisms for selecting medical residents , New York City high schools and Boston primary schools . Describing the dynamism of market design , Roth suggests that As the conditions of the market change , the behavior of people change and that causes old rules to be discarded and new rules to be created . Case study in game theory . Roths 1984 paper on the National Resident Matching Program ( NRMP ) highlighted the system designed by John Stalknaker and F . J . Mullen in 1952 . The system was built on theoretical foundations independently introduced by David Gale and Lloyd Shapley in 1962 . Roth proved that the NRMP was both stable and strategy-proof for unmarried residents but deferred to future study the question of how to match married couples efficiently . In 1999 Roth redesigned the matching program to ensure stable matches even with married couples . New York City public school system . Roth later helped design the market to match New York City public school students to high schools as incoming freshmen . Previously , the school district had students mail in a list of their five preferred schools in rank order , then mailed a photocopy of that list to each of the five schools . As a result , schools could tell whether or not students had listed them as their first choice . This meant that some students really had a choice of one school , rather than five . It also meant that students had an incentive to hide their true preferences . Roth and his colleagues Atila Abdulkadiroğlu and Parag Pathak proposed David Gale and Lloyd Shapleys incentive-compatible student-proposing deferred acceptance algorithm to the school board in 2003 . The school board accepted the measure as the method of selection for New York City public school students . Bostons public school system . Working with Atila Abdulkadiroğlu , Parag A . Pathak , and Tayfun Sonmez , Roth presented a similar measure to Bostons public school system in 2003 . Here the Boston system gave so much preference to an applicants first choice that were a student to not receive her first or second choice , it was likely that she would not be matched with any school on her list and be administratively assigned to schools which had vacancies . Some Boston parents had informally recognized this feature of the system and developed detailed lists in order to avoid having their children administratively assigned . Boston held public hearings on the school selection system and finally in 2005 settled on David Gale and Lloyd Shapleys incentive-compatible student-proposing deferred acceptance algorithm . New England Program for Kidney Exchange . Roth is a founder of the New England Program for Kidney Exchange along with Tayfun Sonmez and Utku Unver , a registry and matching program that pairs compatible kidney donors and recipients . The program was designed to operate primarily through the use of two pairs of incompatible donors . Each donor was incompatible with her partner but could be compatible with another donor who was likewise incompatible with his partner . Francis Delmonico , a transplant surgeon at Harvard Medical School , describes a typical situation , Because the National Organ Transplant Act forbids the creation of binding contracts for organ transplant , steps in the procedure had to be performed roughly simultaneously . Two pairs of patients means four operating rooms and four surgical teams acting in concert with each other . Hospitals and professionals in the transplant community felt that the practical burden of three pairwise exchanges would be too large . While the original theoretical work discovered that an efficient frontier would be reached with exchanges between three pairs of otherwise incompatible donors , it was determined that the goals of the program would not be sacrificed by limiting exchanges to pairs of incompatible donors . A 12-party ( six donors and six recipients ) kidney exchange was performed in April 2008 . Personal life . Roth is married and has two sons . His elder son , Aaron Roth , is a professor of computer science at the University of Pennsylvania . , his younger son , Ben Roth , is an Assistant Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School . Books . Roth is the author of numerous scholarly articles , books , and other publications . A selection : - 1979 . Axiomatic Models of Bargaining , Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems . Springer Verlag . - 1985 . Game-Theoretic Models of Bargaining , ( editor ) Cambridge University Press , 1985 . - 1987 . Laboratory Experimentation in Economics : Six Points of View . ( editor ) Cambridge University Press . ( Chinese translation , 2008 ) - 1988 . The Shapley Value : Essays in Honor of Lloyd S . Shapley . ( editor ) Cambridge University Press . - 1990 . Two-Sided Matching : A Study in Game-Theoretic Modeling and Analysis . With Marilda Sotomayor . Cambridge University Press . - 1995 . Handbook of Experimental Economics . Edited with J.H . Kagel . Princeton University Press . - 2001 . Game Theory in the Tradition of Bob Wilson . Edited with Bengt Holmstrom and Paul Milgrom . - 2015 . Who Gets What and Why . Eamon Dolan/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Journal articles . Roth has published over 70 articles in peer reviewed journals . According to Scopus , the most widely cited have been :

easy

Where was Alvin E. Roth educated in 1973?

/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth#P69#2

Alvin E . Roth Alvin Elliot Roth ( born December 18 , 1951 ) is an American academic . He is the Craig and Susan McCaw professor of economics at Stanford University and the Gund professor of economics and business administration emeritus at Harvard University . He was President of the American Economics Association in 2017 . Roth has made significant contributions to the fields of game theory , market design and experimental economics , and is known for his emphasis on applying economic theory to solutions for real-world problems . In 2012 , he won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences jointly with Lloyd Shapley for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design . Biography . Alvin Roth graduated from Columbia Universitys School of Engineering and Applied Science in 1971 with a bachelors degree in Operations Research . He then moved to Stanford University , receiving both his Masters and PhD also in Operations Research there in 1973 and 1974 respectively . After leaving Stanford , Roth went on to teach at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign which he left in 1982 to become the Andrew W . Mellon professor of economics at the University of Pittsburgh . While at Pittsburgh , he also served as a fellow in the Universitys Center for Philosophy of Science and as a professor in the Katz Graduate School of Business . In 1998 , Roth left to join the faculty at Harvard where he remained until deciding to return to Stanford in 2012 . In 2013 he became a full member of the Stanford faculty and took emeritus status at Harvard . Roth is an Alfred P . Sloan fellow , a Guggenheim fellow , and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He is also a member of the National Bureau of Economic Research ( NBER ) and the Econometric Society . In 2013 , Roth , Shapley , and David Gale won a Golden Goose Award for their work on market design . A collection of Roths papers is housed at the Rubenstein Library at Duke University . Work . Roth has worked in the fields of game theory , market design , and experimental economics . In particular , he helped redesign mechanisms for selecting medical residents , New York City high schools and Boston primary schools . Describing the dynamism of market design , Roth suggests that As the conditions of the market change , the behavior of people change and that causes old rules to be discarded and new rules to be created . Case study in game theory . Roths 1984 paper on the National Resident Matching Program ( NRMP ) highlighted the system designed by John Stalknaker and F . J . Mullen in 1952 . The system was built on theoretical foundations independently introduced by David Gale and Lloyd Shapley in 1962 . Roth proved that the NRMP was both stable and strategy-proof for unmarried residents but deferred to future study the question of how to match married couples efficiently . In 1999 Roth redesigned the matching program to ensure stable matches even with married couples . New York City public school system . Roth later helped design the market to match New York City public school students to high schools as incoming freshmen . Previously , the school district had students mail in a list of their five preferred schools in rank order , then mailed a photocopy of that list to each of the five schools . As a result , schools could tell whether or not students had listed them as their first choice . This meant that some students really had a choice of one school , rather than five . It also meant that students had an incentive to hide their true preferences . Roth and his colleagues Atila Abdulkadiroğlu and Parag Pathak proposed David Gale and Lloyd Shapleys incentive-compatible student-proposing deferred acceptance algorithm to the school board in 2003 . The school board accepted the measure as the method of selection for New York City public school students . Bostons public school system . Working with Atila Abdulkadiroğlu , Parag A . Pathak , and Tayfun Sonmez , Roth presented a similar measure to Bostons public school system in 2003 . Here the Boston system gave so much preference to an applicants first choice that were a student to not receive her first or second choice , it was likely that she would not be matched with any school on her list and be administratively assigned to schools which had vacancies . Some Boston parents had informally recognized this feature of the system and developed detailed lists in order to avoid having their children administratively assigned . Boston held public hearings on the school selection system and finally in 2005 settled on David Gale and Lloyd Shapleys incentive-compatible student-proposing deferred acceptance algorithm . New England Program for Kidney Exchange . Roth is a founder of the New England Program for Kidney Exchange along with Tayfun Sonmez and Utku Unver , a registry and matching program that pairs compatible kidney donors and recipients . The program was designed to operate primarily through the use of two pairs of incompatible donors . Each donor was incompatible with her partner but could be compatible with another donor who was likewise incompatible with his partner . Francis Delmonico , a transplant surgeon at Harvard Medical School , describes a typical situation , Because the National Organ Transplant Act forbids the creation of binding contracts for organ transplant , steps in the procedure had to be performed roughly simultaneously . Two pairs of patients means four operating rooms and four surgical teams acting in concert with each other . Hospitals and professionals in the transplant community felt that the practical burden of three pairwise exchanges would be too large . While the original theoretical work discovered that an efficient frontier would be reached with exchanges between three pairs of otherwise incompatible donors , it was determined that the goals of the program would not be sacrificed by limiting exchanges to pairs of incompatible donors . A 12-party ( six donors and six recipients ) kidney exchange was performed in April 2008 . Personal life . Roth is married and has two sons . His elder son , Aaron Roth , is a professor of computer science at the University of Pennsylvania . , his younger son , Ben Roth , is an Assistant Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School . Books . Roth is the author of numerous scholarly articles , books , and other publications . A selection : - 1979 . Axiomatic Models of Bargaining , Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems . Springer Verlag . - 1985 . Game-Theoretic Models of Bargaining , ( editor ) Cambridge University Press , 1985 . - 1987 . Laboratory Experimentation in Economics : Six Points of View . ( editor ) Cambridge University Press . ( Chinese translation , 2008 ) - 1988 . The Shapley Value : Essays in Honor of Lloyd S . Shapley . ( editor ) Cambridge University Press . - 1990 . Two-Sided Matching : A Study in Game-Theoretic Modeling and Analysis . With Marilda Sotomayor . Cambridge University Press . - 1995 . Handbook of Experimental Economics . Edited with J.H . Kagel . Princeton University Press . - 2001 . Game Theory in the Tradition of Bob Wilson . Edited with Bengt Holmstrom and Paul Milgrom . - 2015 . Who Gets What and Why . Eamon Dolan/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Journal articles . Roth has published over 70 articles in peer reviewed journals . According to Scopus , the most widely cited have been :

