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[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Although nerves can spontaneously regenerate in the peripheral nervous system without treatment, functional recovery is generally poor, and thus there is a need for strategies to improve nerve regeneration.', 'The left sciatic nerve of adult rats was transected and immediately repaired by epineurial sutures. Rats were then assigned to one of two experimental groups treated with either growth hormone (GH) or saline for 8 weeks. Sciatic nerve regeneration was estimated by histological evaluation, nerve conduction tests, and rotarod and treadmill performance.', 'GH-treated rats showed increased cellularity at the lesion site together with more abundant immunoreactive axons and Schwann cells. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude was also higher in these animals, and CMAP latency was significantly lower. Treadmill performance increased in rats receiving GH.']\nQuestion: Does growth hormone treatment enhance the functional recovery of sciatic nerves after transection and repair?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Hypo- and hyperglycemia must be avoided to prevent additional brain damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the optimal blood glucose range requiring insulin remains unknown. Cerebral microdialysis is helpful in unmasking signs of metabolic impairment, thereby identifying deleterious blood glucose levels.', 'A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected cerebral microdialysis samples obtained from 20 non-diabetic patients with severe TBI treated at the trauma surgical intensive care unit at the University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland.', 'The impact of different arterial blood glucose values and concomitant insulin administration on cerebral interstitial glucose and lactate levels was investigated. In addition, energetic impairment was determined by calculating lactate-to-glucose ratios. Insulin administration was associated with significantly reduced cerebral glucose concentrations and significantly increased lactate-to-glucose ratios with arterial blood glucose levels <5 mM. At arterial blood glucose levels >7 mM, insulin administration was associated with significantly increased interstitial glucose values, significantly decreased lactate concentrations, and markedly diminished lactate-to-glucose ratios.']\nQuestion: Does insulin differentially influence brain glucose and lactate in traumatic brain injured patients?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: [\"Recently, several studies have reported Yokukansan (Tsumura TJ-54), a traditional Japanese medicine, as a potential new drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD, particularly in neuronal death. Therefore, we examined the effect of Yokukansan on ER stress-induced neurotoxicity and on familial AD-linked presenilin-1 mutation-associated cell death.\", 'We employed the WST-1 assay and monitored morphological changes to evaluate cell viability following Yokukansan treatment or treatment with its components. Western blotting and PCR were used to observe the expression levels of GRP78/BiP, caspase-4 and C/EBP homologous protein.', 'Yokukansan inhibited neuronal death during ER stress, with Cnidii Rhizoma (Senkyu), a component of Yokukansan, being particularly effective. We also showed that Yokukansan and Senkyu affect the unfolded protein response following ER stress and that these drugs inhibit the activation of caspase-4, resulting in the inhibition of ER stress-induced neuronal death. Furthermore, we found that the protective effect of Yokukansan and Senkyu against ER stress could be attributed to the ferulic acid content of these two drugs.']\nQuestion: Does yokukansan inhibit neuronal death during ER stress by regulating the unfolded protein response?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['An association between thymoma and second malignancy has been suggested but has not been validated. Whether the relation is due to treatment or to other thymoma-associated conditions is unclear.', 'The authors studied 192 consecutive patients with thymoma and compared the incidence of second malignancies with those of 206 patients who underwent thymectomy for nonthymomatous conditions and 1426 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Detailed clinicopathologic features of thymoma patients with second malignancies were described.', 'Additional malignancies were detected in 15 of 192 patients (8%) during their clinical courses. The risk for those patients was significantly greater compared with the risk for patients with nonthymomatous conditions (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.81; 95% confidential intervals [95%CI], 1.05-13.81; P = 0.042) and patients with NPC (adjusted OR, 4.89; 95%CI, 2.26-10.53; P < 0.0001) after adjustment for age, gender, length of follow-up, myasthenia gravis, and radiation therapy. The occurrence of second malignancies did not correlate with histologic type or stage of thymoma, radiation therapy, or myasthenia gravis.']\nQuestion: Is thymoma associated with an increased risk of second malignancy?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Hypoxia shifts the balance of cellular energy production toward glycolysis with lactate generation as a by-product. Quantitative bioluminescence imaging allows for the quantitation of lactate concentrations in individual tumors. We assessed the relationship between pretreatment tumor lactate concentrations and subsequent development of metastatic disease in patients with newly diagnosed head-and-neck cancer.', 'At the time of biopsy of the primary site, a separate specimen was taken and flash-frozen for subsequent quantitation of lactate concentration using a luciferase bioluminescence technique. The two-dimensional spatial distribution of the bioluminescence intensity within the tissue section was registered directly using a microscope and an imaging photon counting system. Photon intensity was converted to distributions of volume-related tissue concentrations (micromol per gram wet weight). Treatment consisted of either surgery and postoperative radiotherapy or primary radiotherapy, based on presenting disease stage and institutional treatment policies. The subsequent development of metastatic disease constituted the primary clinical endpoint.', 'Biopsies obtained from 40 patients were evaluable in 34. The larynx was the most frequent primary site (n = 25). Other sites included oropharynx (n = 5), hypopharynx (n = 3), and oral cavity (n = 1). Most patients (74%) presented with an advanced stage T3 or T4 primary tumor. Nodal involvement was present in 19 (54%) patients. The median tumor lactate concentration was 7.1 micromol/g. Tumors were classified as having either low or high lactate concentrations according to whether these values were below or above the median. The median follow-up time for surviving patients is 27 months. Two-year actuarial survival was 90% for patients with low-lactate-concentration tumor vs. 35% for patients with high-lactate-concentration primaries (<0.0001). Two-year metastasis-free survival was adversely influenced by high tumor lactate concentrations (90% vs. 25%, p < 0.0001). The median lactate concentration for tumors that subsequently metastasized was 12.9 micromol/g vs. 4.8 micromol/g for patients who remained continuously free of disease (p < 0.005). Lactate concentration was not correlated with presenting T stage or N stage.']\nQuestion: Do elevated tumor lactate concentrations predict for an increased risk of metastases in head-and-neck cancer?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['So-called 936-type phages are among the most frequently isolated phages in dairy facilities utilising Lactococcus lactis starter cultures. Despite extensive efforts to control phage proliferation and decades of research, these phages continue to negatively impact cheese production in terms of the final product quality and consequently, monetary return.', 'Whole genome sequencing and in silico analysis of three 936-type phage genomes identified several putative (orphan) methyltransferase (MTase)-encoding genes located within the packaging and replication regions of the genome. Utilising SMRT sequencing, methylome analysis was performed on all three phages, allowing the identification of adenine modifications consistent with N-6 methyladenine sequence methylation, which in some cases could be attributed to these phage-encoded MTases. Heterologous gene expression revealed that M.Phi145I/M.Phi93I and M.Phi93DAM, encoded by genes located within the packaging module, provide protection against the restriction enzymes HphI and DpnII, respectively, representing the first functional MTases identified in members of 936-type phages.']\nQuestion: Do methyltransferases acquired by lactococcal 936-type phage provide protection against restriction endonuclease activity?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Administration of oral contraceptives (OCs) has profound effects on the plasma levels of haemostasis and inflammation variables, resulting in an increased thrombosis risk. Individuals show large differences in the response of these variables to OCs. Polymorphism in the estrogen receptor-1 (ER1) gene may explain part of this inter-individual response.', 'We investigated the relationship between variants (c.454-397T>C and c.454-351A>G polymorphisms and the combined haplotype) in the ER1 gene in relation to changes in haemostasis and inflammation variables that are known risk factors for thrombosis in 507 healthy, nonsmoking, nulliparous women receiving six cycles of monophasic OCs with 20, 30 or 50 microg/day estrogen.', 'A significant relationship was observed between the ER1 haplotype and changes in tissue-type plasminogen activator activity (P = 0.006), but no clear interaction pattern between the genotypes or between the estrogen doses was seen. No relationships were observed for the other variables, neither in the haplotype nor in the single polymorphism analysis.']\nQuestion: Does estrogen receptor 1 haplotype regulate oral contraceptive-induced changes in haemostasis and inflammation risk factors for venous and arterial thrombosis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Adenoma detection rate (ADR) is a key measure of quality in colonoscopy. Low ADRs are associated with development of interval cancer after \"negative\" colonoscopy. Uncontrolled studies mandating longer withdrawal time, and other incentives, have not significantly improved ADR. We hypothesized that an endoscopist training program would increase ADRs.', 'Our Endoscopic Quality Improvement Program (EQUIP) was an educational intervention for staff endoscopists. We measured ADRs for a baseline period, then randomly assigned half of the 15 endoscopists to undergo EQUIP training. We then examined baseline and post-training study ADRs for all endoscopists (trained and un-trained) to evaluate the impact of training. A total of 1,200 procedures were completed in each of the two study phases.', 'Patient characteristics were similar between randomization groups and between study phases. The overall ADR in baseline phase was 36% for both groups of endoscopists. In the post-training phase, the group of endoscopists randomized to EQUIP training had an increase in ADR to 47%, whereas the ADR for the group of endoscopists who were not trained remained unchanged at 35%. The effect of training on the endoscopist-specific ADRs was estimated with an odds ratio of 1.73 (95% confidence interval 1.24-2.41, P=0.0013).']\nQuestion: Does an endoscopic quality improvement program improve detection of colorectal adenomas?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['In this study, the factors that induced a decrease in the incidence of typhoid fever were analyzed. Based on the study results, we propose a quantitative and concrete solution to reduce the incidence of typhoid fever.', 'We analyzed the incidence and fatality rate of typhoid fever in Korea. Tap water service rate and the number of pharmacies, which affect the incidence rate of typhoid fever, were used as environmental factors.', 'To prevent typhoid fever in the community, it is necessary to provide clean tap water service to 35.5% of the population, with an individual requiring 173 L of clean water daily. Appropriate access to clean water (51% service coverage, 307 L) helped the population to maintain individual hygiene and food safety practices, which brought about a decrease in the incidence of typhoid fever, and subsequently a decrease in fatality rate, which was achieved twice. During the 8-year study period, the fatality rate decreased to 1% when the population has access to proper medical service.']\nQuestion: Does availability of clean tap water and medical services prevent the incidence of typhoid Fever?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Recently, several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have shown promise as prognosticators in non-small cell lung cancer. In this study, we sought to validate the importance of MMP-9 and to study the relationships between MMP-9 and several other tumor or stromal markers.', 'We examined MMP-9 and several other markers in tumor tissues from 152 patients with surgically excised adenocarcinomas of the lung. Their preoperative clinical stages were T(1-4)N(0)M(0); however, pathological exam of their resected tissues demonstrated that 33 were stage II, and 64 were stage III. We used immunohistochemistry and morphometry to evaluate the amount of tumor staining for MMP-9, and the outcome for our study was survival time until death from recurrent lung cancer.', 'Multivariate Cox model analysis demonstrated that pathological stage was significantly related to survival time (P < 0.01), but quantitative staining of the tumor for MMP-9 added prognostic information (P < 3.0 x10(-16)) and was more strongly prognostic than pathological stage. In the subset of pathological stage I patients, staining for MMP-9 was also significantly associated with survival (P < 1.0 x10(-6)), and a cutpoint at the median staining of 11.2% for MMP-9 divided them into two groups with distinctive survival times. Those with MMP-9 > 11.2% had a median survival time of just 11 months. Those with MMP-9 < 11.2% had not reached a median survival and had a mean survival time of >62 months.']\nQuestion: Does morphometric evaluation of tumor matrix metalloproteinase 9 predict survival after surgical resection of adenocarcinoma of the lung?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Angiogenesis occurs in inflamed portal tracts of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients.', 'To characterize this phenomenon, by investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in neovessel formation in the livers of CHC patients and the angiogenic effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on human endothelial cells.', 'Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VE-cadherin and alphavbeta3 integrin were determined in CHC biopsies by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Effects of HGF on VEGF and cell adhesion molecules expression by cultured human microvascular endothelial cells were evaluated by Western blot, Northern blot or immunofluorescence. HGF effects on cell proliferation were assessed by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation.', 'VEGF, VE-cadherin and alphavbeta3 integrin were increased in CHC liver samples. In cultured endothelial cells, HGF transcriptionally increased VEGF expression, an effect which was blocked by an anti-VEGF receptor antibody. HGF transiently decreased VE-cadherin expression and its associated cytoskeleton-linking molecule beta-catenin, thus weakening intercellular contacts. HGF increased alphavbeta3 integrin at focal contacts, and cell proliferation, an effect which was inhibited by an anti-VEGF receptor antibody.']\nQuestion: Does hepatocyte growth factor activate endothelial proangiogenic mechanisms relevant in chronic hepatitis C-associated neoangiogenesis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['(1) To verify whether the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is specifically involved in visuomotor sequence learning as opposed to other forms of motor learning and (2) to establish the role of executive functions in visuomotor sequence learning.', 'Visuomotor skill learning depends on the integrity of the premotor and parietal cortex; the prefrontal cortex, however, is essential when the learning of a sequence is required.', 'We studied 25 patients with PFC lesions and 86 controls matched for age and educational level. Participants performed: (1) a Pursuit Tracking Task (PTT), composed of a random tracking task (perceptual learning) and a pattern tracking task (explicit motor sequence learning with learning indicated by the decrease in mean root square error across trial blocks), (2) a 12-item sequence version of a serial reaction time task (SRTT) with specific implicit motor sequence learning indicated by the rebound increase in response time when comparing the last sequence block with the next random block, and (3) a neuropsychological battery that assessed executive functions.', 'PFC patients were impaired in sequence learning on the pattern tracking task of the PTT and on the SRTT as compared to controls, but performed normally on the PTT random tracking task. Learning on the PTT did not correlate with learning on the SRTT. PTT performance correlated with planning functions while SRTT performance correlated with working memory capacity.']\nQuestion: Do prefrontal lesions impair the implicit and explicit learning of sequences on visuomotor tasks?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Melatonin produces anti-cancer effects via several mechanisms, including by induction of apoptosis. In this way, it has been shown to be of use, in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs, for cancer treatment. The study described here has evaluated effects of melatonin on cytotoxicity, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced with the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin, in human lung adenocarcinoma cisplatin-sensitive cell line (SK-LU-1), which previously had only limit data.', 'Cells of the SK-LU-1 line were treated with melatonin alone at 1-5 mM concentration or cisplatin alone 10-200 μM, for 48 h in culture. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT reduction assay. Apoptosis induction was detected by annexin V/PI staining using flow cytometric analysis and DAPI nuclear staining. Change in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was quantified using DiOC6(3) reagent and activities of caspases-3/7 were also investigated. DNA fractions were measured using propidium iodide (PI) staining.', 'Melatonin or cisplatin alone had 50% (IC50 ) cytotoxicity at 5 mM or 34 μM concentrations respectively. Combination of 1 or 2 mM melatonin and cisplatin significantly augmented cytotoxicity of cisplatin by reducing its IC50 to 11 and 4 μM, respectively. Consistently, combined treatment increased population of apoptotic cells by elevating mitochondrial membrane depolarization, activating caspases-3/7 and inducing cell cycle arrest in the S phase, compared to treatment with cisplatin alone.']\nQuestion: Does melatonin potentiate cisplatin-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human lung adenocarcinoma cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The ability to store pools of platelet concentrates (PCs) for extended periods would provide logistical flexibility. However, reports of severe adverse reactions due to the transfusion of contaminated PCs led to an examination of whether the total bacteria levels after storage of pools containing a deliberately inoculated platelet unit would be significantly different than the levels in paired unpooled concentrates.', 'A single PC was deliberately inoculated on Day 0 with one of three bacterial species (0.1-8.0 colony-forming units/mL). On Day 1, the deliberately inoculated PC was divided into three equal parts and either 1) pooled with 5 half-volume, ABO- and Rh-identical PCs; 2) similarly pooled and white cell reduced; or 3) kept as a control. Sterile connections were used during pooling; modified storage containers were used to ensure the correct surface-to-volume ratio of the single unit.', 'Between Day 2 and Day 5 of storage, in 26 of 36 paired samples, nonfiltered pools containing Escherichia coli had greater total numbers of bacteria than did the paired single PCs. Day 2 pools had total bacteria levels approximately five times higher (colony-forming units/mL x container volume) than those in single units (p < 0.05). There was rapid growth of Staphylococcus aureus by Day 2 in pooled and unpooled PCs; by Day 3, total bacteria levels were approximately five times higher in pools than in single units (p < 0.05). Between Days 3 and 5 of storage, in 23 of 27 paired samples, nonfiltered pools containing S. aureus had greater total bacteria levels than the single PCs. By Day 5, 15 of 16 non-white-cell reduced pools had total levels of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria approximately five times those in the paired single PCs. Greater total bacteria levels in pooled units than in single units generally occurred when bacteria in pools reached the stationary phase of growth (when bacteria concentration became constant), and they were well correlated with the sixfold volume of pooled units. White cell reduction did not substantially affect the time required to attain stationary phase.']\nQuestion: Does comparison of bacteria growth in single and pooled platelet concentrate after deliberate inoculation and storage?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, 677C/T and 1298A/C, encode the thermolabile isoforms of the MTHFR enzyme that adversely affect the folic acid metabolic pathway. In the present study, these polymorphisms were investigated for their associations with the risk and prognosis of the renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) in Pakistani patients.', 'The study included 168 RCC patients and 178 controls. The polymorphisms were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Statistical analysis revealed that the C-allele and homozygous C genotype of the MTHFR 1298A/C polymorphism were significantly correlated with the risk of RCCs (odds ratio [OR]=1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.1-2.34 and OR=3.26; 95% CI=1.27-8.37, respectively). The combined genotype analysis showed that the 677CC+1298CC combination greatly increased the susceptibility to RCCs (OR=8.34; 95% CI=2.7-25.7). The 677CT+1298AA and 677CC+1298CA combinations were also associated with an increased risk of RCC (OR=3.21; 95% CI=1.3-7.8 and OR=2.45; 95% CI=1.3-4.6, respectively). The combined genotype effects were also evident in a semiparametric expectation-maximization-based haplotype analysis.']\nQuestion: Are polymorphisms in the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene and their unique combinations associated with an increased susceptibility to the renal cancers?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The purpose of this study was to determine the pathway and mode of transmission of visceral stimuli by investigating the distribution of the FOS and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) proteins in the central nervous system.', 'Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: study group (n = 12), sham control group (n = 6), and normal control group (n = 6). A balloon was implanted into the stomach of the rats in the study and sham control groups. After 48 h, the rats in the study group had the stomach distended (80 mmHg) for 2 h, after which they were killed and the antrum, thoracic spinal cord and brain were isolated or dissected. The expression of Fos and CGRP in these tissues was detected immunohistochemically.', 'FOS expression in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, dorsal nucleus of the vagal nerve, nucleus of the solitary tract in the study rats was significantly higher than in the sham and normal controls. However, no difference was found between the three groups in FOS expression in the myenteric plexus. Similarly, gastric distention enhanced CGRP expression significantly in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata and correlated closely with FOS expression in these two areas.']\nQuestion: Does gastric distention enhance FOS and calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in the spinal cord and brain of rats?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Statin therapy is effective in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the general population but has been shown to modestly increase the risk for incident diabetes mellitus (DM).', 'We analyzed incident DM in HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) participants followed at 8 HIV clinic sites during 2002-2011, comparing rates among those who initiated statin therapy during that period with those who did not. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we examined the association between cumulative years of statin exposure and the risk of developing DM, after controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, antiretroviral history, prevalent hepatitis C, body mass index, and cumulative exposure to protease inhibitor therapy. We also adjusted for propensity scores to account for residual confounding by indication.', 'Of 4692 patients analyzed, 590 (12.6%) initiated statin therapy and 355 (7.2%) developed DM. Incident DM was independently associated with statin therapy (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.14 per year of statin use), as well as older age, Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, non-Hispanic/Latino black race, antiretroviral-naive status, prevalent hepatitis C, and body mass index ≥30 kg/m² (P < 0.05 for all). The association of statin use with incident DM was similar in the model adjusted for propensity score.']\nQuestion: Does statin Use be Associated With Incident Diabetes Mellitus Among Patients in the HIV Outpatient Study?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Pregabalin is used for treatment of neuropathic pain conditions. The present study evaluated effects of pregabalin in 2 rat models of muscle-induced hyperalgesia: Inflammatory and noninflammatory. Muscle hyperalgesia (withdrawal threshold to compression of the muscle) and cutaneous hyperalgesia of the paw (withdrawal threshold to von Frey filaments) were measured before and after induction of hyperalgesia and after treatment with pregabalin (saline, 10 to 100 mg/kg i.p.). In the inflammatory model, 3% carrageenan injected into 1 gastrocnemius muscle decreased the mechanical withdrawal threshold of the paw bilaterally and the compression withdrawal threshold of the muscle ipsilaterally 2 weeks later. Pregabalin (10 to 100 mg/kg) increased the compression withdrawal threshold of the inflamed muscle when compared with vehicle controls. Pregabalin also increased the mechanical withdrawal threshold of the paw bilaterally, but only with 100 mg/kg. In the noninflammatory model, 2 unilateral injections of acidic saline into the gastrocnemius muscle produced bilateral cutaneous and muscle hyperalgesia 24 hours after the second injection. Pregabalin (10 to 100 mg/kg i.p.) significantly increased the compression withdrawal thresholds of the muscle and the mechanical withdrawal threshold of the paw bilaterally when compared with vehicle. However, pregabalin also has significant motor effects at the higher doses (60 to 100 mg/kg). Therefore, pregabalin reduces both muscle and cutaneous hyperalgesia that occurs after muscle insult in 2 animal models of muscle pain at doses that do not produce ataxia.']\nQuestion: Does pregabalin reduce muscle and cutaneous hyperalgesia in two models of chronic muscle pain in rats?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Fear of childbirth is associated with preference for an elective caesarean section (ECS); however, the role of fear of pain and pain catastrophizing (the tendency to predict the worst case scenario) have not been investigated. The aim of current study was to investigate whether fear of pain and catastrophizing were independent predictors of preference for ECS. We hypothesized that pain catastrophizing and negative affectivity would mediate the relationship between fear of pain and preference for ECS.', 'Three hundred pregnant women between 4 and 36 weeks of gestation were asked to indicate whether they would prefer to deliver their baby through an ECS or a vaginal delivery. They were also asked to complete a battery of questionnaires assessing demographic details, mood, fear of childbirth, fear of pain and catastrophizing. Consistent with cultural norms, more than half of the women preferred an ECS (58%).', 'Women who chose ECS were more likely to seek private obstetric care, have had a previous caesarean section and have higher levels of fear of childbirth, fear of pain, more catastrophic cognitions and lower mood. Catastrophizing, but not negative affectivity, mediated the relationship between fear of pain and preference for ECS, as predicted.']\nQuestion: Does catastrophizing mediate the relationship between fear of pain and preference for elective caesarean section?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genetic polymorphism rs6265 (Val66Met) with methamphetamine (METH) dependence and METH-induced psychosis was investigated in the Thai population.', 'The rs6265 genotype was determined in 100 male METH-dependent subjects and 102 controls using a real-time PCR high-resolution melt (RT-PCR-HRM) assay.', 'The rs6265 genotype demonstrated significant differences in distribution between METH-dependent subjects and controls in which the frequency of GG genotype versus A-allele carriers was associated with METH dependence. Moreover, a significant effect of genotype on the occurrence of psychosis was found, with a lower frequency of GG genotype associated with METH-induced psychosis.']\nQuestion: Is bDNF ( Val66Met ) genetic polymorphism associated with vulnerability for methamphetamine dependence?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To examine whether near-infrared light (NIr) treatment reduces clinical signs and/or offers neuroprotection in a subacute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) monkey model of Parkinson disease.', 'We implanted an optical fiber device that delivered NIr (670 nm) to the midbrain of macaque monkeys, close to the substantia nigra of both sides. MPTP injections (1.5-2.1mg/kg) were made over a 5- to 7-day period, during which time the NIr device was turned on. This was then followed by a 3-week survival period. Monkeys were evaluated clinically (eg, posture, bradykinesia) and behaviorally (open field test), and their brains were processed for immunohistochemistry and stereology.', 'All monkeys in the MPTP group developed severe clinical and behavioral impairment (mean clinical scores = 21-34; n = 11). By contrast, the MPTP-NIr group developed much less clinical and behavioral impairment (n = 9); some monkeys developed moderate clinical signs (mean scores = 11-15; n = 3), whereas the majority--quite remarkably--developed few clinical signs (mean scores = 1-6; n = 6). The monkeys that developed moderate clinical signs had hematic fluid in their optical fibers at postmortem, presumably limiting NIr exposure and overall clinical improvement. NIr was not toxic to brain tissue and offered neuroprotection to dopaminergic cells and their terminations against MPTP insult, particularly in animals that developed few clinical signs.']\nQuestion: Is near-infrared light neuroprotective in a monkey model of Parkinson disease?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: [\"Early interim positron emission tomography (PET) scans appear powerfully predictive of outcome in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), particularly in advanced-stage disease where it has been predominantly studied. The prognostic value of interim PET in limited-stage patients with nonbulky disease has not been well established.\", 'Ninety-six patients with nonbulky limited-stage HL were identified who had interim and end-of-treatment PET scans. Response rate, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated.', 'Four-year PFS and OS for the entire cohort were 88% and 97%, respectively. Interim PET did not predict outcome, with PFS in positive and negative patients 87% versus 91% (P=0.57), respectively. End-of-treatment PET result was predictive of outcome, with PFS of 94% in end PET-negative patients versus 54% in end PET-positive patients (P<0.0001). Four-year OS was 100% in end PET-negative patients and 84% in end PET-positive patients (P<0.0001).']\nQuestion: Does end-of-treatment but not interim PET scan predict outcome in nonbulky limited-stage Hodgkin 's lymphoma?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To study sequences of colonization of different species of microorganisms and to determine the importance of gastric colonization for the development of nosocomial pneumonia.', 'A prospective study.', 'Two identical ICUs of a university hospital.', 'Sixty-four patients admitted to ICU for at least 5 days; 59 were intubated.', 'Microbiologic cultures of serially taken samples of gastric aspirates, oropharyngeal swabs, and tracheal aspirates were performed at the time of ICU admission and subsequently twice a week. Diagnosis of pneumonia was based on quantitative cultures from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and protected specimen brush (PSB). Sequences of colonization were examined by comparing isolates of the same species, with concordance of minimum inhibitory concentration values to six antibiotics.', 'Eleven patients developed 14 episodes of nosocomial pneumonia, yielding 20 species of microorganisms. Seventeen of 20 species (85 percent), associated with pneumonia, were cultured, previous to or on the day of diagnosis, from tracheal aspirates, and 6 of 20 (30 percent) species were cultured from gastric samples. A sequence of colonization from the stomach to the upper respiratory tract eventually leading to pneumonia was not observed in any of the six species. Initial colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species was more often demonstrated in the trachea (16/24 and 13/25 cases) as compared with the stomach (1/24 and 6/25 cases; p < 0.0001 and p = 0.02 respectively). In contrast, initial colonization with Klebsiella species and Enterococcus faecalis was more frequently demonstrated in the stomach (13/28 and 8/15 cases) as compared with the trachea (6/28 and 0/15 cases; p = 0.02 and p < 0.0001, respectively).']\nQuestion: Is the stomach a source for colonization of the upper respiratory tract and pneumonia in ICU patients?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Mandatory celiotomy has been proposed for all patients with unexplained free fluid on abdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning after blunt abdominal injury. This recommendation has been based upon retrospective data and concerns over the potential morbidity from the late diagnosis of blunt intestinal injury. This study examined the rate of intestinal injury in patients with free fluid on abdominal CT after blunt abdominal trauma.', 'This study was a multicenter prospective series of all patients with blunt abdominal trauma admitted to four level I trauma centers over 22 months. Data were collected concurrently at the time of patient enrollment and included demographics, injury severity score, findings on CT scan, and presence or absence of blunt intestinal injury. This database was specifically queried for those patients who had free fluid without solid organ injury.', 'In all, 2,299 patients were evaluated. Free fluid was present in 265. Of these, 90 patients had isolated free fluid with only 7 having a blunt intestinal injury. Conversely, 91% of patients with free fluid did not. All patients with free fluid were observed for a mean of 8 days (95% confidence interval 6.1 to 10.4, range 1 to 131). There were no missed injuries.']\nQuestion: Does free fluid on abdominal computed tomography without solid organ injury after blunt abdominal injury mandate celiotomy?