easy

Where did Pat Sullivan (film producer) live from 1885 to 1909?

/wiki/Pat_Sullivan_(film_producer)#P551#0

Pat Sullivan ( film producer ) Patrick Peter Pat Sullivan ( 22 February 1885 – 15 February 1933 ) was an Australian-American cartoonist , pioneer animator , and film producer best known for producing the first Felix the Cat silent cartoons . Early life . Sullivan was born in Paddington , New South Wales , the second son of Patrick Sullivan , an immigrant from Ireland and his Sydney-born wife Margaret , née Hayes . Around 1909 , Sullivan left Australia and spent a few months in London , England , before moving to the United States around 1910 . He worked as assistant to newspaper cartoonist William Marriner and drew four strips of his own . When Marriner died in 1914 , Sullivan joined the new animated cartoon studio set up by Raoul Barré . In 1915 , Sullivan was fired by Barre for general incompetence . In 1916 , William Randolph Hearst , the newspaper magnate , set up a studio to produce animated cartoons based on his papers strips and hired Barres best animators . Sullivan decided to start his own studio and made a series called Sammy Johnsin based on a Marriner strip on which he had worked . This was followed by a series of shorts starring The Tramp . As Mickey Mouse was gaining popularity among theatre audiences through sound cartoons by late 1928 , Sullivan , after years of refusing to convert Felix to sound , finally agreed to use sound in Felixs cartoons . Unfortunately , Sullivan did not carefully prepare this process and put sound in cartoons that the studio had already completed . By 1930 , Felix had faded from the screen . Sullivan relented in 1933 , and announced that Felix would return in sound , but died that year before production began . By the early 1930s , Sullivans alcoholism had completely consumed him . According to artist George Cannata , Sulivan would often fire employees in a drunken haze , not remembering the next day , when they would return to work as if nothing had happened . According to Shamus Culhane , Sullivan artist Al Eugster recalled that Sullivan was [ t ] he most consistent man in the business—consistent in that he was never sober . According to Otto Messmer , Sullivan drank all day long and was never in a sound enough state of mind to contribute creatively to the cartoons he produced . In later years , much of Sullivans staff was interviewed and claimed Messmer deserved all credit for the Felix characters creation and development , arguing that Sullivan was too sick to contribute or even really run the studio . Death . Sullivan died on 15 February 1933 in New York City at age 47 from health problems brought on by alcoholism and pneumonia . ( At the time , newspapers attributed his death to only pneumonia. ) He is buried in Cathedral Cemetery in Scranton , Pennsylvania . Character creations . - Felix the Cat ( disputed ) - Great Idea Jerry - Old Pop Perkins - Johnny Boston Beans - Obliging Oliver Controversies . Rape conviction . In 1917 , Sullivan was convicted of rape in the second degree of a 14-year-old girl . He spent 9 months and 3 days in prison , during which time his studio went on hiatus . Racism . Sullivan reportedly carried a strong bias against African Americans . According to Rudy Zamora , when he and Eddie Salter tested for positions at the Sullivan studio , they were bested by a young African American boy . Zamora recalled that animator Dana Parker took the black boy [ aside ] and told him that they’ll call him when they needed him , [ as they were ] not hiring anyone that day . But they kept Eddie and I . That was lousy . Then they would have hired this black guy and myself . Ed was third . When Zamora complained about this to Parker , he was told , The old man ( Sullivan ) didn’t want any black guys . Involvement in the creation of Felix the Cat . It is a matter of some dispute whether Felix was created by Sullivan or his top animator Otto Messmer . Some animation historians accepted Messmers claim , as he was the principal animator on the Felix series . However , Sullivan was drawing cartoons for Paramount Magazine by 1919 and later when he signed a contract as an animator with Paramount Studios in March 1920 , one of the subjects specified in his curriculum vitae was a black cat named Felix who had first appeared in Paramount Magazine as a character named Master Tom in a cartoon series named Feline Follies , tending to support Sullivans claim definitively . Firsthand accounts were recorded in print , notably a recollection from 1953 by Australian writer Hugh McCrae , who was sharing an apartment with Pat Sullivan just before Felix was created . It comes properly as a postscript that in New York McCrae shared a flat with Pat Sullivan , the famed creator of Felix , the Cat . When a film about Felix was being planned , Sullivan suggested that McCrae should do the drawings while he ( Sullivan ) supplied the ideas . McCrae refused and has regretted it ever since . Australian cartoonists find the Messmer claim not credible . Messmer came forward decades after Pat Sullivans death , claimed Felix was his creation and placed the place of creation of the lucrative character in his own house , away from his bosss office . He excluded Pat Sullivan completely , and yet the lettering throughout the creation matches Pat Sullivans hand . It is also telling that a cartoon kitten says MUM in Feline Follies , with the Australian/British spelling , rather than MOM , the American spelling ; Messmer is less likely to have written that . External links . - http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/a-chat-with-rudy-zamora/ - Pat Sullivan biography on Lambiek

easy

Where did Pat Sullivan (film producer) live from 1909 to 1910?

/wiki/Pat_Sullivan_(film_producer)#P551#1

Pat Sullivan ( film producer ) Patrick Peter Pat Sullivan ( 22 February 1885 – 15 February 1933 ) was an Australian-American cartoonist , pioneer animator , and film producer best known for producing the first Felix the Cat silent cartoons . Early life . Sullivan was born in Paddington , New South Wales , the second son of Patrick Sullivan , an immigrant from Ireland and his Sydney-born wife Margaret , née Hayes . Around 1909 , Sullivan left Australia and spent a few months in London , England , before moving to the United States around 1910 . He worked as assistant to newspaper cartoonist William Marriner and drew four strips of his own . When Marriner died in 1914 , Sullivan joined the new animated cartoon studio set up by Raoul Barré . In 1915 , Sullivan was fired by Barre for general incompetence . In 1916 , William Randolph Hearst , the newspaper magnate , set up a studio to produce animated cartoons based on his papers strips and hired Barres best animators . Sullivan decided to start his own studio and made a series called Sammy Johnsin based on a Marriner strip on which he had worked . This was followed by a series of shorts starring The Tramp . As Mickey Mouse was gaining popularity among theatre audiences through sound cartoons by late 1928 , Sullivan , after years of refusing to convert Felix to sound , finally agreed to use sound in Felixs cartoons . Unfortunately , Sullivan did not carefully prepare this process and put sound in cartoons that the studio had already completed . By 1930 , Felix had faded from the screen . Sullivan relented in 1933 , and announced that Felix would return in sound , but died that year before production began . By the early 1930s , Sullivans alcoholism had completely consumed him . According to artist George Cannata , Sulivan would often fire employees in a drunken haze , not remembering the next day , when they would return to work as if nothing had happened . According to Shamus Culhane , Sullivan artist Al Eugster recalled that Sullivan was [ t ] he most consistent man in the business—consistent in that he was never sober . According to Otto Messmer , Sullivan drank all day long and was never in a sound enough state of mind to contribute creatively to the cartoons he produced . In later years , much of Sullivans staff was interviewed and claimed Messmer deserved all credit for the Felix characters creation and development , arguing that Sullivan was too sick to contribute or even really run the studio . Death . Sullivan died on 15 February 1933 in New York City at age 47 from health problems brought on by alcoholism and pneumonia . ( At the time , newspapers attributed his death to only pneumonia. ) He is buried in Cathedral Cemetery in Scranton , Pennsylvania . Character creations . - Felix the Cat ( disputed ) - Great Idea Jerry - Old Pop Perkins - Johnny Boston Beans - Obliging Oliver Controversies . Rape conviction . In 1917 , Sullivan was convicted of rape in the second degree of a 14-year-old girl . He spent 9 months and 3 days in prison , during which time his studio went on hiatus . Racism . Sullivan reportedly carried a strong bias against African Americans . According to Rudy Zamora , when he and Eddie Salter tested for positions at the Sullivan studio , they were bested by a young African American boy . Zamora recalled that animator Dana Parker took the black boy [ aside ] and told him that they’ll call him when they needed him , [ as they were ] not hiring anyone that day . But they kept Eddie and I . That was lousy . Then they would have hired this black guy and myself . Ed was third . When Zamora complained about this to Parker , he was told , The old man ( Sullivan ) didn’t want any black guys . Involvement in the creation of Felix the Cat . It is a matter of some dispute whether Felix was created by Sullivan or his top animator Otto Messmer . Some animation historians accepted Messmers claim , as he was the principal animator on the Felix series . However , Sullivan was drawing cartoons for Paramount Magazine by 1919 and later when he signed a contract as an animator with Paramount Studios in March 1920 , one of the subjects specified in his curriculum vitae was a black cat named Felix who had first appeared in Paramount Magazine as a character named Master Tom in a cartoon series named Feline Follies , tending to support Sullivans claim definitively . Firsthand accounts were recorded in print , notably a recollection from 1953 by Australian writer Hugh McCrae , who was sharing an apartment with Pat Sullivan just before Felix was created . It comes properly as a postscript that in New York McCrae shared a flat with Pat Sullivan , the famed creator of Felix , the Cat . When a film about Felix was being planned , Sullivan suggested that McCrae should do the drawings while he ( Sullivan ) supplied the ideas . McCrae refused and has regretted it ever since . Australian cartoonists find the Messmer claim not credible . Messmer came forward decades after Pat Sullivans death , claimed Felix was his creation and placed the place of creation of the lucrative character in his own house , away from his bosss office . He excluded Pat Sullivan completely , and yet the lettering throughout the creation matches Pat Sullivans hand . It is also telling that a cartoon kitten says MUM in Feline Follies , with the Australian/British spelling , rather than MOM , the American spelling ; Messmer is less likely to have written that . External links . - http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/a-chat-with-rudy-zamora/ - Pat Sullivan biography on Lambiek

easy

What was the residence of Pat Sullivan (film producer) from 1910 to 1914?

/wiki/Pat_Sullivan_(film_producer)#P551#2

Pat Sullivan ( film producer ) Patrick Peter Pat Sullivan ( 22 February 1885 – 15 February 1933 ) was an Australian-American cartoonist , pioneer animator , and film producer best known for producing the first Felix the Cat silent cartoons . Early life . Sullivan was born in Paddington , New South Wales , the second son of Patrick Sullivan , an immigrant from Ireland and his Sydney-born wife Margaret , née Hayes . Around 1909 , Sullivan left Australia and spent a few months in London , England , before moving to the United States around 1910 . He worked as assistant to newspaper cartoonist William Marriner and drew four strips of his own . When Marriner died in 1914 , Sullivan joined the new animated cartoon studio set up by Raoul Barré . In 1915 , Sullivan was fired by Barre for general incompetence . In 1916 , William Randolph Hearst , the newspaper magnate , set up a studio to produce animated cartoons based on his papers strips and hired Barres best animators . Sullivan decided to start his own studio and made a series called Sammy Johnsin based on a Marriner strip on which he had worked . This was followed by a series of shorts starring The Tramp . As Mickey Mouse was gaining popularity among theatre audiences through sound cartoons by late 1928 , Sullivan , after years of refusing to convert Felix to sound , finally agreed to use sound in Felixs cartoons . Unfortunately , Sullivan did not carefully prepare this process and put sound in cartoons that the studio had already completed . By 1930 , Felix had faded from the screen . Sullivan relented in 1933 , and announced that Felix would return in sound , but died that year before production began . By the early 1930s , Sullivans alcoholism had completely consumed him . According to artist George Cannata , Sulivan would often fire employees in a drunken haze , not remembering the next day , when they would return to work as if nothing had happened . According to Shamus Culhane , Sullivan artist Al Eugster recalled that Sullivan was [ t ] he most consistent man in the business—consistent in that he was never sober . According to Otto Messmer , Sullivan drank all day long and was never in a sound enough state of mind to contribute creatively to the cartoons he produced . In later years , much of Sullivans staff was interviewed and claimed Messmer deserved all credit for the Felix characters creation and development , arguing that Sullivan was too sick to contribute or even really run the studio . Death . Sullivan died on 15 February 1933 in New York City at age 47 from health problems brought on by alcoholism and pneumonia . ( At the time , newspapers attributed his death to only pneumonia. ) He is buried in Cathedral Cemetery in Scranton , Pennsylvania . Character creations . - Felix the Cat ( disputed ) - Great Idea Jerry - Old Pop Perkins - Johnny Boston Beans - Obliging Oliver Controversies . Rape conviction . In 1917 , Sullivan was convicted of rape in the second degree of a 14-year-old girl . He spent 9 months and 3 days in prison , during which time his studio went on hiatus . Racism . Sullivan reportedly carried a strong bias against African Americans . According to Rudy Zamora , when he and Eddie Salter tested for positions at the Sullivan studio , they were bested by a young African American boy . Zamora recalled that animator Dana Parker took the black boy [ aside ] and told him that they’ll call him when they needed him , [ as they were ] not hiring anyone that day . But they kept Eddie and I . That was lousy . Then they would have hired this black guy and myself . Ed was third . When Zamora complained about this to Parker , he was told , The old man ( Sullivan ) didn’t want any black guys . Involvement in the creation of Felix the Cat . It is a matter of some dispute whether Felix was created by Sullivan or his top animator Otto Messmer . Some animation historians accepted Messmers claim , as he was the principal animator on the Felix series . However , Sullivan was drawing cartoons for Paramount Magazine by 1919 and later when he signed a contract as an animator with Paramount Studios in March 1920 , one of the subjects specified in his curriculum vitae was a black cat named Felix who had first appeared in Paramount Magazine as a character named Master Tom in a cartoon series named Feline Follies , tending to support Sullivans claim definitively . Firsthand accounts were recorded in print , notably a recollection from 1953 by Australian writer Hugh McCrae , who was sharing an apartment with Pat Sullivan just before Felix was created . It comes properly as a postscript that in New York McCrae shared a flat with Pat Sullivan , the famed creator of Felix , the Cat . When a film about Felix was being planned , Sullivan suggested that McCrae should do the drawings while he ( Sullivan ) supplied the ideas . McCrae refused and has regretted it ever since . Australian cartoonists find the Messmer claim not credible . Messmer came forward decades after Pat Sullivans death , claimed Felix was his creation and placed the place of creation of the lucrative character in his own house , away from his bosss office . He excluded Pat Sullivan completely , and yet the lettering throughout the creation matches Pat Sullivans hand . It is also telling that a cartoon kitten says MUM in Feline Follies , with the Australian/British spelling , rather than MOM , the American spelling ; Messmer is less likely to have written that . External links . - http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/a-chat-with-rudy-zamora/ - Pat Sullivan biography on Lambiek

easy

Where did Pat Sullivan (film producer) live from 1914 to 1915?