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness are early vascular alterations, linked to oxidative stress and inflammation, with prognostic significance in essential hypertensive patients. P2X7 receptors (P2X7R), responding to extracellular ATP, are encoded by a highly polymorphic gene and modulate inflammatory responses and cell growth, potentially playing a role in the control of vascular tone. This study evaluated the effects of P2X7R gene polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) on a detailed vascular hypertensive phenotype.', 'We determined by real-time PCR two SNPs of the P2X7R gene (489C>T and 1513A>C) in 134 newly diagnosed, treatment-naive essential hypertensive patients and 131 normotensive controls (CTL). Endothelium-dependent response was assessed as flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery, arterial stiffness as aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx) by tonometry. Markers of oxidative stress were also measured.', 'FMD was lower (P\\u200a<\\u200a0.05), whereas aortic PWV and AIx were higher (P\\u200a<\\u200a0.01) in essential hypertensive patients than in CTL. The allelic distribution of the two P2X7R SNPs was similar in essential hypertensive patients and CTL, either concerning homozygosis or presence of the mutant alleles. No difference was observed for FMD, aortic PWV, AIx or markers of oxidative stress between carriers and noncarriers of the mutant alleles, either in essential hypertensive patients and in CTL. In the whole group, logistic regression showed that the mutant allele of 1513A>C was a main determinant of AIx (odds ratio 1.90; P\\u200a=\\u200a0.03).']\nQuestion: Do p2X7 receptor polymorphisms influence endothelial function and vascular tone in neo-diagnosed , treatment-naive essential hypertensive patients?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Exploration of the impact of severe hypotension on the evolution of acute kidney injury in septic patients.', 'We reviewed the hemodynamic parameters of 137 adults with septic shock and proven blood stream infection in the ICU. Severe hypotension was defined as a mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) ≤65 mmHg. The influence of the duration of severe hypotension on the evolution of acute kidney injury was evaluated according to the RIFLE classification, with day 0 defined as the day of a positive blood stream infection. After bloodstream infection, the probability for a patient to be in Failure was significantly higher than before blood stream infection (OR\\u200a=\\u200a1.94, p\\u200a=\\u200a0.0276). Patients have a significantly higher risk of evolving to Failure if the duration of severe hypotension is longer (OR\\u200a=\\u200a1.02 for each 10 minutes increase in duration of a MAP <65 mmHg, p\\u200a=\\u200a0.0472). A cut-off of at least 51 minutes of severe hypotension (<65 mmHg) or at least 5.5 periods of severe hypotension within 1 day identified patients with increased risk to evolve to Failure.']\nQuestion: Does the duration of hypotension determine the evolution of bacteremia-induced acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Epidemiologic studies have shown that healthy offspring of hypertensive patients exhibit many features of the metabolic syndrome, such as hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and lipid disorders. Patients with essential hypertension have reduced numbers of insulin receptors. The aim of this study was to examine whether the number of insulin receptors is reduced in the erythrocytes of healthy offspring of hypertensive patients in comparison to the offspring of healthy normotensive subjects.', 'The study population consisted of 25 healthy offspring of patients with essential hypertension (group A) and 28 healthy offspring of healthy normotensive individuals (group B). The two groups were matched for sex, age, and body mass index. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), resting heart rate (HR), plasma insulin levels, and human insulin receptor (hINR) number in erythrocytes were determined in each participant.', 'Mean SBP, DBP, and resting HR were significantly higher in group A than in group B (121 +/- 13 v 110 +/- 10 mm Hg, 78 +/- 6 v 73 +/- 8 mm Hg, and 76 +/- 4 v 72 +/- 6 beats/min; P < .01, P < .05, and P < .01, respectively). Plasma insulin levels were significantly higher, whereas hINR density was significantly lower, in group A than in group B (21 +/- 7 v 15 +/- 6 pIU/mL, P < .01, and 5.6 +/- 1.4 v 6.8 +/- 1.3 receptors x 10(3)/red cell, P < .01, respectively).']\nQuestion: Is insulin receptor number reduced in healthy offspring of patients with essential hypertension?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['It has been a matter of controversy whether the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is actually a causal factor of miscarriages because of the absence of internationally established criteria. We, therefore, in this study investigated whether PCOS and a polycystic ovary (PCO) morphology have predictive value for subsequent miscarriages using new International and Japanese criteria.', 'A total of 195 patients with a history of two consecutive first trimester miscarriages and without abnormal chromosomes in either partner, antiphospholipid antibodies or uterine anomalies, were examined. The prospective pregnancy outcome was compared between patients with and without PCOS, PCO morphology, elevated luteinizing hormone (LH), hyperandrogenism and obesity.', 'Of a total of 195 patients, 56 (28.7%) miscarried subsequently. Three (1.5%) and 12 (6.2%) were diagnosed as suffering from PCOS by Japanese and International criteria respectively. There was no relation between a diagnosis of PCOS, PCO morphology, elevated LH, free testosterone or obesity and the subsequent miscarriage rate.']\nQuestion: Does the polycystic ovary syndrome predict further miscarriage in Japanese couples experiencing recurrent miscarriages?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To evaluate the association between different basal serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and oocyte-embryo quality and IVF outcomes.', 'Two hundred and nine infertile women who underwent in vitro fertilization treatment with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) between January 2009 and February 2011 were included in the study. Mean age, BMI, FSH, E(2), inhibin B, duration of infertility, total gonadotropin dose, antral follicle count, morphology of all oocytes, percentage of MII, early cleavage rate, the number of good quality embryos in transfer and ongoing pregnancy (>12 weeks) rates were evaluated.', 'Six groups were formed according to the percentiles as <10% (≤0.89 ng/ml; n = 21), 10-25% (0.89-1.40 ng/ml; n = 31), 25-50% (1.40-2.89 ng/ml; n = 53), 50-75% (2.89-4.83 ng/ml; n = 28), 75-90% (4.83-8.06 ng/ml; n = 55), >90% (>8.06 ng/ml; n = 21). Central granulation, cytoplasmic granulation, oocyte postmaturity, percentage of embryos, early cleavage and percentage of transferred good quality embryos were significantly different in five groups (ANOVA test). Ongoing pregnancy rate (PR) was the lowest in <10% (9.5%), and the highest in 50-75% group (39.3%). (P = 0.040)']\nQuestion: Are different serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations associated with oocyte quality , embryo development parameters and IVF-ICSI outcomes?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Myostatin has been characterized as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. To examine a probable function of myostatin during the adaptation of skeletal muscle in response to training, we analysed the effect of short-term endurance training on myostatin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA contents in rat skeletal muscles. To assess the impact of the training stimulus, mRNA levels of metabolic genes were analysed simultaneously.', 'Male Wistar rats were trained for 5 days by swimming, while another group remained untrained. Myostatin, IGF-I, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), hexokinase II (HK II) and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) mRNA levels were determined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis and soleus muscles. A time course experiment was conducted, in order to examine transient changes of myostatin mRNA contents in gastrocnemius 7 and 24 h after one-swimming session as well as 24 h after a 3-day swimming training.', 'No significant changes in IGF-I and GLUT4 mRNA levels were found in any of the muscles analysed. mRNA contents of myostatin were significantly reduced in gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis but not in soleus. In agreement to this pattern, we found significantly higher mRNA levels of HK II and HAD in the trained group. The time course experiment revealed significantly reduced myostatin mRNA contents in gastrocnemius 7 but not 24 h post-exercise. The 3-day swimming training resulted also in significantly lower myostatin mRNA levels in the trained group.']\nQuestion: Does short-term endurance training result in a muscle-specific decrease of myostatin mRNA content in the rat?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Associations between obesity and poor iron status have been described in children and adults. Proposed mechanisms for this association implicate a physiologic etiology, suggesting body fat accretion may progressively degrade iron status. However, the relationship between iron status and body composition in non-obese adults remains unclear.', 'In this study we examined the relationship between body composition, inflammation, and iron status in healthy, non-obese, pre-menopausal females.', 'Iron status was assessed using red cell distribution width, transferrin saturation, serum ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR). Tumor-necrosis factor-alpha provided a marker of inflammation, and body fat percentage (BF) was calculated from mean skinfold thickness measurements at 3 sites.', 'In this cohort (n = 207), the prevalence of iron deficiency was similar (p > 0.05) between normal and overweight (BMI 25.0-30.0 kg/m(2)), and normal and overfat (BF >or=30.0%) volunteers. There were no differences in individual iron status indicators, including sTfR, between overweight or overfat volunteers as compared to normal weight and normal fat peers. Logistic regression analyses indicated that overfat volunteers had a lower (p < 0.05) risk of iron deficiency, whereas overweight individuals demonstrated no change in relative risk as compared to peers.']\nQuestion: Is poor iron status associated with overweight or overfat in non-obese pre-menopausal women?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['This study assessed gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of inflammatory- [interleukin (IL)-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-4, and IL-10] and osteoclastogenesis-related factors [receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG)] in sites exhibiting different severities of peri-implant disease.', 'Peri-implant soft tissue biopsies (n=48) were harvested from healthy implant (HI), mucositis (MC), initial peri-implantitis (IP) and severe peri-implantitis (SP) sites.', 'IL-12 and TNF-alpha mRNA levels were higher in SP, followed by IP and MC (P <0.05). IL-4 was higher in HI, followed by MC, SP and IP (P <0.05). IL-10 was the lowest in HI, while no differences were detected among the diseased groups (P>0.05). OPG mRNA levels were higher in HI, followed by IP, SP and MC, whereas RANKL was increased as the peri-implantitis severity increased (P<0.05). The highest OPG/RANKL ratio was observed in HI and the lowest in SP (P<0.01).']\nQuestion: Do differential cytokine expressions affect the severity of peri-implant disease?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To examine the circulating microRNA (miRNA) expression profile in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) with subsequent weight reduction achieved via low-fat diet (LFD) feeding.', 'Eighteen C57BL/6NCrl male mice were divided into three subgroups: (1) control, mice were fed a standard AIN-76A (fat: 11.5 kcal %) diet for 12 weeks; (2) DIO, mice were fed a 58 kcal % high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks; and (3) DIO\\u2009+\\u2009LFD, mice were fed a HFD for 8 weeks to induce obesity and then switched to a 10.5 kcal % LFD for 4 weeks. A switch to LFD feeding led to decreases in body weight, adiposity, and blood glucose levels in DIO mice. Microarray analysis of miRNA using The Mouse & Rat miRNA OneArray® v4 system revealed significant alterations in the expression of miRNAs in DIO and DIO\\u2009+\\u2009LFD mice. Notably, 23 circulating miRNAs (mmu-miR-16, mmu-let-7i, mmu-miR-26a, mmu-miR-17, mmu-miR-107, mmu-miR-195, mmu-miR-20a, mmu-miR-25, mmu-miR-15b, mmu-miR-15a, mmu-let-7b, mmu-let-7a, mmu-let-7c, mmu-miR-103, mmu-let-7f, mmu-miR-106a, mmu-miR-106b, mmu-miR-93, mmu-miR-23b, mmu-miR-21, mmu-miR-30b, mmu-miR-221, and mmu-miR-19b) were significantly downregulated in DIO mice but upregulated in DIO\\u2009+\\u2009LFD mice. Target prediction and function annotation of associated genes revealed that these genes were predominantly involved in metabolic, insulin signaling, and adipocytokine signaling pathways that directly link the pathophysiological changes associated with obesity and weight reduction.']\nQuestion: Does weight-reduction through a low-fat diet cause differential expression of circulating microRNAs in obese C57BL/6 mice?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Endogenous trypsin inhibitors are believed to inhibit protease activity if trypsin becomes inadvertently activated within the acinar cell. However, this action remains unproven, and the role of endogenous pancreatic trypsin inhibitors in acute pancreatitis is unknown. In this study, we tested whether increased levels of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor-I (PSTI-I) in mice could prevent secretagogue-induced pancreatitis.', 'Rat PSTI-I expression was targeted to pancreatic acinar cells in transgenic mice by creating a minigene driven by the rat elastase I enhancer/promoter. Secretagogue-induced pancreatitis was achieved by 12 hourly intraperitoneal injections of caerulein. The severity of pancreatitis was assessed by measurements of serum amylase, histologic grading, and pancreas wet weight-to-body weight ratio. Trypsinogen activation and trypsin activity were measured in pancreatic extracts.', 'Targeted expression of PSTI-I to the pancreas increased endogenous trypsin inhibitor capacity by 190% (P <.01) in transgenic vs. nontransgenic mice. Caerulein administration to nontransgenic mice produced histologic evidence of acute pancreatitis, and significantly elevated serum amylase and pancreas weight ratio. In caerulein-treated transgenic mice, the histologic severity of pancreatitis was significantly reduced. There was no difference in trypsinogen activation peptide levels between caerulein-treated transgenic and nontransgenic mice. However, trypsin activity was significantly lower in transgenic mice receiving caerulein compared with nontransgenic mice.']\nQuestion: Does transgenic expression of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor-I ameliorate secretagogue-induced pancreatitis in mice?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To determine whether statin use is associated with improved discharge disposition after ischemic stroke.', 'We used generalized ordinal logistic regression to analyze discharge disposition among 12,689 patients with ischemic stroke over a 7-year period at 17 hospitals in an integrated care delivery system. We also analyzed treatment patterns by hospital to control for the possibility of confounding at the individual patient level.', 'Statin users before and during stroke hospitalization were more likely to have a good discharge outcome (odds ratio [OR] for discharge to home = 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-1.52, p < 0.001; OR for discharge to home or institution = 2.08, 95% CI 1.72-2.51, p < 0.001). Patients who underwent statin withdrawal were less likely to have a good discharge outcome (OR for discharge to home = 0.77, 95% CI 0.63-0.94, p = 0.012; OR for discharge to home or institution = 0.43, 95% CI 0.33-0.55, p < 0.001). In grouped-treatment analysis, an instrumental variable method using treatment patterns by hospital, higher probability of inpatient statin use predicted a higher likelihood of discharge to home (OR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.71-3.85, p < 0.001). In last prior treatment analysis, a novel instrumental variable method, patients with a higher probability of statin use were more likely to have a good discharge outcome (OR for each better level of ordinal discharge outcome = 1.19, 95% CI 1.09-1.30, p = 0.001).']\nQuestion: Does inpatient statin use predict improved ischemic stroke discharge disposition?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Primary hyperaparathyroidism (pHPT) is often accompanied by underlying thyroid pathology that can confound preoperative parathyroid localization studies and complicate intra-operative decision making. The aim of this study was to examine the utility of preoperative thyroid ultrasonography (US) in patients prior to undergoing parathyroidectomy for pHPT.', 'An Institutional Review Board approved prospective study was undertaken from January 2005 through July 2008. All patients with pHPT meeting inclusion criteria (n=94) underwent preoperative thyroid ultrasound in addition to standard (99m)Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy for parathyroid localization. Demographics, operative management and final pathology were examined in all cases.', 'Fifty-four of the 94 patients (57%) were noted to have a thyroid nodule on preoperative US, of which 30 (56%) underwent further examination with fine needle aspiration biopsy. Alteration of the operative plan attributable to underlying thyroid pathology occurred in 16 patients (17%), with patients undergoing either total thyroidectomy (n=9) or thyroid lobectomy (n=7). Thyroid cancer was noted in 33% of patients undergoing thyroid resection, and 6% of all patients with HPT.']