/wiki/Pat_Sullivan_(film_producer)#P551#3

Pat Sullivan ( film producer ) Patrick Peter Pat Sullivan ( 22 February 1885 – 15 February 1933 ) was an Australian-American cartoonist , pioneer animator , and film producer best known for producing the first Felix the Cat silent cartoons . Early life . Sullivan was born in Paddington , New South Wales , the second son of Patrick Sullivan , an immigrant from Ireland and his Sydney-born wife Margaret , née Hayes . Around 1909 , Sullivan left Australia and spent a few months in London , England , before moving to the United States around 1910 . He worked as assistant to newspaper cartoonist William Marriner and drew four strips of his own . When Marriner died in 1914 , Sullivan joined the new animated cartoon studio set up by Raoul Barré . In 1915 , Sullivan was fired by Barre for general incompetence . In 1916 , William Randolph Hearst , the newspaper magnate , set up a studio to produce animated cartoons based on his papers strips and hired Barres best animators . Sullivan decided to start his own studio and made a series called Sammy Johnsin based on a Marriner strip on which he had worked . This was followed by a series of shorts starring The Tramp . As Mickey Mouse was gaining popularity among theatre audiences through sound cartoons by late 1928 , Sullivan , after years of refusing to convert Felix to sound , finally agreed to use sound in Felixs cartoons . Unfortunately , Sullivan did not carefully prepare this process and put sound in cartoons that the studio had already completed . By 1930 , Felix had faded from the screen . Sullivan relented in 1933 , and announced that Felix would return in sound , but died that year before production began . By the early 1930s , Sullivans alcoholism had completely consumed him . According to artist George Cannata , Sulivan would often fire employees in a drunken haze , not remembering the next day , when they would return to work as if nothing had happened . According to Shamus Culhane , Sullivan artist Al Eugster recalled that Sullivan was [ t ] he most consistent man in the business—consistent in that he was never sober . According to Otto Messmer , Sullivan drank all day long and was never in a sound enough state of mind to contribute creatively to the cartoons he produced . In later years , much of Sullivans staff was interviewed and claimed Messmer deserved all credit for the Felix characters creation and development , arguing that Sullivan was too sick to contribute or even really run the studio . Death . Sullivan died on 15 February 1933 in New York City at age 47 from health problems brought on by alcoholism and pneumonia . ( At the time , newspapers attributed his death to only pneumonia. ) He is buried in Cathedral Cemetery in Scranton , Pennsylvania . Character creations . - Felix the Cat ( disputed ) - Great Idea Jerry - Old Pop Perkins - Johnny Boston Beans - Obliging Oliver Controversies . Rape conviction . In 1917 , Sullivan was convicted of rape in the second degree of a 14-year-old girl . He spent 9 months and 3 days in prison , during which time his studio went on hiatus . Racism . Sullivan reportedly carried a strong bias against African Americans . According to Rudy Zamora , when he and Eddie Salter tested for positions at the Sullivan studio , they were bested by a young African American boy . Zamora recalled that animator Dana Parker took the black boy [ aside ] and told him that they’ll call him when they needed him , [ as they were ] not hiring anyone that day . But they kept Eddie and I . That was lousy . Then they would have hired this black guy and myself . Ed was third . When Zamora complained about this to Parker , he was told , The old man ( Sullivan ) didn’t want any black guys . Involvement in the creation of Felix the Cat . It is a matter of some dispute whether Felix was created by Sullivan or his top animator Otto Messmer . Some animation historians accepted Messmers claim , as he was the principal animator on the Felix series . However , Sullivan was drawing cartoons for Paramount Magazine by 1919 and later when he signed a contract as an animator with Paramount Studios in March 1920 , one of the subjects specified in his curriculum vitae was a black cat named Felix who had first appeared in Paramount Magazine as a character named Master Tom in a cartoon series named Feline Follies , tending to support Sullivans claim definitively . Firsthand accounts were recorded in print , notably a recollection from 1953 by Australian writer Hugh McCrae , who was sharing an apartment with Pat Sullivan just before Felix was created . It comes properly as a postscript that in New York McCrae shared a flat with Pat Sullivan , the famed creator of Felix , the Cat . When a film about Felix was being planned , Sullivan suggested that McCrae should do the drawings while he ( Sullivan ) supplied the ideas . McCrae refused and has regretted it ever since . Australian cartoonists find the Messmer claim not credible . Messmer came forward decades after Pat Sullivans death , claimed Felix was his creation and placed the place of creation of the lucrative character in his own house , away from his bosss office . He excluded Pat Sullivan completely , and yet the lettering throughout the creation matches Pat Sullivans hand . It is also telling that a cartoon kitten says MUM in Feline Follies , with the Australian/British spelling , rather than MOM , the American spelling ; Messmer is less likely to have written that . External links . - http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/a-chat-with-rudy-zamora/ - Pat Sullivan biography on Lambiek

easy

What was the position of Mark Sedwill from 2009 to 2010?

/wiki/Mark_Sedwill#P39#0

Mark Sedwill Mark Philip Sedwill , Baron Sedwill ( born 21 October 1964 ) is a British diplomat and senior civil servant who served as Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service to Prime Ministers Theresa May and Boris Johnson from 2018 to 2020 . He also served as the United Kingdom National Security Adviser from 2017 to 2020 . He was previously the United Kingdoms Ambassador to Afghanistan from 2009 to 2010 and the NATO Senior Civilian Representative in Afghanistan in 2010 . He was the Permanent Secretary at the Home Office from February 2013 to April 2017 . Early life and education . Sedwill was born in Ealing . He attended Bourne Grammar School in Bourne , Lincolnshire , becoming the head boy . He went to the University of St Andrews , where he gained a Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) , and later gained a Master of Philosophy ( MPhil ) in economics from St Edmund Hall , Oxford . Career . Early diplomatic career . Sedwill joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( FCO ) in 1989 and he served in the Security Coordination Department and the Gulf War Emergency Unit until 1991 . He was then posted in Cairo , Egypt , from 1991 to 1994 as a Second Secretary , then First Secretary in Iraq from 1996 to 1997 whilst serving as a United Nations weapons inspector , then in Nicosia , Cyprus , as First Secretary for Political-Military Affairs and Counterterrorism from 1997 to 1999 . He was the Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ( Robin Cook and later Jack Straw ) from 2000 to 2002 in the run-up to and preparations for the 2003 Iraq invasion . He then served as the Deputy High Commissioner to Pakistan , based in Islamabad from 2003 to 2005 , then the Deputy Director for the Middle East and North Africa Department of the Foreign Office . From 2006 to 2008 , he served as International Director of the UK Border Agency , part of the Home Office . Afghanistan ambassador and NATO roles . In April 2009 , Sedwill became the Ambassador to Afghanistan , succeeding Sherard Cowper-Coles . In January 2010 , he was additionally appointed as NATOs Senior Civilian Representative in Afghanistan , to be the civilian counterpart to the ISAF Commander , U.S . General Stanley A . McChrystal and then U.S . General David Petraeus . He was succeeded as ambassador temporarily by his predecessor , Cowper-Coles , and then by William Patey , formerly British Ambassador to Saudi Arabia . In May 2011 , Sedwill took over as the FCOs Director-General for Afghanistan and Pakistan ( and thus as the UKs Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan ) from Dame Karen Pierce . He additionally became the FCOs Director-General , Political , in autumn 2012 , replacing Geoffrey Adams . Sedwill said of his life before government Ive had a gun in my face from Saddam Husseins bodyguards . A bomb under my seat at a polo match in the foothills of the Himalayas ; Ive been hosted by a man plotting to have me assassinated ; Ive been shot at , mortared and even had someone come after me with a suicide vest . Home Office and National Security Adviser . In February 2013 , Sedwill became the Permanent Secretary at the Home Office , filling the vacancy left by Helen Ghosh . Sedwill replaced Mark Lyall Grant as National Security Adviser in the Cabinet Office in April 2017 . During his time as Permanent Secretary , one of the organisations the Home Office is responsible for , MI5 , failed to adequately safeguard data . In 2019 Lord Justice Sir Adrian Fulford stated MI5 had a historical lack of compliance with sections of the Investigatory Powers Act in 2016 . Cabinet Secretary . Sedwill became acting Cabinet Secretary in June 2018 , while Jeremy Heywood took a leave of absence on medical grounds , and was appointed to replace Heywood on his retirement on 24 October 2018 . He is the second Cabinet Secretary never to have worked at HM Treasury , and the first whose career has been dominated by diplomatic and security work . He was described as the Prime Ministers first and only choice to replace Heywood , with no recruitment process taking place and some suggesting the urgency of arrangements for the UKs departure from the European Union as a reason for the quick appointment . Prime Minister Theresa May was criticised for allowing Sedwill to remain as National Security Adviser alongside his role as Cabinet Secretary , with speculation that the role was being kept for Europe adviser Oliver Robbins . In a February 2019 interview Sedwill said he would retain his role as National Security Adviser to the Prime Minister since becoming Cabinet Secretary is part of moves to make a success of Brexit . In an interview with Civil Service Quarterly , Sedwill said retaining the post would also ensure a genuine sense of teamwork across and beyond government . In April 2019 it was reported that Sedwill had written to ministers on the National Security Council and their special advisers after The Daily Telegraph reported details of a meeting about Chinese telecoms company Huawei . Following the meeting of the council , the Telegraph reported that it had agreed to allow Huawei limited access to help build Britains new 5G network , amid warnings about possible risks to national security . Several cabinet ministers have denied they were involved . In July 2019 , The Times reported that two unnamed senior civil servants had said the 70-year-old Jeremy Corbyn might have to stand down due to health issues . The article drew an angry response from Labour , which denounced the comments as a scurrilous attempt to undermine the partys efforts to gain power . Downing Street said that Sedwill would write to Corbyn after the party demanded an inquiry into alleged comments . It is unclear whether he will order an investigation . Corbyn has said the civil service has a duty to be non-political . In November 2019 , Sedwill blocked the publication of a document written by civil servants to cost the Labour Partys fiscal plans before a general election . Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell had complained to Treasury Permanent Secretary Tom Scholar in a meeting arguing it would interfere in the upcoming general election . In June 2020 , it was announced that Sedwill would be stepping down from his civil service appointments in September 2020 . The Telegraph said that Downing Street regarded Sedwill as too much of a Europhile and establishment figure to be in post through planned Whitehall reforms . Sedwill stepped down as national security adviser in September 2020 . He was to be replaced by David Frost , who was Johnsons special adviser and chief negotiator in talks on the post-Brexit trade and security relationship with the EU . This would be a political appointment , while all previous national security advisers had been civil servants . However , an FOI answer stated that Frost continued as Chief Negotiator to the EU as of October 2020 , and David Quarrey took over the role of acting NSA . Sedwill was replaced as Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service by Simon Case on 9 September 2020 . Later career . In December 2020 it was reported that Sedwill was joining the investment bank Rothschild & Co in January 2021 as a senior adviser . Personal life . Sedwill married in 1999 and has one daughter . He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society , Fellow of the Institute of Directors and President of the Special Forces Club . Honours . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 2008 Birthday Honours , and a Knight Commander in the 2018 New Year Honours . On 11 September 2020 he was created Baron Sedwill of Sherborne in the County of Dorset . External links . - Panthers Claw in August 2009 - Strategy in March 2009 - Coffee House interview : Mark Sedwill | The Spectator - The hill of gold Video clips . - General David Petraeus and Ambassador Mark Sedwill on Afghanistan - ISAF Media March 2010 - Becoming NATO representative in February 2010 ( FCO ) - ISAF Media January 2010 - Frontline Club January 2010 - British Satellite News

easy

Which position did Mark Sedwill hold from 2013 to 2017?

/wiki/Mark_Sedwill#P39#1

Mark Sedwill Mark Philip Sedwill , Baron Sedwill ( born 21 October 1964 ) is a British diplomat and senior civil servant who served as Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service to Prime Ministers Theresa May and Boris Johnson from 2018 to 2020 . He also served as the United Kingdom National Security Adviser from 2017 to 2020 . He was previously the United Kingdoms Ambassador to Afghanistan from 2009 to 2010 and the NATO Senior Civilian Representative in Afghanistan in 2010 . He was the Permanent Secretary at the Home Office from February 2013 to April 2017 . Early life and education . Sedwill was born in Ealing . He attended Bourne Grammar School in Bourne , Lincolnshire , becoming the head boy . He went to the University of St Andrews , where he gained a Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) , and later gained a Master of Philosophy ( MPhil ) in economics from St Edmund Hall , Oxford . Career . Early diplomatic career . Sedwill joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( FCO ) in 1989 and he served in the Security Coordination Department and the Gulf War Emergency Unit until 1991 . He was then posted in Cairo , Egypt , from 1991 to 1994 as a Second Secretary , then First Secretary in Iraq from 1996 to 1997 whilst serving as a United Nations weapons inspector , then in Nicosia , Cyprus , as First Secretary for Political-Military Affairs and Counterterrorism from 1997 to 1999 . He was the Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ( Robin Cook and later Jack Straw ) from 2000 to 2002 in the run-up to and preparations for the 2003 Iraq invasion . He then served as the Deputy High Commissioner to Pakistan , based in Islamabad from 2003 to 2005 , then the Deputy Director for the Middle East and North Africa Department of the Foreign Office . From 2006 to 2008 , he served as International Director of the UK Border Agency , part of the Home Office . Afghanistan ambassador and NATO roles . In April 2009 , Sedwill became the Ambassador to Afghanistan , succeeding Sherard Cowper-Coles . In January 2010 , he was additionally appointed as NATOs Senior Civilian Representative in Afghanistan , to be the civilian counterpart to the ISAF Commander , U.S . General Stanley A . McChrystal and then U.S . General David Petraeus . He was succeeded as ambassador temporarily by his predecessor , Cowper-Coles , and then by William Patey , formerly British Ambassador to Saudi Arabia . In May 2011 , Sedwill took over as the FCOs Director-General for Afghanistan and Pakistan ( and thus as the UKs Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan ) from Dame Karen Pierce . He additionally became the FCOs Director-General , Political , in autumn 2012 , replacing Geoffrey Adams . Sedwill said of his life before government Ive had a gun in my face from Saddam Husseins bodyguards . A bomb under my seat at a polo match in the foothills of the Himalayas ; Ive been hosted by a man plotting to have me assassinated ; Ive been shot at , mortared and even had someone come after me with a suicide vest . Home Office and National Security Adviser . In February 2013 , Sedwill became the Permanent Secretary at the Home Office , filling the vacancy left by Helen Ghosh . Sedwill replaced Mark Lyall Grant as National Security Adviser in the Cabinet Office in April 2017 . During his time as Permanent Secretary , one of the organisations the Home Office is responsible for , MI5 , failed to adequately safeguard data . In 2019 Lord Justice Sir Adrian Fulford stated MI5 had a historical lack of compliance with sections of the Investigatory Powers Act in 2016 . Cabinet Secretary . Sedwill became acting Cabinet Secretary in June 2018 , while Jeremy Heywood took a leave of absence on medical grounds , and was appointed to replace Heywood on his retirement on 24 October 2018 . He is the second Cabinet Secretary never to have worked at HM Treasury , and the first whose career has been dominated by diplomatic and security work . He was described as the Prime Ministers first and only choice to replace Heywood , with no recruitment process taking place and some suggesting the urgency of arrangements for the UKs departure from the European Union as a reason for the quick appointment . Prime Minister Theresa May was criticised for allowing Sedwill to remain as National Security Adviser alongside his role as Cabinet Secretary , with speculation that the role was being kept for Europe adviser Oliver Robbins . In a February 2019 interview Sedwill said he would retain his role as National Security Adviser to the Prime Minister since becoming Cabinet Secretary is part of moves to make a success of Brexit . In an interview with Civil Service Quarterly , Sedwill said retaining the post would also ensure a genuine sense of teamwork across and beyond government . In April 2019 it was reported that Sedwill had written to ministers on the National Security Council and their special advisers after The Daily Telegraph reported details of a meeting about Chinese telecoms company Huawei . Following the meeting of the council , the Telegraph reported that it had agreed to allow Huawei limited access to help build Britains new 5G network , amid warnings about possible risks to national security . Several cabinet ministers have denied they were involved . In July 2019 , The Times reported that two unnamed senior civil servants had said the 70-year-old Jeremy Corbyn might have to stand down due to health issues . The article drew an angry response from Labour , which denounced the comments as a scurrilous attempt to undermine the partys efforts to gain power . Downing Street said that Sedwill would write to Corbyn after the party demanded an inquiry into alleged comments . It is unclear whether he will order an investigation . Corbyn has said the civil service has a duty to be non-political . In November 2019 , Sedwill blocked the publication of a document written by civil servants to cost the Labour Partys fiscal plans before a general election . Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell had complained to Treasury Permanent Secretary Tom Scholar in a meeting arguing it would interfere in the upcoming general election . In June 2020 , it was announced that Sedwill would be stepping down from his civil service appointments in September 2020 . The Telegraph said that Downing Street regarded Sedwill as too much of a Europhile and establishment figure to be in post through planned Whitehall reforms . Sedwill stepped down as national security adviser in September 2020 . He was to be replaced by David Frost , who was Johnsons special adviser and chief negotiator in talks on the post-Brexit trade and security relationship with the EU . This would be a political appointment , while all previous national security advisers had been civil servants . However , an FOI answer stated that Frost continued as Chief Negotiator to the EU as of October 2020 , and David Quarrey took over the role of acting NSA . Sedwill was replaced as Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service by Simon Case on 9 September 2020 . Later career . In December 2020 it was reported that Sedwill was joining the investment bank Rothschild & Co in January 2021 as a senior adviser . Personal life . Sedwill married in 1999 and has one daughter . He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society , Fellow of the Institute of Directors and President of the Special Forces Club . Honours . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 2008 Birthday Honours , and a Knight Commander in the 2018 New Year Honours . On 11 September 2020 he was created Baron Sedwill of Sherborne in the County of Dorset . External links . - Panthers Claw in August 2009 - Strategy in March 2009 - Coffee House interview : Mark Sedwill | The Spectator - The hill of gold Video clips . - General David Petraeus and Ambassador Mark Sedwill on Afghanistan - ISAF Media March 2010 - Becoming NATO representative in February 2010 ( FCO ) - ISAF Media January 2010 - Frontline Club January 2010 - British Satellite News