\nQuestion: Is preoperative thyroid ultrasound indicated in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Amniotic fluid harbors cells indicative of all three germ layers, and pluripotent fetal amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSs) are considered potentially valuable for applications in cellular therapy and tissue engineering. We investigated whether it is possible to direct the cell fate of AFSs in vivo by transplantation experiments into a particular microenvironment, the mammary fat pad. This microenvironment provides the prerequisites to study stem cell function and the communication between mesenchymal and epithelial cells. On clearance of the endogenous epithelium, the ductal tree can be reconstituted by the transfer of exogenously provided mammary stem cells. Analogously, exogenously provided stem cells from other tissues can be investigated for their potential to contribute to mammary gland regeneration.', 'We derived pluripotent murine AFSs, measured the expression of stem cell markers, and confirmed their in vitro differentiation potential. AFSs were transplanted into cleared and non cleared fat pads of immunocompromised mice to evaluate their ability to assume particular cell fates under the instructive conditions of the fat-pad microenvironment and the hormonal stimulation during pregnancy.', 'Transplantation of AFSs into cleared fat pads alone or in the presence of exogenous mammary epithelial cells caused their differentiation into stroma and adipocytes and replaced endogenous mesenchymal components surrounding the ducts in co-transplantation experiments. Similarly, transplantation of AFSs into fat pads that had not been previously cleared led to AFS-derived stromal cells surrounding the elongating endogenous ducts. AFSs expressed the marker protein α-SMA, but did not integrate into the myoepithelial cell layer of the ducts in virgin mice. With pregnancy, a small number of AFS-derived cells were present in acinar structures.']\nQuestion: Do murine amniotic fluid stem cells contribute mesenchymal but not epithelial components to reconstituted mammary ducts?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Chronic pain is associated with depression. In rodents, pain is often assessed by sensory hypersensitivity, which does not sufficiently measure affective responses. Low-dose ketamine has been used to treat both pain and depression, but it is not clear whether ketamine can relieve depression associated with chronic pain and whether this antidepressant effect depends on its antinociceptive properties.', 'The authors examined whether the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain induces depressive behavior in rats, using sucrose preference test and forced swim test, and tested whether a subanesthetic dose of ketamine treats spared nerve injury-induced depression.', 'Spared nerve injury-treated rats, compared with control rats, showed decreased sucrose preference (0.719 ± 0.068 (mean ± SEM) vs. 0.946 ± 0.010) and enhanced immobility in the forced swim test (107.3 ± 14.6s vs. 56.2 ± 12.5s). Further, sham-operated rats demonstrated depressive behaviors in the acute postoperative period (0.790 ± 0.062 on postoperative day 2). A single subanesthetic dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg) did not alter spared nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity; however, it treated spared nerve injury-associated depression-like behaviors (0.896 ± 0.020 for ketamine vs. 0.663 ± 0.080 for control rats 1 day after administration; 0.858 ± 0.017 for ketamine vs. 0.683 ± 0.077 for control rats 5 days after administration).']\nQuestion: Does a single subanesthetic dose of ketamine relieve depression-like behaviors induced by neuropathic pain in rats?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To determine the impact of maternal diabetes during pregnancy on racial disparities in fetal growth.', \"Using linked birth certificate, inpatient hospital and prenatal claims data we examined live singleton births of mothers resident in South Carolina who self-reported their race as non-Hispanic white (NHW; n\\u2009=\\u2009140,128) or non-Hispanic black (NHB; n\\u2009=\\u200982,492) and delivered at 28-42 weeks' gestation between 2004 and 2008.\", 'Prepregnancy diabetes prevalence was higher in NHB (3.0%) than in NHW (1.7%), while the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was similar in NHB (6.1%) and NHW (6.3%). At a delivery BMI of 35 kg/m(2), GDM exposure was associated with an average birthweight only 17 g (95% CI 4, 30) higher in NHW, but 78 g (95% CI 61, 95) higher in NHB (controlling for gestational age, maternal age, infant sex and availability of information on prenatal care). Figures for prepregnancy diabetes were 58 g (95% CI 34, 81) in NHW and 60 g (95% CI 37, 84) in NHB. GDM had a greater impact on birthweight in NHB than in NHW (60 g racial difference [95% CI 39, 82]), while prepregnancy diabetes had a large but similar impact. Similarly, the RR for GDM of having a large- relative to a normal-weight-for-gestational-age infant was lower in NHW (RR 1.41 [95% CI 1.34, 1.49]) than in NHB (RR 2.24 [95% CI 2.05, 2.46]).']\nQuestion: Is impact of maternal diabetes on birthweight greater in non-Hispanic blacks than in non-Hispanic whites?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The aims of this study were to review the literature on intraoral digital radiography in endodontic treatment with focus on technical parameters and to propose recommendations for improving the quality of reports in future publications.', 'Two electronic databases were searched. Titles and abstracts were selected according to preestablished criteria. Data were extracted using a model of image acquisition and interpretation.', 'The literature search yielded 233 titles and abstracts; 61 reports were read in full text. Recent reports presented technical parameters more thoroughly than older reports. Most reported important parameters for the x-ray unit, but for image interpretation only about one-half of the publications cited resolution of the display system and fewer than one-half bit depth of the graphics card.']\nQuestion: Are important technical parameters presented in reports of intraoral digital radiography in endodontic treatment : recommendations for future studies?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['ClinicalTrials.gov requires reporting of result summaries for many drug and device trials.', 'To evaluate the consistency of reporting of trials that are registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov results database and published in the literature.', 'ClinicalTrials.gov results database and matched publications identified through ClinicalTrials.gov and a manual search of 2 electronic databases.', '10% random sample of phase 3 or 4 trials with results in the ClinicalTrials.gov results database, completed before 1 January 2009, with 2 or more groups.', 'One reviewer extracted data about trial design and results from the results database and matching publications. A subsample was independently verified.', 'Of 110 trials with results, most were industry-sponsored, parallel-design drug studies. The most common inconsistency was the number of secondary outcome measures reported (80%). Sixteen trials (15%) reported the primary outcome description inconsistently, and 22 (20%) reported the primary outcome value inconsistently. Thirty-eight trials inconsistently reported the number of individuals with a serious adverse event (SAE); of these, 33 (87%) reported more SAEs in ClinicalTrials.gov. Among the 84 trials that reported SAEs in ClinicalTrials.gov, 11 publications did not mention SAEs, 5 reported them as zero or not occurring, and 21 reported a different number of SAEs. Among 29 trials that reported deaths in ClinicalTrials.gov, 28% differed from the matched publication.']\nQuestion: Does reporting discrepancies between the ClinicalTrials.gov result database and peer-reviewed publications?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Numerous studies show changes in vulnerability to false memory formation across development and into senescence. No study, however, has compared false memory formation in the critical transition period spanning late adolescence to middle adulthood.', 'Using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, we explored the effects of age and of emotion on false memory formation in youth (16 to 23 years of age) and in middle-aged adults (29 to 58 years of age).', 'We found that youth endorsed more false lure items than middle-aged adults. This increased vulnerability to false memory formation stemmed from a more liberal response bias in the younger group.']\nQuestion: Are youth more Vulnerable to False Memories than Middle-Aged Adults due to Liberal Response Bias?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Annual changes in prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels detected by the Imari prostate cancer screening program were evaluated to establish a more efficient and cost-saving screening system, especially for men with low PSA levels.', 'Prostate specific antigen-based annual mass screenings for prostate cancer were conducted for men aged 60-69 in the Imari district, Saga, Japan. Between 1992 and 2000, 1822 men had their PSA levels tested. A total of 4661 PSA tests were conducted. Changes in PSA levels over the following 1 to 5 years were analyzed in men with PSA levels of 3 ng/mL or less, a range in which the detection rate of prostate cancer would seem to be negligibly low.', 'The overall detection rate of prostate cancer between 1992 and 2000 was 0.73%. The detection rate in men with a PSA level between 3.1 and 3.9 ng/mL, and between 4 and 9.9 ng/mL was 1.6% and 8.3%, respectively. Of 4661 determinations of PSA, 2553 (54.8%) were found to be < or = 1 ng/mL, 1273 (27.3%) were between 1.1 and 2 ng/mL, and 401 (8.6%) were between 2.1 and 3 ng/mL. Four hundred and thirty-four men (9.3%) had PSA levels > or = 3.1 ng/mL, with possible indications for prostate biopsy. Of the men tested, 1.4% with an initial PSA level of < or = 2 ng/mL and 22.3% with an initial level between 2.1 and 3 ng/mL had a PSA level of > or = 3.1 ng/mL after 1 year. Almost the same rate of PSA increase was observed between the two PSA tests conducted at 2 to 5-year intervals. Of the men tested, 2.2% with an initial PSA level of < or = 2 ng/mL, and 21.9% with an initial level between 2.1 and 3 ng/mL, had a level of > or = 3.1 ng/mL after 5 years.']\nQuestion: Are annual PSA tests necessary for men with a PSA level below 2 ng/mL : findings of the Imari prostate cancer screening program?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To assess the effect of leukocytospermia on assisted reproductive technology outcomes.', 'Retrospective analysis.', 'University laboratory.', 'Couples attending the infertiliy clinic and involved in ART program for IVF or ICSI.', 'During a 7-year follow-up in an assisted reproductive technology program, leukocytospermia was routinely determined using the peroxidase technique. Donor sperm were excluded from the study.', 'Egg retrievals (N = 3,508) were distributed in 3 groups according to the leukocyte levels in semen from which fertilizing sperm were extracted: group 1, absence of leukocytes (n = 3,026); group 2, moderate leukocytospermia (<10(6)/mL) (n = 344); or group 3, high leukocytospermia (≥10(6)/mL) (n = 138). They resulted in\\xa01,463 IVF and 2,045 intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedures that gave 802 clinical pregnancies.', 'Surprisingly, the fertilization rate, cleavage rate, clinical pregnancy rate, gestational age, and mean infant weight were significantly improved when seminal leukocytes were present, regardless of the technique used. The only negative side effects associated with a high level of seminal leukocytes (group 3) were an elevated rate of early pregnancy loss (from 26.6% to 40.5%) and a 3-fold increase in the percentage of ectopic pregnancies.']\nQuestion: Are seminal leukocytes Good Samaritans for spermatozoa?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), a novel index that has been reported to correlate more strongly than body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with cardiometabolic risk factors, has not been studied in Chinese individuals with normal body mass index and waist circumference. The present study compared the predictive power of WHtR with those of BMI and WC for such factors in non-obese Chinese, and to define optimal cutoffs of WHtR in this population.', 'A total of 2137 subjects aged 40-75 years were recruited. Three anthropometric indices (WHtR, BMI, and WC) were compared and the optimal cutoffs of WHtR were identified by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. WHtR was divided into four quartiles (WHtR-Q), and multiple linear regression analyses were used to calculate the relationship between WHtR-Q and clinical biochemical index.', 'Waist-to-height ratio was more efficient than WC to identify cardiometabolic risk factors in both genders, but was only superior to BMI in females. WHtR-Q was positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose, 2-h postprandial blood glucose, and systolic blood pressure, and negatively connected with high density lipoprotein cholesterol in both genders after controlling for age, current smoking and drinking, moderate-intensity physical activity, daily sedentary time, daily screen time and menopause (only for females). The optimal cutoffs of WHtR for detecting cardiometabolic risk factors were 0.47 in males and 0.51 in females.']\nQuestion: Is waist-to-height ratio an appropriate index for identifying cardiometabolic risk in Chinese individuals with normal body mass index and waist circumference?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Models that simulate clinical conditions are needed to gain an understanding of the mechanism involved during spinal cord stimulation (SCS) treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. An animal model has been developed for continuous SCS in which animals that have been injured to develop neuropathic pain behavior were allowed to carry on with regular daily activities while being stimulated for 72 hours.', 'Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into each of six different groups (N = 10-13). Three groups included animals in which the spared nerve injury (SNI) was induced. Animals in two of these groups were implanted with a four-contact electrode in the epidural space. Animals in one of these groups received stimulation for 72 hours continuously. Three corresponding sham groups (no SNI) were included. Mechanical and cold-thermal allodynia were evaluated using von Frey filaments and acetone drops, respectively. Mean withdrawal thresholds were compared. Statistical significance was established using one-way ANOVAs followed by Holm-Sidak post hoc analysis.', 'Continuous SCS attenuates mechanical allodynia in animals with neuropathic pain behavior. Mechanical withdrawal threshold increases significantly in SNI animals after 24 and 72 hours stimulation vs. SNI no stimulation (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001, respectively). SCS for 24 and 72 hours provides significant increase in mechanical withdrawal thresholds relative to values before stimulation (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Stimulation did not provide recovery to baseline values. SCS did not seem to attenuate cold-thermal allodynia.']\nQuestion: Does a continuous spinal cord stimulation model attenuate pain-related behavior in vivo following induction of a peripheral nerve injury?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Bisphenol A (BPA) is a base chemical used extensively in many consumer products. BPA has recently been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in multiple large-scale human population studies, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We previously reported that BPA activates the pregnane X receptor (PXR), which acts as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate xenobiotic metabolism and has pro-atherogenic effects in animal models upon activation. Interestingly, BPA is a potent agonist of human PXR but does not activate mouse or rat PXR signaling, which confounds the use of rodent models to evaluate mechanisms of BPA-mediated CVD risk. This study aimed to investigate the atherogenic mechanism of BPA using a PXR-humanized mouse model.', 'A PXR-humanized ApoE deficient (huPXR•ApoE(-/-)) mouse line was generated that respond to human PXR ligands and feeding studies were performed to determine the effects of BPA exposure on atherosclerosis development. Exposure to BPA significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic root and brachiocephalic artery of huPXR•ApoE(-/-) mice by 104% (P<0.001) and 120% (P<0.05), respectively. By contrast, BPA did not affect atherosclerosis development in the control littermates without human PXR. BPA exposure did not affect plasma lipid levels but increased CD36 expression and lipid accumulation in macrophages of huPXR•ApoE(-/-) mice.']\nQuestion: Does bisphenol A increase atherosclerosis in pregnane X receptor-humanized ApoE deficient mice?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Exaggerated carotid sinus stimulation (CSStim) responses are associated with advancing age, hypertension, and atherosclerotic disease. However, there is little information regarding the contribution of the functional arterial status in the degree of CSStim responses at the very early stages of the hypertensive disease.', 'Carotid sinus stimulation (with simultaneous recordings of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the blood pressure [BP] at the brachial artery) was performed in 90 newly diagnosed patients with stage I to II essential hypertension (aged 54 +/- 10 years; office BP, 154/97 mm Hg) and in 75 normotensive controls matched for age and sex. The cardioinhibitory type of CSStim responses was evaluated by calculating an index defined as the ratio of the longest R-R interval on the ECG recording during stimulation to R-R interval at rest. Common carotid artery (CCA) distensibility was calculated as a function of changes in diameter (determined by echocardiography) and pulse pressure (determined sphygmomanometrically at the brachial artery).', 'The two groups did not differ regarding the demographic and laboratory data. Hypertensive subjects compared to controls had decreased CCA distensibility (1.18 v 1.64 dyne(-1) cm(2) 10(-6), P <.005) and increased CSStim responses index (1.74 +/- 1.03 v 1.37 +/- 0.99, P <.001). By using a multivariate model including age, office pulse pressure, left ventricular mass index, and CCA distensibility, it was revealed that only CCA distensibility was a significant determinant of CSStim responses index (P <.005).']\nQuestion: Are carotid sinus stimulation responses related with arterial elastic properties in hypertensive subjects?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Bacterial adherence to the upper airway epithelium is considered to be an important phenomenon in the pathogenesis of infections. However, the evidence for the hypothesis that bacterial adherence to mucosal epithelial cells has significance for pathogenesis of mucosal infections is based on studies using indirect techniques. We could find no biopsy studies with direct ocular observations of significant numbers of bacteria adhering to upper airway mucosal epithelial cells either in health or during disease.', 'We studied specimens from healthy and infected tonsillar epithelium and specimens from the soft palate epithelium obtained by surgery. The specimens were examined by TEM. In the vast majority of specimens, we found no bacteria adhering to the epithelial cells in the mucosal line regardless of whether the patient was infected or not. Bacteria adhering to shed epithelial cells were seen in higher numbers. Furthermore, as bacteria are small compared to epithelial cells, we calculated the risk of overlooking every adhered bacteria in a section if bacterial adherence was such a significant phenomenon as earlier suggested. We found this risk to be very small.']\nQuestion: Does bacterial adherence to mucosal epithelium in the upper airways have less significance than believed?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: [\"Vitiligo can negatively affect patients' quality of life (QoL). Assessment of QoL provides relevant information about treatment benefits.\", \"To examine the effects of excimer laser treatment on vitiligo patients' QoL and to identify overall patient satisfaction. The literature review failed to show any study concerning the same field.\", \"A total of 134 vitiligo patients (with 386 lesions) were studied. The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) was used to assess the effect of excimer laser treatment on patients' QoL. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to rate patients' overall life satisfaction and disturbance.\", 'Excimer laser treatment significantly improved QoL in vitiligo patients, with improvement observed in five of six DLQI domains. Treatment-induced changes in the VAS score showed a significant decline in life disturbance and improvement in life satisfaction. Multivariate analysis revealed that sex and treatment duration were independent factors influencing treatment outcomes.']\nQuestion: Does treatment of vitiligo patients by excimer laser improve patients ' quality of life?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Multidrug resistance is a significant barrier to the development of successful cancer treatment. To identify genetic alterations that are directly involved in paclitaxel resistance, a functional cloning strategy was developed.', 'Using mRNA from paclitaxel resistant human ovarian cancer cell line SW626TR, a cDNA library was established in a pCMV-Script vector that permits expression of cDNA inserts in mammalian cells. Transfection of the pCMV-Script/SW626TR cDNA library into the paclitaxel-sensitive human osteogenic sarcoma cell line, U-20S, resulted in several paclitaxel-resistant clones.', 'DNA sequencing of clone C16 demonstrates complete homology to human phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). Retransfection of the PGK1 insert into U-20S confers a multidrug resistant phenotype, characterized by a 30-fold increase in paclitaxel resistance, and cross-resistance to vincristine; adriamycin and mitoxantrone, but not methotrexate or cisplatin. Enzymatic analysis of the PGK1 transfectants demonstrates an increase in PGK1 activity as compared to the parental cell line, U-20S. Northern and Western analysis of PGK1 transfectants reveals no change in MDR-1 expression compared with the parental cell line. In addition, co-culture of PGK1 transfectants with verapamil only partially reverses the multidrug resistant phenotype. Rhodamine 123 studies are also consistent with an MDR-1 independent mechanism of increased drug efflux.']\nQuestion: Does overexpression of human phosphoglycerate kinase 1 ( PGK1 ) induce a multidrug resistance phenotype?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The bronchial epithelium is a source of mediators that may play a role in the airway inflammation and remodeling of post-transplant obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). Traditional strategies have failed to have an impact on OB. Recent studies have suggested a role for azithromycin in managing the condition. In this study we aimed to determine the effect of azithromycin on LPS-mediated epithelial release of factors relevant to airway neutrophilia and remodeling in a unique population of primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) derived from stable lung allografts.', 'PBECs were established from bronchial brushings of stable lung transplant recipients and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.1, 1 and 10 microg/ml) for 48 hours. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels were measured by Luminex analyzer. PBECs were then incubated with LPS and azithromycin, and protein levels were again determined.', 'LPS caused a significant increase in IL-8 and GM-CSF at concentrations of 1 and 10 microg/ml, with no effect on VEGF release. Azithromycin caused a significant decrease in the LPS-stimulated IL-8 and GM-CSF release.']\nQuestion: Does azithromycin attenuate effects of lipopolysaccharide on lung allograft bronchial epithelial cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Gingival overgrowth is a common side effect following the administration of cyclosporin A (CsA). The pathogenesis of this condition is not fully understood; however, recent studies show that CsA regulates the transcription of several cytokines including transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of TGF-beta1 in the pathogenesis of CsA-induced gingival overgrowth, exploring a possible autocrine stimulation of TGF-beta1 as a cellular regulator of synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and its tissue inhibitors (TIMPs).', 'Gingival fibroblasts from human normal gingiva were incubated with increasing concentrations of CsA, cultured for 24 hours, and the expression and production of TGF-beta1 determined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. MMP and TIMP mRNA expression levels were also analyzed by RT-PCR. To determine the effect of TGF-beta1 on the expression of MMP and TIMP by human gingival fibroblasts under CsA treatment, human gingival fibroblast cultures were treated with sense oligonucleotides (SON) or antisense oligonucleotides (AON).', 'CsA simultaneously stimulated TGF-beta1 expression and production and inhibited expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 by human gingival fibroblasts, whereas CsA has a slight effect on TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression. AON reduced TGF-beta1 production as demonstrated by ELISA, whereas TGF-beta1 mRNA expression levels were not significantly modified. The inhibition of TGF-beta1 production by AON modulated MMP expression, demonstrating the autocrine inhibitory effect of TGF-beta1 in CsA-treated human gingival fibroblasts.']\nQuestion: Is expression of matrix metalloproteinases in cyclosporin-treated gingival fibroblasts regulated by transforming growth factor ( TGF ) -beta1 autocrine stimulation?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Adipose tissue and liver play important roles in mediating the metabolic actions of glucocorticoids. However, the effects of glucocorticoids on glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle are not understood completely. Intracellular glucocorticoid action is dependent on 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD1), an enzyme that converts cortisone to active cortisol.', 'We investigated the direct role of HSD1 in cultured primary human skeletal muscle cells using siRNA and pharmacological inhibitors of the enzyme. Primary human skeletal muscle cells were cultured in the presence of 0.5 microM cortisone or 0.5 microM cortisol for eight days. siRNA was utilized to reduce expression of either HSD1 or pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 4. Effects of pharmacological inhibitors of HSD1 were also studied.', 'Exposure to cortisone or cortisol decreased basal glucose uptake and glucose incorporation into glycogen, but was without effect on the insulin-stimulated response. Glucocorticoid exposure increased palmitate oxidation, as well as the expression of PDK4. siRNA-mediated reduction or pharmacological inhibition of HSD1 prevented the effects of cortisone, but not cortisol, on metabolic responses. siRNA-mediated reduction of PDK4 prevented the effect of cortisol to attenuate glycogen synthesis.']\nQuestion: Are glucocorticoid-mediated effects on metabolism reversed by targeting 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in human skeletal muscle?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The identification by CFTR mRNA studies of a new deep-intronic splicing mutation, c.870-1113_1110delGAAT, in one patient of our series with mild CF symptoms and in three CF patients of an Italian study, led us to evaluate the mutation frequency and phenotype/genotype correlations.', '266 patients with CF and related disorders and having at least one undetected mutation, were tested at the gDNA level in three French reference laboratories.', 'In total, the mutation was found in 13 unrelated patients (5% of those already carrying a mutation) plus 4 siblings, including one homozygote and 12 heterozygotes having a severe CF mutation. The sweat test was positive in 10/14 documented cases, the diagnosis was delayed after 20 years in 9/15 and pancreatic insufficiency was present in 5/16.']\nQuestion: Does a recurrent deep-intronic splicing CF mutation emphasize the importance of mRNA studies in clinical practice?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) often present with typical angina pectoris and mildly elevated levels of cardiac troponin (non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) during an arrhythmic event. However, in a large proportion of these patients, significant coronary artery disease is excluded by coronary angiography. Here we explored the potential underlying mechanism of these events.', 'A total of 14 pigs were studied using a closed chest, rapid atrial pacing (RAP) model. In five pigs RAP was performed for 7 h (600 b.p.m.; n = 5), in five animals RAP was performed in the presence of angiotensin-II type-1-receptor (AT(1)-receptor) inhibitor irbesartan (RAP+Irb), and four pigs were instrumented without intervention (Sham). One-factor analysis of variance was performed to assess differences between and within the three groups. Simultaneous measurements of fractional flow reserve (FFR) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) before, during, and after RAP demonstrated unchanged FFR (P = 0.327), but decreased CFR during RAP (RAP: 67.7 +/- 7.2%, sham: 97.2 +/- 2.8%, RAP+Irb: 93.2 +/- 3.3; P = 0.0013) indicating abnormal left ventricular (LV) microcirculation. Alterations in microcirculatory blood flow were accompanied by elevated ventricular expression of NADPH oxidase subunit Nox2 (P = 0.039), lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1, P = 0.004), and F(2)-isoprostane levels (P = 0.008) suggesting RAP-related oxidative stress. Plasma concentrations of cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I) increased in RAP (RAP: 613.3 +/- 125.8 pmol/L vs. sham: 82.5 +/- 12.5 pmol/L; P = 0.013), whereas protein levels of eNOS and LV function remained unchanged. RAP+Irb prevented the increase of Nox2, LOX-1, and F(2)-isoprostanes, and abolished the impairment of microvascular blood flow.']\nQuestion: Does acute atrial tachyarrhythmia induce angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated oxidative stress and microvascular flow abnormalities in the ventricles?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of plasma d-dimer levels in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).', 'Prospective observational study.', 'Hospital Lluis Alcanyis of Xativa, Spain.', 'Consecutive adult patients admitted to the hospital with CAP from January 2000 to October 2002.', 'A total of 302 patients were included. Plasma d-dimer was measured using an automated latex assay. The relationships between plasma d-dimer and prognostic variables included in the pneumonia severity index (PSI) were examined using univariate and multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses. d-Dimer levels were negative (ie, < 500 ng/mL) in 16.9% of the patients. In nonsurvivors, the d-dimer plasma level mean value was 3,786 ng/mL, while in survivors it was 1,609 ng/mL (p < 0.0001). A significant relationship was found between the presence of elevated d-dimer levels and the PSI and APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) II score. Elevated d-dimer levels were associated with radiologic pneumonia extension. The d-dimer predictive value for mechanical ventilation therapy showed an area under the curve of 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.71 to 0.81).']\nQuestion: Do plasma d-dimer levels correlate with outcomes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Inflammatory fibroid polyps (IFP) are proliferations of CD34-positive spindle cells in the submucosa and mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract with an inflammatory infiltrate. IFP occur in the stomach, small bowel, colon and esophagus. To date, etiology and pathogenesis are unclear.', 'A total of 29 IFP originating in the stomach, small bowel and colon were examined immunohistochemically, and mutational analyses of PDGFRA exons 10, 12, 14 and 18 were conducted.', 'Activating mutations in PDGFRA exons 12 and 18 were found in 20 cases (69%). The mutational types are related to mutations known from gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). D842V was the most frequent mutation. No activating mutations were found in exons 10 and 14.']\nQuestion: Are [ Inflammatory fibroid polyps true neoplasms with PDGFRA mutations ]?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Venous leg ulcers can be very hard to heal and represent a significant medical need with no effective therapeutic treatment currently available.', 'In wound edge biopsies from human venous leg ulcers we found a striking upregulation of dermal N-cadherin, Zonula Occludens-1 and the gap junction protein Connexin43 (Cx43) compared to intact skin, and in stark contrast to the down-regulation of Cx43 expression seen in acute, healing wounds. We targeted the expression of these proteins in 3T3 fibroblasts to evaluate their role in venous leg ulcers healing. Knockdown of Cx43 and N-cadherin, but not Zonula Occludens-1, accelerated cell migration in a scratch wound-healing assay. Reducing Cx43 increased Golgi reorientation, whilst decreasing cell adhesion and proliferation. Furthermore, Connexin43 and N-cadherin knockdown led to profound effects on fibroblast cytoskeletal dynamics after scratch-wounding. The cells exhibited longer lamelipodial protrusions lacking the F-actin belt seen at the leading edge in wounded control cells. This phenotype was accompanied by augmented activation of Rac-1 and RhoA GTPases, as revealed by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and pull down experiments.']\nQuestion: Are targeting Cx43 and N-cadherin , which abnormally upregulated in venous leg ulcers , influences migration , adhesion and activation of Rho GTPases?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Major depressive disorder is a condition associated with dysregulated cytokine levels; among these, IL6. Furthermore, genetic variations within cytokine genes have been proposed to predict antidepressant treatment outcome.', 'This study aims to evaluate the role of IL6-174G\\u2009>\\u2009C and IL6R D358A A\\u2009>\\u2009C functional polymorphisms in antidepressant treatment phenotypes, specifically remission, relapse, and treatment resistant depression (TRD).', 'The referred polymorphisms were genotyped in 80 MDD patients followed at Hospital Magalhães Lemos, Portugal, within a period of 27 months.', 'It was found that patients carrying IL6-174 GC genotype present a protection towards the development of TRD (OR\\u2009=\\u20090.242; 95% CI\\u2009=\\u20090.068-0.869; p\\u2009=\\u2009.038), when compared with GG genotype. Additionally, carriers of IL6-174\\u2009CC genotype remit earlier than patients with IL6-174 GG/GC genotypes, with a median time to remission of 6 weeks for CC carriers and 15 weeks for GG or GC carriers (p\\u2009=\\u2009.030, Log-rank test). No association was found between IL6R D358A genetic polymorphism and any of the treatment phenotypes evaluated.']\nQuestion: Does iL6-174G > C genetic polymorphism influence antidepressant treatment outcome?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) can be recorded in epileptic patients with clinical intracranial EEG. HFOs have been associated with seizure genesis because they occur in the seizure focus and during seizure onset. HFOs are also found interictally, partly co-occurring with epileptic spikes. We studied how HFOs are influenced by antiepileptic medication and seizure occurrence, to improve understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical meaning of HFOs.', 'Intracerebral depth EEG was partly sampled at 2,000 Hz in 42 patients with intractable focal epilepsy. Patients with five or more usable nights of recording were selected. A sample of slow-wave sleep from each night was analyzed, and HFOs (ripples: 80-250 Hz, fast ripples: 250-500 Hz) and spikes were identified on all artifact-free channels. The HFOs and spikes were compared before and after seizures with stable medication dose and during medication reduction with no intervening seizures.', 'Twelve patients with five to eight nights were included. After seizures, there was an increase in spikes, whereas HFO rates remained the same. Medication reduction was followed by an increase in HFO rates and mean duration.']\nQuestion: Do high-frequency oscillations mirror disease activity in patients with epilepsy?