easy

Which position did Mark Sedwill hold from Apr 2017 to Oct 2018?

/wiki/Mark_Sedwill#P39#2

Mark Sedwill Mark Philip Sedwill , Baron Sedwill ( born 21 October 1964 ) is a British diplomat and senior civil servant who served as Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service to Prime Ministers Theresa May and Boris Johnson from 2018 to 2020 . He also served as the United Kingdom National Security Adviser from 2017 to 2020 . He was previously the United Kingdoms Ambassador to Afghanistan from 2009 to 2010 and the NATO Senior Civilian Representative in Afghanistan in 2010 . He was the Permanent Secretary at the Home Office from February 2013 to April 2017 . Early life and education . Sedwill was born in Ealing . He attended Bourne Grammar School in Bourne , Lincolnshire , becoming the head boy . He went to the University of St Andrews , where he gained a Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) , and later gained a Master of Philosophy ( MPhil ) in economics from St Edmund Hall , Oxford . Career . Early diplomatic career . Sedwill joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( FCO ) in 1989 and he served in the Security Coordination Department and the Gulf War Emergency Unit until 1991 . He was then posted in Cairo , Egypt , from 1991 to 1994 as a Second Secretary , then First Secretary in Iraq from 1996 to 1997 whilst serving as a United Nations weapons inspector , then in Nicosia , Cyprus , as First Secretary for Political-Military Affairs and Counterterrorism from 1997 to 1999 . He was the Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ( Robin Cook and later Jack Straw ) from 2000 to 2002 in the run-up to and preparations for the 2003 Iraq invasion . He then served as the Deputy High Commissioner to Pakistan , based in Islamabad from 2003 to 2005 , then the Deputy Director for the Middle East and North Africa Department of the Foreign Office . From 2006 to 2008 , he served as International Director of the UK Border Agency , part of the Home Office . Afghanistan ambassador and NATO roles . In April 2009 , Sedwill became the Ambassador to Afghanistan , succeeding Sherard Cowper-Coles . In January 2010 , he was additionally appointed as NATOs Senior Civilian Representative in Afghanistan , to be the civilian counterpart to the ISAF Commander , U.S . General Stanley A . McChrystal and then U.S . General David Petraeus . He was succeeded as ambassador temporarily by his predecessor , Cowper-Coles , and then by William Patey , formerly British Ambassador to Saudi Arabia . In May 2011 , Sedwill took over as the FCOs Director-General for Afghanistan and Pakistan ( and thus as the UKs Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan ) from Dame Karen Pierce . He additionally became the FCOs Director-General , Political , in autumn 2012 , replacing Geoffrey Adams . Sedwill said of his life before government Ive had a gun in my face from Saddam Husseins bodyguards . A bomb under my seat at a polo match in the foothills of the Himalayas ; Ive been hosted by a man plotting to have me assassinated ; Ive been shot at , mortared and even had someone come after me with a suicide vest . Home Office and National Security Adviser . In February 2013 , Sedwill became the Permanent Secretary at the Home Office , filling the vacancy left by Helen Ghosh . Sedwill replaced Mark Lyall Grant as National Security Adviser in the Cabinet Office in April 2017 . During his time as Permanent Secretary , one of the organisations the Home Office is responsible for , MI5 , failed to adequately safeguard data . In 2019 Lord Justice Sir Adrian Fulford stated MI5 had a historical lack of compliance with sections of the Investigatory Powers Act in 2016 . Cabinet Secretary . Sedwill became acting Cabinet Secretary in June 2018 , while Jeremy Heywood took a leave of absence on medical grounds , and was appointed to replace Heywood on his retirement on 24 October 2018 . He is the second Cabinet Secretary never to have worked at HM Treasury , and the first whose career has been dominated by diplomatic and security work . He was described as the Prime Ministers first and only choice to replace Heywood , with no recruitment process taking place and some suggesting the urgency of arrangements for the UKs departure from the European Union as a reason for the quick appointment . Prime Minister Theresa May was criticised for allowing Sedwill to remain as National Security Adviser alongside his role as Cabinet Secretary , with speculation that the role was being kept for Europe adviser Oliver Robbins . In a February 2019 interview Sedwill said he would retain his role as National Security Adviser to the Prime Minister since becoming Cabinet Secretary is part of moves to make a success of Brexit . In an interview with Civil Service Quarterly , Sedwill said retaining the post would also ensure a genuine sense of teamwork across and beyond government . In April 2019 it was reported that Sedwill had written to ministers on the National Security Council and their special advisers after The Daily Telegraph reported details of a meeting about Chinese telecoms company Huawei . Following the meeting of the council , the Telegraph reported that it had agreed to allow Huawei limited access to help build Britains new 5G network , amid warnings about possible risks to national security . Several cabinet ministers have denied they were involved . In July 2019 , The Times reported that two unnamed senior civil servants had said the 70-year-old Jeremy Corbyn might have to stand down due to health issues . The article drew an angry response from Labour , which denounced the comments as a scurrilous attempt to undermine the partys efforts to gain power . Downing Street said that Sedwill would write to Corbyn after the party demanded an inquiry into alleged comments . It is unclear whether he will order an investigation . Corbyn has said the civil service has a duty to be non-political . In November 2019 , Sedwill blocked the publication of a document written by civil servants to cost the Labour Partys fiscal plans before a general election . Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell had complained to Treasury Permanent Secretary Tom Scholar in a meeting arguing it would interfere in the upcoming general election . In June 2020 , it was announced that Sedwill would be stepping down from his civil service appointments in September 2020 . The Telegraph said that Downing Street regarded Sedwill as too much of a Europhile and establishment figure to be in post through planned Whitehall reforms . Sedwill stepped down as national security adviser in September 2020 . He was to be replaced by David Frost , who was Johnsons special adviser and chief negotiator in talks on the post-Brexit trade and security relationship with the EU . This would be a political appointment , while all previous national security advisers had been civil servants . However , an FOI answer stated that Frost continued as Chief Negotiator to the EU as of October 2020 , and David Quarrey took over the role of acting NSA . Sedwill was replaced as Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service by Simon Case on 9 September 2020 . Later career . In December 2020 it was reported that Sedwill was joining the investment bank Rothschild & Co in January 2021 as a senior adviser . Personal life . Sedwill married in 1999 and has one daughter . He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society , Fellow of the Institute of Directors and President of the Special Forces Club . Honours . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 2008 Birthday Honours , and a Knight Commander in the 2018 New Year Honours . On 11 September 2020 he was created Baron Sedwill of Sherborne in the County of Dorset . External links . - Panthers Claw in August 2009 - Strategy in March 2009 - Coffee House interview : Mark Sedwill | The Spectator - The hill of gold Video clips . - General David Petraeus and Ambassador Mark Sedwill on Afghanistan - ISAF Media March 2010 - Becoming NATO representative in February 2010 ( FCO ) - ISAF Media January 2010 - Frontline Club January 2010 - British Satellite News

easy

What was the position of Mark Sedwill from Oct 2018 to Oct 2019?