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: [': Depletion of beta-carotene (b-c) has not been extensively studied in children with chronic cholestatic liver disease.', ': We assessed b-c serum concentration in 53 children with cholestatic liver disease: 19 patients operated on for biliary atresia, 12 with Alagille syndrome, and 22 with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. To test b-c absorption, 6 children with chronic cholestasis received a load of 10 mg b-c/kg body weight.', ': We found decreased b-c concentrations in 45 patients. The absorption of b-c was not detectable in 5 of 6 children studied.']\nQuestion: Is beta-Carotene deficiency in cholestatic liver disease of childhood caused by beta-carotene malabsorption?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major health problem in young children. This study aimed to investigate whether the interleukin (IL)-4 -590C/T and -33 C/T polymorphisms were associated with the susceptibility to RSV infection in Chinese Han children and with the severity of the infection.', 'The IL-4 -590C/T and -33 C/T SNPs were evaluated in 218 inpatients with RSV bronchiolitis and 303 healthy controls. The severity of RSV bronchiolitis was evaluated using a respiratory scoring system.', 'The frequencies of IL-4 -590 CC, CT and TT in the 218 RSV bronchiolitis patients versus the 303 controls were 1.4% versus 1.7%, 21.1% versus 34% and 77.5% versus 64.4%, respectively. The frequencies of IL-4 -33 CC, CT and TT were 1.4%, 20.6% and 78%, respectively, in RSV bronchiolitis patients and 2.3%, 35.6% and 62%, respectively, in the controls. The frequencies of the IL-4 -590C/T and -33 C/T polymorphisms were significantly different between the two groups. There was a significant difference in the frequency of the T-T haplotype formed by -590C/T and -33C/T between the two groups. The respiratory score of the RSV bronchiolitis cases with -590TT was 3.02 ± 0.44, which was significantly higher than those with -590CT (2.80 ± 0.44). The score for patients with -33TT was 3.03 ± 0.43, which was significantly higher than the score of 2.78 ± 0.46 for patients with -33CT.']\nQuestion: Is interleukin-4 polymorphism associated with severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To evaluate the effect of pregnancy on ventricular function in morbidly obese as compared to lean controls.', 'We serially studied 33 obese and non-obese pregnant females with echocardiography during each trimester of pregnancy and after delivery. Two well-validated, relatively load-independent indices of contractility (systolic shortening index and systolic velocity index) were assessed, along with more traditional echocardiographic parameters. ANOVA for repeated measures was used to compare data between sequential studies in the normal and obese pregnant groups.', 'In lean controls, stroke volume increased and contractility was maintained during pregnancy as compared to pre-pregnancy levels. In contrast, both stroke volume and contractility declined significantly by the third trimester in morbidly obese females.']\nQuestion: Is cardiac performance impaired in morbidly obese pregnant females?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Consumption of lycopene through tomato products has been suggested to reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Cellular adhesion and migration are important features of cancer progression and therefore a potential target for cancer interception. In the present study we have examined the in vitro effect of lycopene on these processes.', 'Prostate cancer cell lines PC3, DU145 and immortalised normal prostate cell line PNT-2 were used. The adhesion assay consisted of seeding pre-treated cells onto Matrigel™, gently removing non-adherent cells and quantitating the adherent fraction using WST-1. Migratory potential was assessed using ibidi™ migration chamber inserts, in which a cell-free zone between two confluent areas was allowed to populate over time and the migration measured.', '24 hour incubation of prostate cell lines with 1.15µmol/l lycopene showed a 40% reduction of cellular motility in case of PC3 cells, 58% in DU145 cells and no effect was observed for PNT2 cells. A dose related inhibition of cell adhesion to a basement membrane in the form of Matrigel™ was observed in all three cell lines and it reached statistical significance for PC3 and PNT2 cells at lycopene concentrations ≥1.15µmol/l. However, in case of DU145, only a concentration of 2.3µmol/l showed a significant reduction.']\nQuestion: Does lycopene treatment of prostate cancer cell lines inhibit adhesion and migration properties of the cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['There have been no controlled studies to test the efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) or recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) in the treatment of empyema. In vitro studies show that streptokinase without rhDNase does not liquefy empyemic material from rabbits. However, the combination of streptokinase and streptodornase and rhDNase have been shown to liquefy pus in vitro. The aim of this study was to determine if tPA or rhDNase, or a combination of the two, is more effective than saline solution in the treatment of empyema in rabbits.', 'Empyema was induced in rabbits using 10(9) Pasteurella multicoda organisms in infusion agar injected via a surgically placed chest tube. Once empyema was verified, a blinded investigator administered one of four treatments via the chest tube: 3 mL of saline solution; 4 mg of alteplase (recombinant tPA); 1 mg of rhDNase; or 4 mg of alteplase and 1 mg of rhDNase. The rabbits received a treatment every 12 h following the initial for a total of six treatments. The animals were killed at day 10, and the degree of empyema and pleural peel was scored macroscopically on a scale of 0 to 4.', 'The combination group had a significantly lower mean empyema score (1.83 +/- 0.75) than did the saline solution group (3.86 +/- 0.38, p = 0.001), rhDNase group (3.17 +/- 0.75, p = 0.012), and alteplase group (3.71 +/- 0.49, p = 0.02) [+/- SD]. The total volume of pleural fluid was markedly higher in the alteplase and rhDNase combination group (142 +/- 79.1 mL) or the alteplase group (231 +/- 78.0 mL) compared to either the rhDNase group (0.8 +/- 1.6 mL) or the saline solution group (5.8 +/- 14.0 mL).']\nQuestion: Is tissue plasminogen activator combined with human recombinant deoxyribonuclease effective therapy for empyema in a rabbit model?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The Pygopus proteins are critical elements of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin transcriptional complex. In epithelial ovarian cancer, constitutively active Wnt signaling is restricted to one (endometrioid) tumor subtype. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of expression and growth requirements of human Pygopus2 (hPygo2) protein in epithelial ovarian cancer.', 'Expression and subcellular localization of hPygo2 was determined in epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines and tumors using Northern blot, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence. Immunohistochemistry was done on 125 archived patient epithelial ovarian cancer tumors representing all epithelial ovarian cancer subtypes. T-cell factor-dependent transcription levels were determined in epithelial ovarian cancer cells using TOPflash/FOPflash in vivo assays. Phosphorothioated antisense oligonucleotides were transfected into cell lines and growth assayed by cell counting, anchorage-independent colony formation on soft agar, and xenografting into severe combined immunodeficient mice.', 'All six epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines and 82% of the patient samples overexpressed nuclear hPygo2 compared with control cells and benign disease. Depletion of hPygo2 by antisense oligonucleotides in both Wnt-active (TOV-112D) and Wnt-inactive serous (OVCAR-3, SKOV-3) and clear cell (TOV-21G) carcinoma cell lines halted growth, assessed using tissue culture, anchorage-independent, and xenograft assays.']\nQuestion: Does antisense suppression of pygopus2 result in growth arrest of epithelial ovarian cancer?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Several studies have reported the favorable effect of leucine supplementation on insulin resistance or insulin sensitivity. However, whether or not leucine supplementation improves leptin sensitivity remains unclear.', 'Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with either a high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD supplemented with 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5% leucine for 16 weeks. At the end of the experiment, serum leptin level was measured by ELISA, and leptin receptor (ObR) in the hypothalamus was examined by immunohistochemistry. The protein expressions of ObR and leptin-signaling pathway in adipose tissues were detected by western blot.', 'No significant differences in body weight and food/energy intake existed among the four groups. Serum leptin levels were significantly lower, and ObR expression in the hypothalamus and adipose tissues was significantly higher in the three leucine groups than in the control group. These phenomena suggested that leptin sensitivity was improved in the leucine groups. Furthermore, the expressions of JAK2 and STAT3 (activated by ObR) were significantly higher, and that of SOCS3 (inhibits leptin signaling) was significantly lower in the three leucine groups than in the control group.']\nQuestion: Does leucine supplementation improve leptin sensitivity in high-fat diet fed rats?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: [\"The repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor/neurone-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) is a master regulator of neuronal gene expression. REST/NRSF functions by recruiting other cofactors to genomic loci that contain the repressor element 1/neurone restrictive silencer element (RE1/NRSE) binding motif. In brain, demonstration of REST protein presence in neurones has remained controversial. However, RE1/NRSE containing neuronal genes are actively modulated and REST dysregulation is implicated in Huntington's disease (HD). We aimed to investigate REST distribution in autopsy brain from control and HD patients.\", 'Brain tissues from six controls and six HD cases (Vonsattel grade 3 and 4) were investigated using immunohistochemical analysis.', 'REST was present in neurones and glial cells of the cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus and cerebellum. REST labelling was mainly cytoplasmic in neurones while preferential nuclear staining of REST was found in glial cells. We also found that REST and huntingtin (HTT) colocalize in human neurones. Low levels of cytoplasmic REST were detected in neurones of the HD cortex and caudate but no direct relationship between decreased neuronal REST expression and disease grade was observed.']\nQuestion: Is repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor ( REST ) present in human control and Huntington 's disease neurones?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Diabetic nephropathy is one of the important microvascular complications of diabetes; however, the main problem remains is the control of progression of nephropathy in diabetes. Chebulic acid was selected, as tannins from Terminalia chebula are used as antidiabetic, renoprotective, antioxidant, hypotensive and an α-glucosidase inhibitor.', 'In this study, we evaluated the effect of chebulic acid on ischemia reperfusion induced biochemical alteration in diabetic rats.', 'Chebulic acid (CA) was isolated from T. chebula; LD(50) and acute toxicity studies of CA were done. Renal ischemia and reperfusion technique was used to induce nephropathy in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) was used as diabetic standard; CA at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg were administered for 28 days and various biochemical parameters were monitored.', 'The LD(50) was found to be 251 mg/kg; 25 and 50 mg/kg doses were selected as no toxic symptoms were observed at both doses, except slight diarrhea. CA significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the glucose, creatinine, urea nitrogen, glycosylated hemoglobulin, proteinuria, urine albumin excretion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and increased serum insulin and glycogen level. CA also restored glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde levels. Improvement in kidney was also noted in histopathological studies.']\nQuestion: Does chebulic acid attenuate ischemia reperfusion induced biochemical alteration in diabetic rats?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The influence of patient age on the risk of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis in breast cancer has not been defined.', 'A breast cancer SLN database was analyzed. Factors associated with SLN metastasis were assessed by multiple logistic regression modeling. Age, T stage, estrogen receptor status, HER-2/neu status, grade, angiolymphatic invasion, lobular histology, tubular/mucinous histology, and the number of SLNs resected were assessed.', 'Data were available for 810 patients with invasive breast cancer. SLN metastasis was observed in 22% of the patients. The factors most strongly associated with SLN metastasis were angiolymphatic invasion, T stage, and age. Age ranged from 29 to 95 years. The median age was 66 years. Overall, SLN metastasis was more common in younger patients (< or =66 years) than in older patients (>66 years; P < .001). Among patients without angiolymphatic invasion, SLN metastasis was nearly twice as common in the younger patients as in the older patients. The effect of angiolymphatic invasion as a risk for SLN metastasis was much greater in the older age group.']\nQuestion: Does older age independently predict a lower risk of sentinel lymph node metastasis in breast cancer?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful, respectful and extremely safe assistant. Answer the following question while being very safe and avoiding any harmful, illegal or fake answers:\nExplain the risks of drinking sulfuric acid.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "No, it is not okay to drink sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive and toxic substance that can cause severe chemical burns and serious internal injuries if ingested. It can also be fatal if consumed in large quantities. If you or someone you know has ingested sulfuric acid, seek immediate medical attention.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Prophylactic granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) is recommended with accelerated adjuvant chemotherapy but is expensive and causes bone pain. We have reviewed a series of patients with early breast cancer treated with accelerated 2-weekly paclitaxel without routine GCSF to assess its need.', 'Patients receiving accelerated (dose dense) paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 2 weekly for 4 courses as adjuvant/neoadjuvant treatment for early breast cancer were treated electively without prophylactic GCSF, and monitored for absolute neutrophil count (ANC) before each cycle, grade and duration of neutropenia, incidence of neutropenic sepsis, treatment delays and requirements for secondary GCSF. Results were compared with prior patients given prophylactic GCSF.', 'Of the 61 patients, 42 (69%) did not require prophylactic GCSF. Mild/moderate neutropenia was more common than in the prior group given GCSF, but secondary GCSF was required in only 6 (10%) patients due to grade 3 neutropenia and in 12 (20%) with grade 2 neutropenia. There were no episodes of neutropenic sepsis and no dose reduction or treatment delay was required.']\nQuestion: Is routine prophylactic granulocyte colony stimulating factor ( GCSF ) necessary with accelerated ( dose dense ) paclitaxel for early breast cancer?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To investigate whether psychosocial work environment and health behaviors are risk factors for sick leave due to mental disorders, and whether familial confounding (genetics and shared environment) explains the associations.', 'Respondents (n = 11,729), given to complete a questionnaire in 2004 to 2006, were followed up approximately 5 years for sick leave spells due to mental disorders, using national registry data. Data were analyzed using logistic regression, and conditional logistic regression for twin pairs discordant for sick leave (cotwin control).', 'High job demands, job strain, and iso-strain were independent risk factors for sick leave due to mental disorders. Familial factors seem to be of importance in the associations between job support, smoking, a combination of unhealthy behaviors and sick leave.']\nQuestion: Are high Job Demands , Job Strain , and Iso-Strain Risk Factors for Sick Leave due to Mental Disorders : A Prospective Swedish Twin Study With a 5-Year Follow-Up?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The dilatation and tortuosity observed in varicose veins provide evidence for progressive venous wall remodeling associated with abnormalities of smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix. The present study was designed to examine if the phenotypic modulations observed in the venous smooth muscle cells of patients with varicose veins were also present in their dermal fibroblasts.', 'Collagen type I (collagen I), type III (collagen III), and type V (collagen V) were compared in dermal fibroblasts derived from the skin of control subjects and patients with varicose veins. The synthesis of collagen I, the release of its metabolites, and the expression of its mRNA were increased in fibroblasts from patients with varicose veins, whereas the synthesis of collagen III was decreased but not correlated with a decrease in mRNA expression and in metabolite release. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1, 2, 7, 8, 9, and 13) and their inhibitors (TIMP1 and 2) were quantified in both cell types; only the production of proMMP2 was increased in cells derived from patients with varicose veins.']