/wiki/Mark_Sedwill#P39#3

Mark Sedwill Mark Philip Sedwill , Baron Sedwill ( born 21 October 1964 ) is a British diplomat and senior civil servant who served as Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service to Prime Ministers Theresa May and Boris Johnson from 2018 to 2020 . He also served as the United Kingdom National Security Adviser from 2017 to 2020 . He was previously the United Kingdoms Ambassador to Afghanistan from 2009 to 2010 and the NATO Senior Civilian Representative in Afghanistan in 2010 . He was the Permanent Secretary at the Home Office from February 2013 to April 2017 . Early life and education . Sedwill was born in Ealing . He attended Bourne Grammar School in Bourne , Lincolnshire , becoming the head boy . He went to the University of St Andrews , where he gained a Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) , and later gained a Master of Philosophy ( MPhil ) in economics from St Edmund Hall , Oxford . Career . Early diplomatic career . Sedwill joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( FCO ) in 1989 and he served in the Security Coordination Department and the Gulf War Emergency Unit until 1991 . He was then posted in Cairo , Egypt , from 1991 to 1994 as a Second Secretary , then First Secretary in Iraq from 1996 to 1997 whilst serving as a United Nations weapons inspector , then in Nicosia , Cyprus , as First Secretary for Political-Military Affairs and Counterterrorism from 1997 to 1999 . He was the Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ( Robin Cook and later Jack Straw ) from 2000 to 2002 in the run-up to and preparations for the 2003 Iraq invasion . He then served as the Deputy High Commissioner to Pakistan , based in Islamabad from 2003 to 2005 , then the Deputy Director for the Middle East and North Africa Department of the Foreign Office . From 2006 to 2008 , he served as International Director of the UK Border Agency , part of the Home Office . Afghanistan ambassador and NATO roles . In April 2009 , Sedwill became the Ambassador to Afghanistan , succeeding Sherard Cowper-Coles . In January 2010 , he was additionally appointed as NATOs Senior Civilian Representative in Afghanistan , to be the civilian counterpart to the ISAF Commander , U.S . General Stanley A . McChrystal and then U.S . General David Petraeus . He was succeeded as ambassador temporarily by his predecessor , Cowper-Coles , and then by William Patey , formerly British Ambassador to Saudi Arabia . In May 2011 , Sedwill took over as the FCOs Director-General for Afghanistan and Pakistan ( and thus as the UKs Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan ) from Dame Karen Pierce . He additionally became the FCOs Director-General , Political , in autumn 2012 , replacing Geoffrey Adams . Sedwill said of his life before government Ive had a gun in my face from Saddam Husseins bodyguards . A bomb under my seat at a polo match in the foothills of the Himalayas ; Ive been hosted by a man plotting to have me assassinated ; Ive been shot at , mortared and even had someone come after me with a suicide vest . Home Office and National Security Adviser . In February 2013 , Sedwill became the Permanent Secretary at the Home Office , filling the vacancy left by Helen Ghosh . Sedwill replaced Mark Lyall Grant as National Security Adviser in the Cabinet Office in April 2017 . During his time as Permanent Secretary , one of the organisations the Home Office is responsible for , MI5 , failed to adequately safeguard data . In 2019 Lord Justice Sir Adrian Fulford stated MI5 had a historical lack of compliance with sections of the Investigatory Powers Act in 2016 . Cabinet Secretary . Sedwill became acting Cabinet Secretary in June 2018 , while Jeremy Heywood took a leave of absence on medical grounds , and was appointed to replace Heywood on his retirement on 24 October 2018 . He is the second Cabinet Secretary never to have worked at HM Treasury , and the first whose career has been dominated by diplomatic and security work . He was described as the Prime Ministers first and only choice to replace Heywood , with no recruitment process taking place and some suggesting the urgency of arrangements for the UKs departure from the European Union as a reason for the quick appointment . Prime Minister Theresa May was criticised for allowing Sedwill to remain as National Security Adviser alongside his role as Cabinet Secretary , with speculation that the role was being kept for Europe adviser Oliver Robbins . In a February 2019 interview Sedwill said he would retain his role as National Security Adviser to the Prime Minister since becoming Cabinet Secretary is part of moves to make a success of Brexit . In an interview with Civil Service Quarterly , Sedwill said retaining the post would also ensure a genuine sense of teamwork across and beyond government . In April 2019 it was reported that Sedwill had written to ministers on the National Security Council and their special advisers after The Daily Telegraph reported details of a meeting about Chinese telecoms company Huawei . Following the meeting of the council , the Telegraph reported that it had agreed to allow Huawei limited access to help build Britains new 5G network , amid warnings about possible risks to national security . Several cabinet ministers have denied they were involved . In July 2019 , The Times reported that two unnamed senior civil servants had said the 70-year-old Jeremy Corbyn might have to stand down due to health issues . The article drew an angry response from Labour , which denounced the comments as a scurrilous attempt to undermine the partys efforts to gain power . Downing Street said that Sedwill would write to Corbyn after the party demanded an inquiry into alleged comments . It is unclear whether he will order an investigation . Corbyn has said the civil service has a duty to be non-political . In November 2019 , Sedwill blocked the publication of a document written by civil servants to cost the Labour Partys fiscal plans before a general election . Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell had complained to Treasury Permanent Secretary Tom Scholar in a meeting arguing it would interfere in the upcoming general election . In June 2020 , it was announced that Sedwill would be stepping down from his civil service appointments in September 2020 . The Telegraph said that Downing Street regarded Sedwill as too much of a Europhile and establishment figure to be in post through planned Whitehall reforms . Sedwill stepped down as national security adviser in September 2020 . He was to be replaced by David Frost , who was Johnsons special adviser and chief negotiator in talks on the post-Brexit trade and security relationship with the EU . This would be a political appointment , while all previous national security advisers had been civil servants . However , an FOI answer stated that Frost continued as Chief Negotiator to the EU as of October 2020 , and David Quarrey took over the role of acting NSA . Sedwill was replaced as Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service by Simon Case on 9 September 2020 . Later career . In December 2020 it was reported that Sedwill was joining the investment bank Rothschild & Co in January 2021 as a senior adviser . Personal life . Sedwill married in 1999 and has one daughter . He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society , Fellow of the Institute of Directors and President of the Special Forces Club . Honours . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 2008 Birthday Honours , and a Knight Commander in the 2018 New Year Honours . On 11 September 2020 he was created Baron Sedwill of Sherborne in the County of Dorset . External links . - Panthers Claw in August 2009 - Strategy in March 2009 - Coffee House interview : Mark Sedwill | The Spectator - The hill of gold Video clips . - General David Petraeus and Ambassador Mark Sedwill on Afghanistan - ISAF Media March 2010 - Becoming NATO representative in February 2010 ( FCO ) - ISAF Media January 2010 - Frontline Club January 2010 - British Satellite News

easy

Klemzig, South Australia was named after what from 1917 to 1918?