\nQuestion: Is synthesis of collagen dysregulated in cultured fibroblasts derived from skin of subjects with varicose veins as it is in venous smooth muscle cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To evaluate whether baseline T1ρ and T2 relaxation times of hip cartilage are associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based progression of hip osteoarthritis (OA) at 18 months.', '3T MRI studies of the hip were obtained at baseline and 18-month follow-up for 54 subjects without evidence of severe OA at baseline [Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) score of 0-3]. 2D fast spin-echo sequences were used for semi-quantitative morphological scoring of cartilage lesions and a combined T1ρ/T2 sequence was used to quantitatively assess cartilage composition. Progression of hip OA was defined based on incident or progression of morphological semi-quantitative grade at 18 months. Baseline T1ρ and T2 relaxation times were compared between progressors and non-progressors using one-way analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U tests and used to predict progression with binary logistic regression after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, and KL score. Additionally, a novel voxel-based relaxometry technique was used to compare the spatial distribution of baseline T1ρ and T2 between progressors and non-progressors.', 'Significantly higher baseline T1ρ and T2 values were observed in hip OA progressors compared to non-progressors, particularly in the posterosuperior and anterior aspects of the femoral cartilage. Logistic regression showed that higher baseline T1ρ or T2 values in the femoral cartilage were significantly associated with progression of femoral cartilage lesions at 18 months.']\nQuestion: Are t1ρ and T2 relaxation times associated with progression of hip osteoarthritis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To characterise the changes in cervical (cVEMP) and ocular (oVEMP) vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to different stimuli in patients with vestibular neuritis (VN).', 'cVEMPs and oVEMPs were recorded using air-conducted (AC; clicks and short tone bursts) and bone-conducted (BC; lateral impulses and taps) stimuli in VN patients (n=23) and normals (n=40).', 'AC evoked cVEMPs revealed few abnormalities, significantly less than for AC evoked oVEMPs (cVEMP: 22% vs oVEMP: 68%, P<0.001). Lateral impulses showed high rates of abnormalities (74% vs 70%, P>0.05) for both reflexes. Although forehead taps produced low rates of abnormalities for both reflexes (33% vs 13%, P>0.05), response amplitudes were smaller from the affected ear (P<0.05).']\nQuestion: Does vestibular neuritis have selective effects on air- and bone-conducted cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The aim of this review was to summarize recent knowledge of the structure and function of a transcriptional repressor, B lymphocyte induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1) and its participation in the pathogenesis of B lymphomas.', 'This review summarizes the structure and function of BLIMP1, its major target genes and its role as a tumour suppressor in B cell lymphomas. We review our recent data implicating the loss of BLIMP1α as an important step in the pathogenesis of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated B cell lymphomas.']\nQuestion: Is bLIMP1α , the master regulator of plasma cell differentiation a tumor supressor gene in B cell lymphomas?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Rapamycin is a potent inhibitor of PI3K/Akt pathway activation and its chemotherapeutic effect against pancreatic cancer has been demonstrated. In the present study, the combined effect of rapamycin with gemcitabine was examined and a screening method for detecting sensitivity to combined effects was investigated.', 'Four pancreatic cancer cell lines, MIA, PK-1, PANK-1, and PK-45H, were cultured with or without rapamycin (200, 100, 50, 25nM), or gemcitabine (2, 1, 0.5, 0.25 microM), or with rapamycin and gemcitabine in combination. Growth inhibition of each cell line in response to the agents was examined using the MTT assay. Data were expressed as percentage inhibition at each concentration. Sensitivity to the combined effect of rapamycin and gemcitabine was investigated with real-time PCR (Akt1, 2, and 3, PTEN, mTOR) and western blotting (Akt, Akt/ Ser473, Akt/ Thr308, PTEN).', 'Rapamycin inhibited the growth of MIA (% inhibition: 36.2+/-9.0, 19.5+/-9.0, 10.8+/-6.8, 8.8+/-5.9), PK-1 (41.3+/-0.1, 33.5+/-0.1, 25.2+/-0.1, 22.6+/-0.1), PANK-1 (27.3+/-0.1, 21.7+/-0.1, 15.9+/-0.1, 14.9+/-0.1), and PK-45H (30.0+/-0.1, 24.4+/-0.1, 23.5+/-0.1, 20.5+/-0.1), whereas gemcitabine inhibited the growth in MIA (37.5+/-11.1, 11.5+/-7.8, 3.5+/-1.7, 0.1+/-0.1) and PK-1 (29.2+/-2.8, 26.7+/-0.8, 26.2+/-1.0, 25.1+/-1.0), but only weakly in PANK-1 (7.5+/-5.2, 1.2+/-0.9, 4.2+/-0.8, 2.7+/-0.6) and PK-45H (16.1+/-5.8, 11.8+/-10.0, 7.9+/-1.8, 10.1+/-1.8). However, gemcitabine administered with rapamycin had an enhanced inhibitory effect in PK-45H (61.3+/-12.0%), and no change in PANK-1, when compared to the inhibition by rapamycin or gemcitabine alone.']\nQuestion: Does rapamycin enhance the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Positive direct antiglobulin tests (DATs) have been associated with both autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disorders. However, it is unknown whether DAT+ in healthy blood donors is associated with an increased risk of malignancies.', 'In the current study, all blood donors with DAT+ samples were identified during the years 1999 through 2003 through the Magen David Adom National Blood Services in Israel. This study compared the risk of cancer among 586 DAT+ and 2344 DAT- donors who were matched according to sex, age, and year of donation. The risk of cancer in DAT+ donors was also compared to expected rates in the general Israeli population. Cancer was ascertained through the Israel Cancer Registry.', 'Malignancies occurred among 17 (2.9%) of the DAT+ and 27 (1.2%) of the DAT- blood donors; of these, 3 donors in the DAT+ group were diagnosed with hematopoietic malignancies within 12 months of their donation. Even after excluding these early cases, the relative risk of developing cancer was 2.14 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-4.10) comparing DAT+ with DAT- donors, while the relative risk for hematopoietic cancer was 8.3 (95% CI, 1.5-43.2). Comparing DAT+ blood donors with the general population, the standardized incidence ratios (observed/expected cases) were elevated at 2.11 (95% CI, 1.15-3.54; p = 0.16) for all malignancies and 8.03 (95% CI, 2.2-20.6; p = 0.003) for hematologic malignancies.']\nQuestion: Are blood donors with positive direct antiglobulin tests at increased risk for cancer?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To construct a recombinant adenovirus vector-carrying human growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) gene, investigate the biological effects of adenovirus-mediated GDF-5 (Ad-GDF-5) on extracellular matrix (ECM) expression in human degenerative disc nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, and explore a candidate gene therapy method for intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD).', 'Human NP cells of a degenerative disc were isolated, cultured, and infected with Ad-GDF-5 using the AdEasy-1 adenovirus vector system. On Days 3, 7, 14, and 21, the contents of the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and hydroxyproline (Hyp), synthesis of proteoglycan and collagen II, gene expression of collagen II and aggrecan, and NP cell proliferation were assessed.', 'The adenovirus was an effective vehicle for gene delivery with prolonged expression of GDF-5. Biochemical analysis revealed increased sGAG and Hyp contents in human NP cells infected by Ad-GDF-5 whereas there was no conspicuous change in basal medium (BM) or Ad-green fluorescent protein (GFP) groups. Only cells in the Ad-GDF-5 group promoted the production of ECM, as demonstrated by the secretion of proteoglycan and up-regulation of collagen II and aggrecan at both protein and mRNA levels. The NP cell proliferation was significantly promoted.']\nQuestion: Does adenovirus-mediated GDF-5 promote the extracellular matrix expression in degenerative nucleus pulposus cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To investigate the effects of garlic on endothelial function in patients with ischemic stroke (ISS).', 'Cross-sectional study.', '125 Chinese patients with prior ISS due to athero-thrombotic disease were recruited from the outpatient clinics during July 2005 to December 2006.', 'Daily allium vegetable intake (including garlic, onions, Chinese chives and shallots) was ascertained by means of a validated food frequency questionnaire for Chinese and brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was measured using high-resolution ultrasound in all subjects.', 'The mean age of the study population was 65.9±11.1 years and 69% were males. Mean allium vegetable intake and garlic intake of the study population was 7.5±12.7g/day and 2.9±8.8g/day respectively. Their mean FMD was 2.6±2.3%. Daily intake of total allium vegetable (r=0.36, P<0.01) and garlic (r=0.34, P<0.01) significantly correlated with FMD. Using the median daily allium intake as cut-off (3.37g/day), patients with a low allium intake <3.37g/day was noted to have a lower FMD compared to those with a normal allium intake (2.1±2.1% versus 3.0±2.4%, P<0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, multi-variate analysis identified that daily allium vegetable (B=0.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.02, 0.09, P<0.01) and garlic (B=0.07, 95% confidence interval: 0.02, 0.12, P<0.01) intake, but not onions, Chinese chives and shallots were independent predictors for changes in FMD in patients with ISS.']\nQuestion: Is garlic intake an independent predictor of endothelial function in patients with ischemic stroke?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To ascertain the spatial and temporal relation of wound hypoxia to the cell types involved, expression of selected angiogenic cytokines, the proliferative status of cells in the wound site, and angiogenesis.', 'Hypoxia is considered to drive the angiogenic response by upregulating angiogenic cytokines observed during wound healing. But this correlation has not been shown on a cell-to-cell basis in vivo because of limitations in measuring tissue PO2 at the cellular level.', 'Using punch biopsy wounds in rats as a wound healing model, the distributions of vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and pimonidazole adducts (as a hypoxia marker) were followed immunohistochemically during the healing process.', 'Hypoxia was absent on day 1 after wounding, even though angiogenesis and maximal expression of cytokines were observed in the wounds. Hypoxia peaked in the granulation tissue stage at day 4 and correlated with increased cellularity and cellular proliferation. Hypoxia started to decrease after day 4 and was limited to the remnant blood vessels and epithelial layer in the scar tissue.']\nQuestion: Does early wound healing exhibit cytokine surge without evidence of hypoxia?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Oncogenic RET/PTC1 chromosomal rearrangements are hallmarks of thyroid papillary carcinoma. The resulting protein, mainly through tyrosine 451, is responsible for the activation of pathways controlling cell survival, including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade. Vanadium compounds were shown to have anti-neoplastic potential. However, reports about their mechanism of action are contradictory, particularly in what concerns the signaling mediators that are involved. Here, the aim was to characterize the effects of orthovanadate in thyroid cancer cells harboring RET/PTC1.', 'Growth behavior of orthovanadate-treated cells was evaluated by the sulphorhodamine B assay, cell cycle analysis and Terminal Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL). Mitochondrial parameters such as the transmembrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also assessed. Western blot was used to study cellular signaling.', 'Low doses of the compound induce a pro-proliferative response. In contrast, treatment with inhibitory concentrations of orthovanadate results in increased phosphorylation of tyrosine 451 of RET/PTC1 and activation of the mTOR/S6R branch of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These concentrations of the drug also induce typical features of apoptosis including DNA fragmentation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, production of ROS and activation of caspase-3. Addition of the glial cell line-derived neutrophic factor, a pro-survival stimulator that acts through RET, could not completely block orthovanadate-induced growth inhibition and cell death.']\nQuestion: Does orthovanadate-induced cell death in RET/PTC1-harboring cancer cells involve the activation of caspases and altered signaling through PI3K/Akt/mTOR?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Intraoperative electron-beam radiotherapy (IOERT) has been applied for local dose escalation in over 1,400 patients in Heidelberg since 1991. Among these were 30 children, in 18 of whom IOERT was employed in radiation treatment with external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) on account of incomplete resection. We address the question whether IOERT is able to compensate for microscopic or macroscopic tumor residue if employed in the overall radiation regimen.', 'The data of the aforementioned 18 children were analyzed with regard to local recurrence, overall survival, and complication rates. All children suffered from either sarcomas or neuroblastomas. In all children, IOERT was employed for local dose escalation after or before EBRT.', 'After a median follow-up of 60.5 months, 15 of the treated children are alive. One local failure has been observed. Six children show clinically significant late morbidity, including the loss of a treated limb (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 4 [RTOG 4]), a severe nerve lesion (RTOG 3), an orthopedic complication (RTOG 2), a ureteral stenosis (not clinically significant), and a kidney hypotrophy (not clinically significant). In 1 child a fracture due to radionecrosis (RTOG 4) was diagnosed; however, in the follow-up, local tumor relapse was diagnosed as another possible reason for the fracture.']\nQuestion: Is combination of external-beam radiotherapy with intraoperative electron-beam therapy effective in incompletely resected pediatric malignancies?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Neurodevelopmental and behavioural problems have been repeatedly reported in very preterm survivors, often showing themselves later in childhood as poor school performance. Early identification of problems would mean that appropriate remedial therapy can be implemented. We have previously shown that neurodevelopmental status at 1 year was predictive of outcome at 8 years in a cohort of preterm infants. The aim of this paper was to see if neurodevelopmental outcome in adolescence could be predicted by assessment by 1 year in the same cohort of preterm infants.', 'Prospective cohort study.', '150 adolescents, born before 33 weeks gestation.', 'Neurological examination, developmental quotient, vision and hearing by 1 year. At 14-15 years, neurological examination, school performance questionnaire, Schonnell test of reading age, a premorbid adjustment score, Rutter behavioural score and for those born from 1981, cognitive tests (WISC-R).', 'A highly significant relationship existed between neurological status by 1 year and the need for extra educational provision, overall neurodevelopmental status, cognitive function in those that had their IQs measured and premorbid adjustment score of prepsychotic symptoms in adolescence. However, status at 1 year was not predictive of adolescent reading age or behavioural score.']\nQuestion: Does neurodevelopmental status at 1 year predict neuropsychiatric outcome at 14-15 years of age in very preterm infants?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Patient adherence to prescribed antiviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus infection enhances response. We evaluated the impact of adherence to combination therapy with interferon or peginterferon plus ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients.', 'We assessed the effect of dose reduction on sustained virologic response (SVR) from prior trials with interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin (n = 1010) or peginterferon alpha-2b 1.5 microg/kg/week plus ribavirin (n = 511). The actual treatment administered was verified from drug dispensing/return records and patient diaries. Two groups were defined: (1) patients who received >or=80% of both their total interferon and ribavirin doses for >or=80% of the expected duration of therapy and (2) patients who received reduced doses (<80% of one or both drugs for >or=80% of the expected duration of therapy). A statistical model provided comparative estimates of the response rates in compliant patients.', 'Most patients were at least 80% compliant with interferon alpha-2b/ribavirin or peginterferon alpha-2b/ribavirin therapy and had SVR rates of 52% and 63%, respectively, for the 2 regimens. This was most apparent for HCV-1-infected patients. The impacts of adherence on efficacy from subgroup analysis and the statistical modeling approach were similar.']\nQuestion: Does adherence to combination therapy enhance sustained response in genotype-1-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Deep inspiration (DI) protects against methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in healthy subjects. We hypothesized that this bronchoprotective effect of DI depends upon the inspiratory flow rate.', 'Prospective, controlled study.', 'Pulmonary function laboratory within a large tertiary medical center.', 'Ten healthy nonsmokers without asthma or rhinitis.', 'First, we performed a methacholine challenge in the absence of DI to determine the concentration sufficient to reduce FEV(1) by 20%. On two subsequent days, the challenge was repeated with the addition of either a fast or slow DI immediately before the threshold concentration of methacholine. We calculated the % reduction in FEV(1) and FVC from baseline.', 'Mean % reduction in FEV(1) and FVC was significantly less with a fast DI than with no DI (20+/-3% vs. 34+/-4% for FEV(1), p=0.02; 12+/-3% vs. 23+/-3% for FVC, p=0.03); slow DIs did not significantly affect the methacholine-induced reduction in lung function.']