/wiki/Klemzig,_South_Australia#P138#0

Klemzig , South Australia Klemzig is a suburb of Adelaide in the City of Port Adelaide Enfield . It was the first settlement of German immigrants in Australia and was named after the village of Klemzig , near Züllichau in southeastern Brandenburg in the German state of Prussia , where they originated from . That Klemzig is now in western Poland and is now known by the Polish name Klępsk . Background . The initial establishment of Klemzig as an Old Lutheran settlement in the South Australian Colony is attributed to a decision by Pastor August Ludwig Christian Kavel . Pastor Kavel was determined to help his loyal parishioners emigrate from Brandenburg , Posen and Silesia to escape religious persecution by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia . Pastor Kavel initially planned to move his parishioners to Russia near the Black Sea , where there were already numerous German settlements , but that had proved not to be feasible . Early in 1836 , Kavel travelled to Hamburg to investigate possible emigration to America , but lack of available financial assistance caused this plan to collapse . While in Hamburg , Kavel heard of the wealthy philanthropist , George Fife Angas , who was Chairman of the South Australian Company and likely to assist the Old Lutherans with their migration plans . Kavel and a representative of his congregation travelled to London in March 1836 and met a very sympathetic George Fife Angas . Angas was a Baptist and was convinced that the Old Lutherans , who placed such high value on their religious beliefs , would make excellent settlers in the South Australian Colony . Angas persuaded the Directors of the South Australian Company to support him in chartering and fitting out the barque Sarah which was to proceed to Hamburg . Here , 370 Old Lutherans were to set sail for South Australia on 8 June 1836 . However , Prussian authorities refused to grant the necessary passports until finally , after a distressing delay of nearly two years , the Prussian Government relented . Over the next six years , many ships brought Kavels Old Lutheran parishioners to the South Australian Colony . Ships . Some of the emigrant ships included : - The barque Bengalee departed Hamburg on 16 July 1838 and after a seven-day stop off at Kingscote ( Kangaroo Island ) arrived in Port Adelaide on 16 November 1838 . On board were 33 passengers . - The passenger ship The Prince George departed Hamburg on 13 July 1838 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 18 November 1838 . On board were 207 passengers including Pastor Kavel . - The passenger ship Zebra departed Altona on 28 August 1838 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 27 December 1838 . On board were 191 passengers . A listing of the ships cargo log also reveals that on board were 40,924 bricks presumably for the establishment of new dwellings . - The barque Cathrina departed Hamburg on 15 September 1838 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 20 January 1839 . On board were 122 passengers . - The passenger ship Skjold departed Altona on 3 July 1841 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 27 October 1841 . On board were 241 passengers . Official records show that the three-month journey claimed the lives of 41 people . - The passenger ship Taglione departed London on 20 June 1842 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 13 October 1842 . An unknown number of passengers were on board . - The passenger ship George Washington departed Hamburg on 23 May 1844 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 12 September 1844 . On board were 184 passengers . - The schooner Joseph Albino departed London on 4 July 1845 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 8 December 1845 . On board were 7 passengers . Settlement . In March 1837 Colonel William Light completed surveying Kangaroo Island , Encounter Bay , Port Lincoln and the Adelaide Plains . Light eventually chose the Adelaide Plains as the most suitable location for the capital . The first groups of Old Lutheran emigrants arrived in Port Misery between October 1838 and January 1839 . With the assistance of George Fife Angas , many attempted to integrate into the local community by becoming tradespeople and labourers . Due to the scarcity of work , the lack of English as their preferred language , and the prejudice from the already established British farmers , many Old Lutherans found settlement increasingly hard . In 1838 , Klemzig was founded by these emigrants after George Fife Angas offered a section of land bordering the Torrens River , a few kilometres to the north-east of Adelaide . Renaming . Due to anti-German sentiment during World War I , the name of Klemzig was changed , as were many other German place names in Australia at the time . In 1917 Klemzig was renamed Gaza , commemorating the British victory in the Third Battle of Gaza , in which Australian troops had a major role . Klemzig was re-instated as the suburb name with the enactment of the South Australia Nomenclature Act of 1935 on 12 December 1935 , but remnants of the name Gaza still exist with the local football club still bearing the name . During World War II the residents of Klemzig petitioned the Government of South Australia on a number of occasions to have the name Gaza re-instated but these requests were denied . Transport . Klemzig is currently serviced by several bus routes , including 271 and 273 along North East Road and 281 on McLauchlan Road , and the suburb is also served by Klemzig Interchange of the O-Bahn Busway . Torrens Linear Park borders the O-Bahn and River Torrens to the south of the suburb and there is easy access to the CBD as well as neighbouring suburbs .

easy

Klemzig, South Australia was named after what from 1918 to 1935?

/wiki/Klemzig,_South_Australia#P138#1

Klemzig , South Australia Klemzig is a suburb of Adelaide in the City of Port Adelaide Enfield . It was the first settlement of German immigrants in Australia and was named after the village of Klemzig , near Züllichau in southeastern Brandenburg in the German state of Prussia , where they originated from . That Klemzig is now in western Poland and is now known by the Polish name Klępsk . Background . The initial establishment of Klemzig as an Old Lutheran settlement in the South Australian Colony is attributed to a decision by Pastor August Ludwig Christian Kavel . Pastor Kavel was determined to help his loyal parishioners emigrate from Brandenburg , Posen and Silesia to escape religious persecution by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia . Pastor Kavel initially planned to move his parishioners to Russia near the Black Sea , where there were already numerous German settlements , but that had proved not to be feasible . Early in 1836 , Kavel travelled to Hamburg to investigate possible emigration to America , but lack of available financial assistance caused this plan to collapse . While in Hamburg , Kavel heard of the wealthy philanthropist , George Fife Angas , who was Chairman of the South Australian Company and likely to assist the Old Lutherans with their migration plans . Kavel and a representative of his congregation travelled to London in March 1836 and met a very sympathetic George Fife Angas . Angas was a Baptist and was convinced that the Old Lutherans , who placed such high value on their religious beliefs , would make excellent settlers in the South Australian Colony . Angas persuaded the Directors of the South Australian Company to support him in chartering and fitting out the barque Sarah which was to proceed to Hamburg . Here , 370 Old Lutherans were to set sail for South Australia on 8 June 1836 . However , Prussian authorities refused to grant the necessary passports until finally , after a distressing delay of nearly two years , the Prussian Government relented . Over the next six years , many ships brought Kavels Old Lutheran parishioners to the South Australian Colony . Ships . Some of the emigrant ships included : - The barque Bengalee departed Hamburg on 16 July 1838 and after a seven-day stop off at Kingscote ( Kangaroo Island ) arrived in Port Adelaide on 16 November 1838 . On board were 33 passengers . - The passenger ship The Prince George departed Hamburg on 13 July 1838 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 18 November 1838 . On board were 207 passengers including Pastor Kavel . - The passenger ship Zebra departed Altona on 28 August 1838 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 27 December 1838 . On board were 191 passengers . A listing of the ships cargo log also reveals that on board were 40,924 bricks presumably for the establishment of new dwellings . - The barque Cathrina departed Hamburg on 15 September 1838 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 20 January 1839 . On board were 122 passengers . - The passenger ship Skjold departed Altona on 3 July 1841 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 27 October 1841 . On board were 241 passengers . Official records show that the three-month journey claimed the lives of 41 people . - The passenger ship Taglione departed London on 20 June 1842 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 13 October 1842 . An unknown number of passengers were on board . - The passenger ship George Washington departed Hamburg on 23 May 1844 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 12 September 1844 . On board were 184 passengers . - The schooner Joseph Albino departed London on 4 July 1845 and arrived in Port Adelaide on 8 December 1845 . On board were 7 passengers . Settlement . In March 1837 Colonel William Light completed surveying Kangaroo Island , Encounter Bay , Port Lincoln and the Adelaide Plains . Light eventually chose the Adelaide Plains as the most suitable location for the capital . The first groups of Old Lutheran emigrants arrived in Port Misery between October 1838 and January 1839 . With the assistance of George Fife Angas , many attempted to integrate into the local community by becoming tradespeople and labourers . Due to the scarcity of work , the lack of English as their preferred language , and the prejudice from the already established British farmers , many Old Lutherans found settlement increasingly hard . In 1838 , Klemzig was founded by these emigrants after George Fife Angas offered a section of land bordering the Torrens River , a few kilometres to the north-east of Adelaide . Renaming . Due to anti-German sentiment during World War I , the name of Klemzig was changed , as were many other German place names in Australia at the time . In 1917 Klemzig was renamed Gaza , commemorating the British victory in the Third Battle of Gaza , in which Australian troops had a major role . Klemzig was re-instated as the suburb name with the enactment of the South Australia Nomenclature Act of 1935 on 12 December 1935 , but remnants of the name Gaza still exist with the local football club still bearing the name . During World War II the residents of Klemzig petitioned the Government of South Australia on a number of occasions to have the name Gaza re-instated but these requests were denied . Transport . Klemzig is currently serviced by several bus routes , including 271 and 273 along North East Road and 281 on McLauchlan Road , and the suburb is also served by Klemzig Interchange of the O-Bahn Busway . Torrens Linear Park borders the O-Bahn and River Torrens to the south of the suburb and there is easy access to the CBD as well as neighbouring suburbs .