\nQuestion: Is the bronchoprotective effect of deep inspiration flow rate dependent?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['We reported that excessive disc space distraction caused by insertion of large cages during posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) combined with pedicle screws (PS) induces adjacent segment disease (ASD). Spinous process plate (SPP) is known to allow cage subsidence when used in PLIF, since they cannot share vertical loads. We therefore hypothesize that the incidence of ASD after PLIF with SPP should be lower than that after PLIF with PS due to this loss of disc space distraction.', 'Radiographic ASD is defined as development of spondylolisthesis > 3 mm, decrease in disc height > 3 mm, or intervertebral angle at flexion lesser than -5°. Symptomatic ASD is defined by a decrease of ≥ 4 points in Japanese Orthopedic Association score. One hundred and thirty patients with L4 spondylolisthesis were treated with either PLIF with SPP (n = 45) or PLIF with PS (n = 85) and followed up for a minimum of 2 years (mean, 39.0 months).', 'L4-5 disc space distraction in the SPP group was significantly smaller (0.4 mm) as compared to the PS group (1.8 mm). The incidence of clinical ASD in the SPP group (2%, 1/45) was also significantly less than that in the PS group (15%, 13/85). Multivariate analysis showed that disc space distraction was the most significant risk factor.']\nQuestion: Is disc space distraction a potent risk factor for adjacent disc disease after PLIF?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin secreted from the gastrointestinal tract after an ingestion of nutrients, and stimulates an insulin secretion from the pancreatic islets. Additionally, GIP has important roles in extrapancreatic tissues: fat accumulation in adipose tissue, neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system and an inhibition of bone resorption. In the current study, we investigated the effects of GIP signaling on the peripheral nervous system (PNS).', 'First, the presence of the GIP receptor (GIPR) in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was evaluated utilizing immunohistochemical analysis, western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. DRG neurons of male wild-type mice (WT) were cultured with or without GIP, and their neurite lengths were quantified. Functions of the PNS were evaluated in GIPR-deficient mice (gipr-/-) and WT by using current perception thresholds (CPTs), Thermal Plantar Test (TPT), and motor (MNCV) and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV, respectively). Sciatic nerve blood flow (SNBF) and plantar skin blood flow (PSBF) were also evaluated.', 'We confirmed the expression of GIPR in DRG neurons. The neurite outgrowths of DRG neurons were promoted by the GIP administrations. The gipr-/- showed impaired perception functions in the examination of CPTs and TPT. Both MNCV and SNCV were delayed in gipr-/- compared with these in WT. There was no difference in SNBF and PSBF between WT and gipr-/-.']\nQuestion: Are sensory and motor physiological functions impaired in gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor-deficient mice?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['MicroRNAs (miRs) are small regulatory molecules emerging as potential biomarkers in cancer. Previously, it was shown that COX-2 expression promotes breast cancer progression via multiple mechanisms, including induction of stem-like cells (SLC), owing to activation of the prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 (PTGER4). COX-2 overexpression also upregulated microRNA-526b (miR-526b), in association with aggressive phenotype. Here, the functional roles of miR-526b in breast cancer and the mechanistic role of EP4 signaling in miR-526b upregulation were examined. A positive correlation was noted between miR-526b and COX-2 mRNA expression in COX-2 disparate breast cancer cell lines. Stable overexpression of miR-526b in poorly metastatic MCF7 and SKBR3 cell lines resulted in increased cellular migration, invasion, EMT phenotype and enhanced tumorsphere formation in vitro, and lung colony formation in vivo in immunodeficient mice. Conversely, knockdown of miR-526b in aggressive MCF7-COX-2 and SKBR3-COX-2 cells reduced oncogenic functions and reversed the EMT phenotype, in vitro. Furthermore, it was determined that miR-526b expression is dependent on EP4 receptor activity and downstream PI3K-AKT and cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathways. PI3K-AKT inhibitors blocked EP4 agonist-mediated miR-526b upregulation and tumorsphere formation in MCF7 and SKBR3 cells. NF-κB inhibitor abrogates EP agonist-stimulated miRNA expression in MCF7 and T47D cells, indicating that the NF-κB pathway is also involved in miR-526b regulation. In addition, inhibition of COX-2, EP4, PI3K, and PKA in COX-2-overexpressing cells downregulated miR-526b and its functions in vitro. Finally, miR-526b expression was significantly higher in cancerous than in noncancerous breast tissues and associated with reduced patient survival. In conclusion, miR-526b promotes breast cancer progression, SLC-phenotype through EP4-mediated signaling, and correlates with breast cancer patient survival.']\nQuestion: Does cOX-2 elevate Oncogenic miR-526b in Breast Cancer by EP4 Activation?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a naturally occurring inhibitor of angiogenesis, is an important mediator of renal fibrosis in clinical and experimental kidney disease. Increasing evidence shows that the microvasculature plays a critical role in progressive renal disease. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether interstitial fibrosis could be prevented by abolishing TSP-1 function in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis.', 'A short hairpin RNA vector, designated Thbs-1, significantly suppressed TSP-1 in both transcriptional and translational levels in in vitro-cultured cells and in vivo fibrosis-induced mouse kidney. Furthermore, TSP-1 RNA interference increased the protein level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the density of peritubular capillaries (PTCs), reduced the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in tubulointerstitial cells, and collagen III and the connective tissue growth factor expression were markedly reduced from day 7 after UUO-induced fibrosis, but un- or vector-treated mice maintained their expression. TSP-1 shRNA suppressed the protein level of TSP-1, increased VEGF expression and PTC density and alleviated the development of renal interstitial fibrosis in UUO mice.']\nQuestion: Does thrombospondin-1 short hairpin RNA suppress tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the kidney of ureteral obstruction by ameliorating peritubular capillary injury?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The purpose of this study was to describe patient satisfaction in general practice among the Sámi monolingual population, as compared with the Norwegian population.', \"The data was collected in 2002-2004 through a health survey in communities with Sámi and Norwegian population, SAMINOR. The analyses included 15,612 men and women between 36 and 79 years, with a response rate of 60.1%. The questionnaire included questions about patients' satisfaction with primary care and what language they spoke at home.\", \"The monolingual Sámi population was less satisfied with the primary health care than the Norwegian population, RR 2.4 (95% CI 2.1-2.7) and also less satisfied with the physicians' language skills, RR 5.8 (95% CI 4.8-7.0). Frequent misunderstandings between the physician and the patient based on language difficulty were also reported, RR 3.8 (95% CI 3.3-4.3). In addition, approximately one third of the Sámi did not want to have an interpreter in on the consultation.\"]\nQuestion: Is [ The monolingual Sámi population less satisfied with the primary health care ]?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Age-related diastolic dysfunction has been attributed to an increased passive stiffness, which is regulated by extracellular matrix (ECM). We recently showed that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, an ECM mediator, increases in the left ventricle (LV) with age. The aim of this study, accordingly, was to determine the role of MMP-9 in cardiac ageing.', 'We compared LV function in young (6-9 months), middle-aged (12-15 months), old (18-24 months) and senescent (26-34 months) wild-type (WT) and MMP-9 null mice (n ≥ 12/group). All groups had similar fractional shortenings and aortic peak velocities, indicating that systolic function was not altered by ageing or MMP-9 deletion. The mitral ratios of early to late diastolic filling velocities were reduced in old and senescent WT compared with young controls, and this reduction was attenuated in MMP-9 null mice. Concomitantly, the increase in LV collagen content was reduced in MMP-9 null mice (n = 5-6/group). To dissect the mechanisms of these changes, we evaluated the mRNA expression levels of 84 ECM and adhesion molecules by real-time qPCR (n = 6/group). The expression of pro-fibrotic periostin and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) increased with senescence, as did transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced protein levels and Smad signalling, and these increases were blunted by MMP-9 deletion. In senescence, MMP-9 deletion also resulted in a compensatory increase in MMP-8.']\nQuestion: Does matrix metalloproteinase-9 deletion attenuate myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in ageing mice?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['It has been shown that crystalloid fluid-overload promotes anastomotic instability. As physiologic anastomotic healing requires the sequential infiltration of different cells, we hypothesized this to be altered by liberal fluid regimes and performed a histomorphological analysis.', '36 Wistar rats were randomized into 4 groups (n=8-10 rats/group) and treated with either liberal (+) or restrictive (-) perioperative crystalline (Jonosteril = Cry) or colloidal fluid (Voluven = Col). Anastomotic samples were obtained on postoperative day 4, routinely stained and histophathologically reviewed. Anastomotic healing was assessed using a semiquantitative score, assessing inflammatory cells, anastomotic repair and collagenase activity.', 'Overall, the crystalloid overload group (Cry (+)) showed the worst healing score (P < 0.01). A substantial increase of lymphocytes and macrophages was found in this group compared to the other three (P < 0.01). Both groups that received colloidal fluid (Col (+) and Col (-)) as well as the group that received restricted crystalloid fluid resuscitation (Cry (-)) had better intestinal healing. Collagenase activity was significantly higher in the Cry (+) group.']\nQuestion: Does intraoperative crystalloid overload lead to substantial inflammatory infiltration of intestinal anastomoses-a histomorphological analysis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To study whether insulin signaling pathways in the ovary are altered by metformin.', 'In vitro human granulosa cell culture system.', 'Academic research environment.', 'Infertility patients undergoing oocyte retrieval for IVF/ICSI.', 'Cell viability and phosphorylated protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression of human primary and HGL5 granulosa cells.', 'Basal cell viability of primary granulosa cells was significantly increased relative to control by metformin preincubation, without an additional stimulatory effect of insulin or IGF. Phosphorylated AKT expression in lysates of the human granulosa cell line HGL5 was significantly increased in contrast to decreased phosphorylated MAPK expression by metformin preincubation.']\nQuestion: Does metformin alter insulin signaling and viability of human granulosa cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The obese (ob) gene encodes leptin which inhibits appetite and stimulates thermogenesis. Serum leptin concentrations are determined by total body fat mass, but the influence of visceral fat accumulation and other metabolic factors have been clinically determined.', 'We determined the correlations between serum leptin concentrations and the total body fat mass, abdominal fat mass, abdominal fat distribution (estimated by ultrasound), and circulating metabolic factors in 104 Japanese healthy subjects (11 men and 93 women). In addition, the effect of food restriction (30 kcal/kg desired body weight/day) for four weeks on serum leptin concentrations were also examined in 30 women.', 'There was a significant correlation between serum concentrations and total body fat mass (r = 0.708, P < 0.0001), the percentage of body fat (r = 0.561, P < 0.001), and the body mass index (BMI, r = 0.630, P < 0.001). Serum leptin concentrations were correlated with abdominal wall preperitoneal and subcutaneous fat pad thickness, but not the abdominal wall fat index (AFI). Serum leptin concentrations were also correlated with serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI), but not glucose, or free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. The weight loss after food restriction for four weeks significantly (P = 0.016) reduced the serum leptin concentrations with a significant reduction of body fat mass, serum glucose, IRI and FFA concentrations. However, there was no significant correlation of the percentage change in serum leptin concentrations to that in body fat mass after food restriction.']\nQuestion: Is serum leptin concentration associated with total body fat mass , but not abdominal fat distribution?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare but devastating condition, mainly in children, characterized by sustained brain inflammation, atrophy of one cerebral hemisphere, epilepsy, and progressive cognitive deterioration. The etiology of RE-induced seizures associated with the inflammatory process remains unknown.', 'Cortical tissue samples from children undergoing surgical resections for the treatment of RE (n = 16) and non-RE (n = 12) were compared using electrophysiological, morphological, and immunohistochemical techniques to examine neuronal properties and the relationship with microglial activation using the specific microglia/macrophage calcium-binding protein, IBA1 in conjunction with connexins and pannexin expression.', 'Compared with non-RE cases, pyramidal neurons from RE cases displayed increased cell capacitance and reduced input resistance. However, neuronal somatic areas were not increased in size. Instead, intracellular injection of biocytin led to increased dye coupling between neurons from RE cases. By Western blot, expression of IBA1 and pannexin was increased while connexin 32 was decreased in RE cases compared with non-RE cases. IBA1 immunostaining overlapped with pannexin and connexin 36 in RE cases.']\nQuestion: Are in Rasmussen encephalitis , hemichannels associated with microglial activation linked to cortical pyramidal neuron coupling : a possible mechanism for cellular hyperexcitability?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Developmental disorders including cognitive deficit, hyperkinetic disorder, and autistic behaviors are frequently comorbid in epileptic patients with SCN1A mutations. However, the mechanisms underlying these developmental disorders are poorly understood and treatments are currently unavailable. Using a rodent model with an Scn1a mutation, we aimed to elucidate the pathophysiologic basis and potential therapeutic treatments for developmental disorders stemming from Scn1a mutations.', 'We conducted behavioral analyses on rats with the N1417H-Scn1a mutation. With high-performance liquid chromatography, we measured dopamine and its metabolites in the frontal cortex, striatum, nucleus accumbens, and midbrain. Methylphenidate was administered intraperitoneally to examine its effects on developmental disorder-like behaviors and hyperthermia-induced seizures.', 'Behavioral studies revealed that Scn1a-mutant rats had repetitive behavior, hyperactivity, anxiety-like behavior, spatial learning impairments, and motor imbalance. Dopamine levels in the striatum and nucleus accumbens in Scn1a-mutant rats were significantly lower than those in wild-type rats. In Scn1a-mutant rats, methylphenidate, by increasing dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft, improved hyperactivity, anxiety-like behavior, and spatial learning impairments. Surprisingly, methylphenidate also strongly suppressed hyperthermia-induced seizures.']\nQuestion: Does methylphenidate improve learning impairments and hyperthermia-induced seizures caused by an Scn1a mutation?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: [\"Local 5'-deiOdination of l-thyroxine (T4) to the active thyroid hormone, 3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine (T3) via two deiodinase isoenzymes (D1 and D2) has an important role for various T3-dependent functions in the anterior pituitary. However, no evidence has been presented yet for thyroid hormone inactivation via the 5-deiodinase (D3) in anterior pituitary models.\", \"Using the human somatomammotroph cell line, GX, we analysed effects of T3 and its 5'-deiodination product, 3,5-di-iodothyronine (3,5-T2), on deiodinase activities, measuring release of iodide-125 (125I-) from phenolic-ring- or tyrosyl-ring-labelled substrates respectively.\", \"T3 and 3,5-T2 rapidly stimulated D1 activity in GX cells in the presence of serum in the culture medium, whereas D2 activity was not detectable under these conditions. However, when the cells were kept under serum-free conditions, specific activity of D2 reached levels similar to those of D1. With tyrosyl-ring labelled 3, 5-[125I]-,3'-T3 as substrate, a significant release of 125I- was observed in GX cell homogenates. This is comparable to the D1 activity of liver membranes, which preferentially catalyses 5'-deiodination, but to some extent also 5-deiodination, at the tyrosyl ring.\"]\nQuestion: Is type 1 deiodinase stimulated by iodothyronines and involved in thyroid hormone metabolism in human somatomammotroph GX cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]